-
1
-
-
1842646655
-
Bias crime: A call for alternative responses
-
Abramovsky, A. (1992). Bias crime: a call for alternative responses. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 19, 875–914.
-
(1992)
Fordham Urban Law Journal
, vol.19
, pp. 875-914
-
-
Abramovsky, A.1
-
2
-
-
1542311975
-
Hate crime reporting: Understanding police officer perceptions, departmental protocol, and the role of the victim
-
Balboni, J. M., & McDevitt, J. (2001). Hate crime reporting: understanding police officer perceptions, departmental protocol, and the role of the victim. Justice Research and Policy, 3, 1–27.
-
(2001)
Justice Research and Policy
, vol.3
, pp. 1-27
-
-
Balboni, J.M.1
McDevitt, J.2
-
3
-
-
0028435016
-
The impact of hate violence on victims: Emotional and behavioral responses to attacks
-
Barnes, A., & Ephross, P. (1994). The impact of hate violence on victims: Emotional and behavioral responses to attacks. Social Work, 39, 247–251.
-
(1994)
Social Work
, vol.39
, pp. 247-251
-
-
Barnes, A.1
Ephross, P.2
-
4
-
-
0025691744
-
The killing fields of the Deep South: The market for cotton and the lynching of blacks, 1882–1930
-
Beck, E. M., & Tolnay, S. E. (1990). The killing fields of the Deep South: The market for cotton and the lynching of blacks, 1882–1930. American Sociological Review, 55, 526–539.
-
(1990)
American Sociological Review
, vol.55
, pp. 526-539
-
-
Beck, E.M.1
Tolnay, S.E.2
-
5
-
-
1842530912
-
Ballot manipulation and the ‘menace of Negro domination:’ Racial threat and felon disenfranchisement in the United States, 1850–2002
-
Behrens, A., Uggen, C., & Manza, J. (2003). Ballot manipulation and the ‘menace of Negro domination:’ Racial threat and felon disenfranchisement in the United States, 1850–2002. American Journal of Sociology, 109, 559–605.
-
(2003)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.109
, pp. 559-605
-
-
Behrens, A.1
Uggen, C.2
Manza, J.3
-
6
-
-
1542311940
-
Policing hatred: Law enforcement, civil rights
-
New York: New York University Press
-
Bell, J. (2002). Policing hatred: Law enforcement, civil rights, and hate crime. New York: New York University Press.
-
(2002)
And Hate Crime
-
-
Bell, J.1
-
7
-
-
85050648397
-
Production of crime rates
-
Black, D. (1970). Production of crime rates. American Sociological Review, 35, 733–748.
-
(1970)
American Sociological Review
, vol.35
, pp. 733-748
-
-
Black, D.1
-
9
-
-
0030318221
-
Perceptions of racial group competition: Extending Blumer’s theory of group position to a multiracial social context
-
Bobo, L., & Hutchings, V. L. (1996). Perceptions of racial group competition: Extending Blumer’s theory of group position to a multiracial social context. American Sociological Review, 61, 951–972.
-
(1996)
American Sociological Review
, vol.61
, pp. 951-972
-
-
Bobo, L.1
Hutchings, V.L.2
-
10
-
-
0030364007
-
Motivated by hatred or prejudice: Categorization of hate-motivated crimes in two police divisions
-
Boyd, E., Berk, R., & Hamner, K. (1996). Motivated by hatred or prejudice: Categorization of hate-motivated crimes in two police divisions. Law and Society Review, 30, 819–850.
-
(1996)
Law and Society Review
, vol.30
, pp. 819-850
-
-
Boyd, E.1
Berk, R.2
Hamner, K.3
-
12
-
-
0347154961
-
The danger of federalizing hate crimes: Congressional misconceptions and the unintended consequences of the Hate Crimes Prevention Act
-
Chorba, C. (2001). The danger of federalizing hate crimes: Congressional misconceptions and the unintended consequences of the Hate Crimes Prevention Act. Virginia Law Review, 87, 319–379.
