Estimating the greenhouse gas emissions from antarctic tourism

Tourism in Marine Environments

Volumn 4, Issue 2-3, 2007, Pages 121-133

  Amelung, Bas ^a   Lamers, Machiel ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Antarctica; Climate change; Environmental impact assessment; Greenhouse gas emissions; Tourism

Indexed keywords

EID: 37149046696     PISSN: 1544273X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3727/154427307784772020     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Antarctic Logistics and Expeditions. (2003). Multi-year application to the US Environmental Protection Agency: Initial environmental evaluation of Antarctic flight logistics. Arlington, VA.
2. Antarctica and Southern Ocean Coalition. (2006). Strategic issues posed by commercial tourism in the Antarctic Treaty area. Antarctica and Southern Ocean Coalition. Paper presented at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXIX, Edinburgh, UK
3. Bastmeijer, C., & Roura, R. (2004). Regulating Antarctic tourism and the precautionary principle. American Journal of International Law, 98(4), 763-781.
4. Becken, S. (2002). Analysing international tourist flows to estimate energy use associated with air travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(2), 114-131.
5. Becken, S., & Simmons, D. (2002). Understanding energy consumption patterns of tourist attractions and activities in New Zealand. Tourism Management, 23(4), 343-354.
6. Carey, P. (2005). Small ship or large ship? In J. Rubin (Ed.), Lonely Planet Antarctica (3rd ed., pp. 298-299). Footscray, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications.
7. Cessford, G. (1997). Antarctic tourism. A frontier for wilderness management. International Journal of Wilderness, 3(3), 7-11.
8. Clarke, M. (2004). Tourist flight returns to Antarctica's Mount Erebus. Retrieved January 8, 2007 from http://www.avweb.com/news/features/ 187317-1.html
9. Crosbie, K (2005). Towards site guidelines: A preliminary analysis of Antarctic Peninsula site landing data, 1990/00-2003/04. Paper presented at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXVIII, Stockholm, Sweden.
10. De Poorter, M. (2000). Tourism risks from an environmental perspective. Paper presented at the Antarctic Tourism Workshop, Antarctica New Zealand, June 23, Christchurch, New Zealand.
11. Dubois, G., & Ceron, J.-P. (2006). Tourism and climate change: Proposals for a research agenda Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(4), 399-415.
12. Enzenbacher, D. (1993). Tourists in Antarctica: Numbers and trends. Tourism Management, 14(2), 142-146.
13. Frenot, Y., Chown, S., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P., Convey, P., Skonicki, M., & Bergstrom, D. (2005). Biological invasions in the Antarctic: Extent, impacts and implications. Biological Review, 80, 45-72.
14. Gössling, S. (2002). Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Environmental Change, 12(4), 283-302.
15. Gössling, S., Peeters, P., Ceron, J.-P., Dubois, G., Patterson, T., & Richardson, R. B. (2005). The eco-efficiency of tourism. Ecological Economics, 54(4), 417-434.
16. Hall, C. M. (1992). Tourism in Antarctica: Activities, impacts, and management. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), 2-9.
17. Hall, C. M., & Johnston, M. (1995). Introduction: Pole to pole: Tourism issues, impacts and the search for a management regime in polar regions. In C. M. Hall & M. Johnston (Eds.), Polar tourism (pp. 1-26). Chichester: John Wiley.
18. Hall, C. M., & Wouters, M. (1995). Issues in Antarctic tourism. In C. M. Hall & M. Johnston (Eds.), Polar tourism (pp. 147-166). Chichester: John Wiley.
19. Headland, R. (1994). Historical development of Antarctic tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(2), 269-280.
20. Headland, R. (forthcoming). Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. Hemmings, A. D., & Roura, R. (2003). A square peg in a round hole: Fitting impact assessment under the Antarctic Environmental Protocol to Antarctic tourism. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 21(1), 13-24.
22. Hofman, R., & Jatko, J. (2000). Assessment of the possible cumulative environmental impacts of commercial ship-based tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula area. Paper presented at the Workshop, La Jolla, California, June 7-9.
23. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. (2005a). 2004-2005 Summary of seaborne, airborne, and land-based Antarctic tourism. Retrieved from www.iaato.org/tourism_stats.html
24. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. (2005b). 2004-2005 Tourist nationalities by vessel. Retrieved from www.iaato.org/tourism_stats.html
25. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. (2005c). IAATO overview of Antarctic tourism 2004/05 Antarctic season. Paper presented at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXVIII, Stockholm, Sweden.
26. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. (2006). IAATO overview of Antarctic tourism 2005-2006 Antarctic season. Paper presented at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting XXIX 2006, Edinburgh, UK.
27. International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. (2007). About IAATO: Objectives. Retrieved January 15, 2007 from www.iaato.org/objectives. html
28. Kriwoken, L. K., & Rootes, D. (2000). Tourism on ice: Environmental impact assessment of Antarctic tourism. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 18(2), 138-150.
29. Maher, P., Steel, G., & Mcintosh, A. (2003). Antarctica: Tourism, wilderness, and 'ambassadorship'? In A. Watson & J. Sproull (Eds.), Science and Stewardship to Protect and Sustain Wilderness Values, Seventh World Wilderness Congress Symposium (pp. 204-210), November 2-8 2001, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, Proceedings RMRS-P-27. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
30. Mason, P., & Legg, S. (1999). Antarctic tourism: Activities, impacts, management issues, and a proposed research agenda. Pacific Tourism Review, 3, 71-84.
31. Molenaar, E. J. (2005). Sea-borne tourism in Antarctica: Avenues for further intergovernemental regulation. International Journal for Marine and Coastal Law, 20(2), 247-295.
32. Naveen, R., Forrest, S., Dagit, R., Blight, L., Trivelpiece, W., & Trivelpiece, S. (2000). Censuses of penguin, blue-eyed shag, and southern giant petrel populations in the Antarctic Peninsula region, 1994-2000. Polar Record, 36(199), 323-334.
33. Peeters, P., Gössling, S., & Williams, V. (2006). Air transport greenhouse gas emission factors. Paper presented at the Tourism and Climate Change Mitigation, Westelbeers.
34. Penner, J. E., Lister, D. H., Griggs, J. D., Dokken, D. J., & McFarland, M. (1999). Aviation and the global atmosphere: Summary for policymakers. Special Report of IPCC Working Groups I and III, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
35. Pfeiffer, S., & Peter, H.-U. (2004). Ecological studies towards the management of an Antarctic tourist landing site (Penguin Island, South Shetland Islands). Polar Record, 40(215), 245-252.
36. Sausen, R., Isaksen, I., Grewe, V., Hauglustaine, D., Lee, D. S., Myhre, G., Köhler, M. O., Pitari, G., Schumann, U., Stordal, F., & Zerefos, C. (2005). Aviation radiative forcing in 2000: An update on IPCC (1999). Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 14(4), 555-561.
37. Splettstoesser, J., Landau, D., & Headland, R. (2004). Tourism in the forbidden lands: The Antarctica experience. In T. V. Singh (Ed.), New horizons in tourism. Strange experiences and stranger practices. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
38. Stewart, E., Draper, D., & Johnston, M. (2005). A review of tourism research in the polar regions. Arctic, 58(4), 383-394.
39. Stonehouse, B. (1994). Ecotourism in Antarctica. In E. Cater & G. Lowman (Eds.), Ecotourism: A sustainable option? (pp. 195-212). New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
40. Stonehouse, B., & Crosbie, K (1995). Tourist impacts and management in the Antarctic Peninsula area. In C. M. Hall & M. Johnston (Eds.), Polar tourism (pp. 217-233). Chichester: John Wiley.
41. Trozzi, C., & Vaccaro, R. (1998). Methodologies for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships. Rome: Techne.
42. Watterson, J., Walker, C., & Eggleston, S. (2004). Revision to the method of estimating emissions from Aircraft in the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory: Report to Global Atmosphere Division, DEFRA. Oxon: Netcen.