Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Poss)-containing polymer nanocomposites

Nanomaterials

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 445-475

  Ayandele, Ebunoluwa ^a   Sarkar, Biswajit ^a   Alexandridis, Paschalis ^a  

^a State University of New York   (United States)

Author keywords

Hybrid polymer; Inorganic organic nanocomposites; Mechanical properties; Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS); Thermal stability

Indexed keywords

EID: 85117872880     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20794991     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nano2040445     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Camargo, P.H.C.; Satyanarayana, K.G.; Wypych, F. Nanocomposites: Synthesis, structure, properties and new application opportunities. Mater. Res. 2009, 12, 1–39.
2. Morgan, A.B.; Wilkie, C.A. Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites. Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2007.
3. Lagashetty, A.; Venkataraman, A. Polymer nanocomposites. Resonance 2005, 10, 49–57.
4. Balazs, A.C.; Emrick, T.; Russell, T.P. Nanoparticle polymer composites: Where two small worlds meet. Science 2006, 314, 1107–1110.
5. Bockstaller, M.R.; Mickiewicz, R.A.; Thomas, E.L. Block copolymer nanocomposites: Perspectives for tailored functional materials. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1331–1349.
6. Winey, K.I.; Vaia, R.A. Polymer nanocomposites. MRS Bull. 2007, 32, 314–319.
7. Iyer, P.; Iyer, G.; Coleman, M. Gas transport properties of polyimide-POSS nanocomposites. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 358, 26–32.
8. Iyer, P.; Mapkar, J.A.; Coleman, M.R. A hybrid functional nanomaterial: POSS functionalized carbon nanofiber. Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 325603–325603.
9. Kuo, S.W.; Chang, F.C. POSS related polymer nanocomposites. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2011, 36, 1649–1696.
10. Cordes, D.B.; Lickiss, P.D.; Rataboul, F. Recent developments in the chemistry of cubic polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 2081–2173.
11. Shea, K.J.; Loy, D.A. Bridged polysilsesquioxanes. Molecular-engineered hybrid organic−inorganic materials. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 3306–3319.
12. Lickiss, P.D.; Rataboul, F. Fully Condensed polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes (POSS): From synthesis to application. In Advances in Organometallic Chemistry; Hill, A.F., Fink, M.J., Eds.; Elsevier Academic Press Inc: San Diego, CA, USA, 2008; Volume 57, pp. 1–116.
13. Pan, M.-J.; Gorzkowski, E.; McAlliste, K. Dielectric properties of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-based nanocomposites at 77K. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 2011, 18, 082006.
14. Wu, J.; Mather, P.T. POSS polymers: Physical properties and biomaterials applications. Polym. Rev. 2009, 49, 25–63.
15. Phillips, S.H.; Haddad, T.S.; Tomczak, S.J. Developments in nanoscience: Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-polymers. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2004, 8, 21–29.
16. Hybrid Plastics Inc. POSS User's Guide. A Guide to Developong New Products with POSS. Available online: http://www.hybridplastics.com/products/catalog.htm (accessed on 15 July 2012).
17. Zhou, Z.; Cui, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Yin, N. Preparation and properties of POSS grafted polypropylene by reactive blending. Eur. Polym. J. 2008, 44, 3057–3066.
18. Chan, E.R.; Striolo, A.; McCabe, C.; Cummings, P.T.; Glotzer, S.C. Coarse-grained force field for simulating polymer-tethered silsesquioxane self-assembly in solution. J. Chem. Phys. 2007, 127, 114102.
19. Zeng, K.; Zheng, S. Nanostructures and surface dewettability of epoxy thermosets containing hepta(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-capped poly(ethylene oxide). J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 13919–13928.
20. Guo, Q.Y.; Knight, P.T.; Mather, P.T. Tailored drug release from biodegradable stent coatings based on hybrid polyurethanes. J. Control. Release 2009, 137, 224–233.