-
(2001)
Virginia Law Review
, vol.87
, pp. 319-379
-
-
Chorba, C.1
-
13
-
-
0344580945
-
-
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
-
Commission of the European Communities. (1993). Legal instruments to combat racism and xenophobia. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
-
(1993)
Legal Instruments to Combat Racism and Xenophobia
-
-
-
14
-
-
0033068226
-
Retaliation, fear, or rage: An investigation of African American and white reactions to racist hate crimes
-
Craig, K. M. (1999). Retaliation, fear, or rage: An investigation of African American and white reactions to racist hate crimes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 138–151.
-
(1999)
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
, vol.14
, pp. 138-151
-
-
Craig, K.M.1
-
15
-
-
0036134102
-
Examining hate-motivated aggression: A review of the social psychological literature on hate crimes as a distinct form of aggression
-
Craig, K. M. (2002). Examining hate-motivated aggression: A review of the social psychological literature on hate crimes as a distinct form of aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7, 85–101.
-
(2002)
Aggression and Violent Behavior
, vol.7
, pp. 85-101
-
-
Craig, K.M.1
-
16
-
-
84933495503
-
Freedom of speech and international norms: A response to hate speech
-
Defeis, E. F. (1992). Freedom of speech and international norms: A response to hate speech. Stanford Journal of International Law, 29, 57–130.
-
(1992)
Stanford Journal of International Law
, vol.29
, pp. 57-130
-
-
Defeis, E.F.1
-
17
-
-
0000953669
-
The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields
-
DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147–60.
-
(1983)
American Sociological Review
, vol.48
, pp. 147-160
-
-
Dimaggio, P.J.1
Powell, W.W.2
-
18
-
-
0038299565
-
Symbolic, relational, and ideological signifiers of bias-motivated offenders: Toward a strategy of assessment
-
Dunbar, E. (2003). Symbolic, relational, and ideological signifiers of bias-motivated offenders: Toward a strategy of assessment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73, 203–211.
-
(2003)
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
, vol.73
, pp. 203-211
-
-
Dunbar, E.1
-
19
-
-
84937343397
-
The differential protection of minority groups: The inclusion of sexual orientation, gender and disability in state hate crime laws, 1976–1995
-
Earl, J., & Soule, S. A. (2001). The differential protection of minority groups: The inclusion of sexual orientation, gender and disability in state hate crime laws, 1976–1995. Research in Political Sociology, 9, 3–33.
-
(2001)
Research in Political Sociology
, vol.9
, pp. 3-33
-
-
Earl, J.1
Soule, S.A.2
-
21
-
-
85125935723
-
-
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2002). Hate Crime Statistics, 2002. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/filelink.html? file=/ucr/hatecrime2002.pdf.
-
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2002). Hate Crime Statistics, 2002. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/filelink.html? file=/ucr/hatecrime2002.pdf.
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
84861950855
-
-
Righting old wrongs. In M. Minow (Ed.), (pp. , Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
-
Galanter, M. (2002). Righting old wrongs. In M. Minow (Ed.), Breaking the cycles of hatred (pp. 107–131). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
-
(2002)
Breaking the Cycles of Hatred
, pp. 107-131
-
-
Galanter, M.1
-
23
-
-
0002220545
-
Racially motivated crimes in New York City
-
M. J. Lynch and E. B. Paterson (Eds.), (pp. , Albany, NY: Harrow and Heston
-
Garofalo, J. (1991). Racially motivated crimes in New York City. In M. J. Lynch and E. B. Paterson (Eds.), Race and criminal justice (pp. 161–173). Albany, NY: Harrow and Heston.
-
(1991)
Race and Criminal Justice
, pp. 161-173
-
-
Garofalo, J.1
-
24
-
-
0007313954
-
-
Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University
-
Garofalo, J., & Martin, S. E. (1993). Bias-motivated crimes: Their characteristics and the law enforcement response. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University, Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Correction.
-
(1993)
Bias-Motivated Crimes: Their Characteristics and the Law Enforcement Response
-
-
Garofalo, J.1
Martin, S.E.2
-
25
-
-
0001007312
-
Sticks and stones can put you in jail, but can words increase your sentence? Constitutional and policy dilemmas of ethnic intimidation laws
-
Gellman, S. B. (1991). Sticks and stones can put you in jail, but can words increase your sentence? Constitutional and policy dilemmas of ethnic intimidation laws. UCLA Law Review, 39, 333–396.
-
(1991)
UCLA Law Review
, vol.39
, pp. 333-396
-
-
Gellman, S.B.1
-
26
-
-
4344624102
-
Symposium essay: Agreeing to agree: A proponent and opponent of hate crime laws reach for common ground
-
Gellman, S. B., & Lawrence, F. M. (2004). Symposium essay: Agreeing to agree: A proponent and opponent of hate crime laws reach for common ground. Harvard Journal on Legislation, 41, 420–448.
-
(2004)
Harvard Journal on Legislation
, vol.41
, pp. 420-448
-
-
Gellman, S.B.1
Lawrence, F.M.2
-
28
-
-
0001313011
-
The homogenization and differentiation of hate crime law in the United States, 1978–1995: Innovations and diffusion in the criminalization of bigotry
-
Grattet, R., Jenness, V., & Curry, T. (1998). The homogenization and differentiation of hate crime law in the United States, 1978–1995: Innovations and diffusion in the criminalization of bigotry. American Sociological Review, 63, 286–307.
-
(1998)
American Sociological Review
, vol.63
, pp. 286-307
-
-
Grattet, R.1
Jenness, V.2
Curry, T.3
-
29
-
-
29544450752
-
The reconstitution of law in local settings: Agency discretion, ambiguity, and a surplus of law in the policing of hate crime
-
Grattet, R., & Jenness, V. (2005). The reconstitution of law in local settings: Agency discretion, ambiguity, and a surplus of law in the policing of hate crime. Law and Society Review, 39, 893–942.
-
(2005)
Law and Society Review
, vol.39
, pp. 893-942
-
-
Grattet, R.1
Jenness, V.2
-
30
-
-
0032110212
-
From lynching to gay bashing: The elusive connection between economic conditions and hate crime
-
Green D. P., Glaser, J., & Rich, A. (1998). From lynching to gay bashing: The elusive connection between economic conditions and hate crime. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 82-92.
-
(1998)
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, vol.75
, pp. 82-92
-
-
Green, D.P.1
Glaser, J.2
Rich, A.3
-
31
-
-
0032286773
-
Defended neighborhoods, integration, and racially motivated crime
-
Green, D. P., Strolovitch, D. Z., & Wong, J. S. (1998). Defended neighborhoods, integration, and racially motivated crime. American Journal of Sociology, 104, 372–403.
-
(1998)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.104
, pp. 372-403
-
-
Green, D.P.1
Strolovitch, D.Z.2
Wong, J.S.3
-
32
-
-
0035641611
-
Hate crime: An emergent research agenda
-
Green, D. P., McFalls, L. H., & Smith, J. K. (2001). Hate crime: An emergent research agenda. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 479–504.
-
(2001)
Annual Review of Sociology
, vol.27
, pp. 479-504
-
-
Green, D.P.1
McFalls, L.H.2
Smith, J.K.3
-
33
-
-
84983361103
-
-
Greenspan, L. I., & Levitt, C. R. (Eds.), Westport, CT: Praeger
-
Greenspan, L. I., & Levitt, C. R. (Eds.). (1993). Under the shadow of Weimar: Democracy, law, and racial incitement in six countries. Westport, CT: Praeger.
-
(1993)
Under the Shadow of Weimar: Democracy, Law, and Racial Incitement in Six Countries
-
-
-
34
-
-
0032364192
-
The politics of social regulatory policy: State and federal hate crime policy and implementation effort
-
Haider-Markel, D. P. (1998). The politics of social regulatory policy: State and federal hate crime policy and implementation effort. Political Research Quarterly, 51, 69–88.
-
(1998)
Political Research Quarterly
, vol.51
, pp. 69-88
-
-
Haider-Markel, D.P.1
-
35
-
-
0031535497
-
Hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults
-
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., Cogan, J. C., & Glunt, E. K. (1997). Hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 195–215.
-
(1997)
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
, vol.12
, pp. 195-215
-
-
Herek, G.M.1
Gillis, J.R.2
Cogan, J.C.3
Glunt, E.K.4
-
36
-
-
84929229953
-
Bias crimes: Unconscious racism in the prosecution of ‘racially-motivated violence
-
Hernandez, T. K. (1990). Bias crimes: Unconscious racism in the prosecution of ‘racially-motivated violence’. TheYale Law Journal, 99, 832–64.
-
(1990)
Theyale Law Journal
, vol.99
, pp. 832-864
-
-
Hernandez, T.K.1
-
37
-
-
0000005279
-
Minor studies of aggression: VI. Correlation of lynchings with economic indices
-
Hovland, C. I., & Sears, R. R. (1940). Minor studies of aggression: VI. Correlation of lynchings with economic indices. Journal of Psychology, 9, 301–10.
-
(1940)
Journal of Psychology
, vol.9
, pp. 301-310
-
-
Hovland, C.I.1
Sears, R.R.2
-
38
-
-
0040709341
-
Interracial conflict and interracial homicide: Do political and economic rivalries explain white killings of blacks or black killings of whites?
-
Jacobs, D., & Wood, K. (1999). Interracial conflict and interracial homicide: Do political and economic rivalries explain white killings of blacks or black killings of whites? American Journal of Sociology, 105, 157–190.
-
(1999)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.105
, pp. 157-190
-
-
Jacobs, D.1
Wood, K.2
-
41
-
-
0033229346
-
Managing differences and making legislation: Social movements and the racialization, sexualization, and gendering of federal hate crime law in the U.S., 1985–1998
-
Jenness, V. (1999). Managing differences and making legislation: Social movements and the racialization, sexualization, and gendering of federal hate crime law in the U.S., 1985–1998. Social Problems, 46, 548–571.
-
(1999)
Social Problems
, vol.46
, pp. 548-571
-
-
Jenness, V.1
-
42
-
-
38149077517
-
The emergence, content, and institutionalization of hate crime law: How a diverse policy community produced a modern legal fact
-
Jenness, V. (2007). The emergence, content, and institutionalization of hate crime law: How a diverse policy community produced a modern legal fact. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 3, 141–160.
-
(2007)
Annual Review of Law and Social Science
, vol.3
, pp. 141-160
-
-
Jenness, V.1
-
45
-
-
24144502453
-
The law in-between: The effects of organizational perviousness on the policing of hate crime
-
Jenness, V., & Grattet, R. (2005). The law in-between: The effects of organizational perviousness on the policing of hate crime. Social Problems, 52, 337–359.
-
(2005)
Social Problems
, vol.52
, pp. 337-359
-
-
Jenness, V.1
Grattet, R.2
-
46
-
-
33847303468
-
The context of minority group threat: Race, institutions, and complying with hate crime law
-
King, R. D. (2007). The context of minority group threat: Race, institutions, and complying with hate crime law. Law and Society Review, 41, 189–224.
-
(2007)
Law and Society Review
, vol.41
, pp. 189-224
-
-
King, R.D.1
-
47
-
-
42149151020
-
Conservatism, institutionalism, and the social control of intergroup conflict
-
King, R. D. (2008). Conservatism, institutionalism, and the social control of intergroup conflict. American Journal of Sociology, 113, 1351–1393.
-
(2008)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.113
, pp. 1351-1393
-
-
King, R.D.1
-
48
-
-
33845700762
-
A political threat model of intergroup violence: Jews in pre-World War II Germany
-
King, R. D., & Brustein, W. I. (2006). A political threat model of intergroup violence: Jews in pre-World War II Germany. Criminology, 44, 867–891.
-
(2006)
Criminology
, vol.44
, pp. 867-891
-
-
King, R.D.1
Brustein, W.I.2
-
49
-
-
84900668725
-
A note on the uses of official statistics
-
Kitsuse, J. I., & Cicourel, A. V. (1963). A note on the uses of official statistics. Social Problems, 11, 131–139.
-
(1963)
Social Problems
, vol.11
, pp. 131-139
-
-
Kitsuse, J.I.1
Cicourel, A.V.2
-
50
-
-
4444251994
-
Discursive opportunities and the evolution of right-wing violence in Germany
-
Koopmans, R., & Olzak, S. (2004). Discursive opportunities and the evolution of right-wing violence in Germany. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 198–230.
-
(2004)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.110
, pp. 198-230
-
-
Koopmans, R.1
Olzak, S.2
-
51
-
-
0030806548
-
A statistical analysis of crime against foreigners in unified Germany
-
Krueger, A. B., & Pischke, J. S. (1997). A statistical analysis of crime against foreigners in unified Germany. Journal of Human Resources, 32, 182–209.
-
(1997)
Journal of Human Resources
, vol.32
, pp. 182-209
-
-
Krueger, A.B.1
Pischke, J.S.2
-
54
-
-
33745095121
-
Extremism and the constitution: How American’s legal evolution affects the response to extremism
-
Levin, B. (2001). Extremism and the constitution: How American’s legal evolution affects the response to extremism. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, 714–754.
-
(2001)
American Behavioral Scientist
, vol.45
, pp. 714-754
-
-
Levin, B.1
-
55
-
-
85125889170
-
The violence of hate: Confronting racism, anti-Semitism
-
Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon
-
Levin J. (2002). The violence of hate: Confronting racism, anti-Semitism, and other forms of bigotry. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
-
(2002)
And Other Forms of Bigotry
-
-
Levin, J.1
-
57
-
-
0035729322
-
Alternative strategies for identifying the link between unemployment and crime
-
Levitt, S. D. (2001). Alternative strategies for identifying the link between unemployment and crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17, 377–390.
-
(2001)
Journal of Quantitative Criminology
, vol.17
, pp. 377-390
-
-
Levitt, S.D.1
-
58
-
-
38949103003
-
Community (dis)organization and racially motivated crime
-
Lyons, C. J. (2007). Community (dis)organization and racially motivated crime. American Journal of Sociology, 113, 815–863.
-
(2007)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.113
, pp. 815-863
-
-
Lyons, C.J.1
-
59
-
-
57049097633
-
Defending turf: Racial demographics and hate crime against blacks and whites
-
Lyons, C. J. (2008). Defending turf: Racial demographics and hate crime against blacks and whites. Social Forces, 87(1), 357–385.
-
(2008)
Social Forces
, vol.87
, Issue.1
, pp. 357-385
-
-
Lyons, C.J.1
-
60
-
-
22044457108
-
The struggle against hate crime: Movement at a crossroads
-
Maroney, T. (1998). The struggle against hate crime: Movement at a crossroads. New York University Law Review, 73, 564–620.
-
(1998)
New York University Law Review
, vol.73
, pp. 564-620
-
-
Maroney, T.1
-
61
-
-
84984297641
-
A cross-burning is not just an arson: Police social construction of hate crimes in Baltimore County
-
Martin, S. (1995). A cross-burning is not just an arson: Police social construction of hate crimes in Baltimore County. Criminology, 33, 303–326.
-
(1995)
Criminology
, vol.33
, pp. 303-326
-
-
Martin, S.1
-
62
-
-
0038395654
-
Investigating hate crimes: Case characteristics and law enforcement responses
-
Martin, S. (1996). Investigating hate crimes: Case characteristics and law enforcement responses. Justice Quarterly, 13, 455–480.
-
(1996)
Justice Quarterly
, vol.13
, pp. 455-480
-
-
Martin, S.1
-
63
-
-
0036319074
-
Hate crime offenders: An expanded typology
-
McDevitt, J., Levin, J., & Bennett, S. (2002). Hate crime offenders: An expanded typology. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 303–317.
-
(2002)
Journal of Social Issues
, vol.58
, pp. 303-317
-
-
McDevitt, J.1
Levin, J.2
Bennett, S.3
-
64
-
-
0040318876
-
Explaining right-wing violence in Germany: A time series analysis
-
McLaren, L. M. (1999). Explaining right-wing violence in Germany: A time series analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 80, 166–80.
-
(1999)
Social Science Quarterly
, vol.80
, pp. 166-180
-
-
McLaren, L.M.1
-
65
-
-
38149040774
-
To charge or not to charge – that is the question: The pursuit of strategic advantage in prosecutorial decision-making surrounding hate crime
-
McPhail, B., & Jenness, V. (2005). To charge or not to charge – that is the question: The pursuit of strategic advantage in prosecutorial decision-making surrounding hate crime. Journal of Hate Studies, 4, 89–119.
-
(2005)
Journal of Hate Studies
, vol.4
, pp. 89-119
-
-
McPhail, B.1
Jenness, V.2
-
66
-
-
1542289723
-
Hate crime reporting as a successful social movement outcome
-
McVeigh, R., Welch, M. R., & Bjarnason, T. (2003). Hate crime reporting as a successful social movement outcome. American Sociological Review, 68, 843–867.
-
(2003)
American Sociological Review
, vol.68
, pp. 843-867
-
-
McVeigh, R.1
Welch, M.R.2
Bjarnason, T.3
-
67
-
-
0039135938
-
Allocation of time and hateful behavior: A theoretical and positive analysis of hate and hate crimes
-
Medoff, M. H. (1999). Allocation of time and hateful behavior: A theoretical and positive analysis of hate and hate crimes. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58, 959–973.
-
(1999)
American Journal of Economics and Sociology
, vol.58
, pp. 959-973
-
-
Medoff, M.H.1
-
68
-
-
5644244651
-
The distinctive characteristics of assaults motivated by bias
-
Messner, S. F., McHugh, S., & Felson, R. B. (2004). The distinctive characteristics of assaults motivated by bias. Criminology, 42, 585–618.
-
(2004)
Criminology
, vol.42
, pp. 585-618
-
-
Messner, S.F.1
McHugh, S.2
Felson, R.B.3
-
69
-
-
0013004499
-
Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence
-
Morenoff, J. D., Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2001). Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology, 39, 517–559.
-
(2001)
Criminology
, vol.39
, pp. 517-559
-
-
Morenoff, J.D.1
Sampson, R.J.2
Raudenbush, S.W.3
-
70
-
-
85026526059
-
Racial hatred: A comparative analysis of the hate crime laws of the United States and Germany
-
Nier, C. L. (1994). Racial hatred: A comparative analysis of the hate crime laws of the United States and Germany. Dickinson Journal of International Law, 13, 241–279.
-
(1994)
Dickinson Journal of International Law
, vol.13
, pp. 241-279
-
-
Nier, C.L.1
-
71
-
-
0009769940
-
An analysis of factors that affect law enforcement participation in hate crime reporting
-
Nolan, J. J., III, & Akiyama, Y. (1999). An analysis of factors that affect law enforcement participation in hate crime reporting. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 15, 111–127.
-
(1999)
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
, vol.15
, pp. 111-127
-
-
Nolan, J.J.1
Akiyama, Y.2
-
72
-
-
0024808313
-
Labor unrest, immigration, and ethnic conflict in urban America, 1880–1914
-
Olzak, S. (1989). Labor unrest, immigration, and ethnic conflict in urban America, 1880–1914. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 1303–1333.
-
(1989)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.94
, pp. 1303-1333
-
-
Olzak, S.1
-
73
-
-
0025529665
-
Political context of competition: Lynching and urban racial violence, 1882–1914
-
Olzak, S. (1990). Political context of competition: Lynching and urban racial violence, 1882–1914. Social Forces, 69, 395–421.
-
(1990)
Social Forces
, vol.69
, pp. 395-421
-
-
Olzak, S.1
-
75
-
-
0002039892
-
Connecting the past to the future: Hate crime in America
-
Petrosino, C. (1999). Connecting the past to the future: Hate crime in America. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 15, 22–47.
-
(1999)
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
, vol.15
, pp. 22-47
-
-
Petrosino, C.1
-
76
-
-
0034355120
-
Judicial rhetoric, meaning-making, and the institutionalization of hate crime law
-
Phillips, S., & Grattet, R. (2000). Judicial rhetoric, meaning-making, and the institutionalization of hate crime law. Law and Society Review, 34, 567–606.
-
(2000)
Law and Society Review
, vol.34
, pp. 567-606
-
-
Phillips, S.1
Grattet, R.2
-
77
-
-
85050838052
-
The anatomy of racially motivated violence in New York City: A case study of youth in Southern Brooklyn
-
Pinderhughes, H. (1993). The anatomy of racially motivated violence in New York City: A case study of youth in Southern Brooklyn. Social Problems, 40, 478–492.
-
(1993)
Social Problems
, vol.40
, pp. 478-492
-
-
Pinderhughes, H.1
-
79
-
-
84930590097
-
Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe
-
Quillian, L. (1995). Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60, 586–611.
-
(1995)
American Sociological Review
, vol.60
, pp. 586-611
-
-
Quillian, L.1
-
81
-
-
29144508535
-
Institutionalizing collective memories of hate: Law and law enforcement in Germany and the United States
-
Savelsberg, J., & King, R. D. (2005). Institutionalizing collective memories of hate: Law and law enforcement in Germany and the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 111, 579–616.
-
(2005)
American Journal of Sociology
, vol.111
, pp. 579-616
-
-
Savelsberg, J.1
King, R.D.2
-
83
-
-
0035641662
-
The enactment of state-level hate crime law in the United States: Intrastate and interstate factors
-
Soule, S. A., & Earl, J. (2001). The enactment of state-level hate crime law in the United States: Intrastate and interstate factors. Sociological Perspectives, 44, 281–305.
-
(2001)
Sociological Perspectives
, vol.44
, pp. 281-305
-
-
Soule, S.A.1
Earl, J.2
-
85
-
-
85125899942
-
Hate crimes reported in NIBRS, 1997–1999. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report
-
Strom, K. J. (2001). Hate crimes reported in NIBRS, 1997–1999. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, US Department of Justice Statistics: NCJ 186765.
-
(2001)
US Department of Justice Statistics: NCJ
-
-
Strom, K.J.1
-
86
-
-
0031661998
-
How white attitudes vary with the racial composition of local populations: Numbers count
-
Taylor, M. C. (1998). How white attitudes vary with the racial composition of local populations: Numbers count. American Sociological Review, 63, 512–535.
-
(1998)
American Sociological Review
, vol.63
, pp. 512-535
-
-
Taylor, M.C.1
-
88
-
-
85125959042
-
-
United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1995. Uniform Crime Reports, Hate Crime – 1995. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hatecm.htm#state on January 23, 2009.
-
United States Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1995. Uniform Crime Reports, Hate Crime – 1995. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/hatecm.htm#state on January 23, 2009.
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
0031351129
-
Just des(s)erts? The racial polarization of criminal injustice
-
Wortley, S., Macmillan, R., & Hagan, J. (1997). Just des(s)erts? The racial polarization of criminal injustice. Law and Society Review, 31, 637–676.
-
(1997)
Law and Society Review
, vol.31
, pp. 637-676
-
-
Wortley, S.1
Macmillan, R.2
Hagan, J.3
|