21. Liu, Y.L. Developments of highly proton-conductive sulfonated polymers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Polym. Chem. 2012, 3, 1373–1383.
22. Madbouly, S.A.; Lendlein, A. Shape-Memory Polymer Composites. In Shape-Memory Polymers; Advances in Polymer Science; Springer-Verlag Berlin: Berlin, Germany, 2010; Volume 226, pp. 41–95.
23. Achilleos, D.S.; Vamvakaki, M. End-grafted polymer chains onto inorganic nano-objects. Materials 2010, 3, 1981–2026.
24. Fina, A.; Monticelli, O.; Camino, G. POSS-based hybrids by melt/reactive blending. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 9297–9305.
25. Zhao, J.Q.; Fu, Y.; Liu, S.M. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-modified thermoplastic and thermosetting nanocomposites: A review. Polym. Polym. Compos. 2008, 16, 483–500.
26. Joshi, M.; Butola, B.S. Polymeric nanocomposites—Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) as hybrid nanofiller. J. Macromol. Sci. 2004, C44, 389–410.
27. Keledi, G.; Hari, J.; Pukanszky, B. Polymer nanocomposites: Structure, interaction, and functionality. Nanoscale 2012, 4, 1919–1938.
28. Pielichowski, K.; Njuguna, J.; Janowski, B.; Pielichowski, J. Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS)-Containing Nanohybrid Polymers. In Supramolecular Polymers Polymeric Betains Oligomers; Donnio, B., Guillon, D., Harada, A., Hashidzume, A., Jaeger, W., Janowski, B., Kudaibergenov, S., Laschewsky, A., Njuguna, J., Pielichowski, J., et al., Eds.; Springer-Verlag Berlin: Berlin, Germany, 2006; Volume 201, pp. 225–296.
29. Madbouly, S.A.; Otaigbe, J.U. Recent advances in synthesis, characterization and rheological properties of polyurethanes and POSS/polyurethane nanocomposites dispersions and films. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2009, 34, 1283–1332.
30. Jones, I.K.; Zhou, Y.X.; Jeelani, S.; Mabry, J.M. Effect of polyhedral-oligomeric-sil-sesquioxanes on thermal and mechanical behavior of SC-15 epoxy. Express Polym. Lett. 2008, 2, 494–501.
31. Zaioncz, S.; Dahmouche, K.; Paranhos, C.M.; Gil, R.; Soares, B.G. Relationships between nanostructure and dynamic-mechanical properties of epoxy network containing PMMA-modified silsesquioxane. Express Polym. Lett. 2009, 3, 340–351.
32. Choi, J.; Harcup, J.; Yee, A.F.; Zhu, Q.; Laine, R.M. Organic/inorganic hybrid composites from cubic silsesquioxanes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11420–11430.
33. Striolo, A.; McCabe, C.; Cummings, P.T. Thermodynamic and transport properties of polyhedral oligomeric sislesquioxanes in poly(dimethylsiloxane). J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 14300–14307.
34. Striolo, A.; McCabe, C.; Cummings, P.T. Organic-inorganic telechelic molecules: Solution properties from simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 104904.
35. Lin, Y.; Alexandridis, P. Temperature-dependent adsorption of Pluronic F127 block copolymers onto carbon black particles dispersed in aqueous media. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 10834–10844.
36. Lin, Y.N.; Smith, T.W.; Alexandridis, P. Adsorption of a rake-type siloxane surfactant onto carbon black nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous media. Langmuir 2002, 18, 6147–6158.
37. Anderson, J.A.; Sknepnek, R.; Travesset, A. Design of polymer nanocomposites in solution by polymer functionalization. Phys. Rev. E 2010, 82, 021803.
38. Sakai, T.; Alexandridis, P. Single-step synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles in aqueous Pluronic block copolymer solutions at ambient temperature. Langmuir 2004, 20, 8426–8430.
39. Sakai, T.; Alexandridis, P. Ag and Au monometallic and bimetallic colloids: Morphogenesis in amphiphilic block copolymer solutions. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 2577–2583.
40. Karanikolos, G.N.; Alexandridis, P.; Mallory, R.; Petrou, A.; Mountziaris, T.J. Templated synthesis of ZnSe nanostructures using lyotropic liquid crystals. Nanotechnology 2005, 16, 2372–2380.
41. Karanikolos, G.N.; Law, N.L.; Mallory, R.; Petrou, A.; Alexandridis, P.; Mountziaris, T.J. Water-based synthesis of ZnSe nanostructures using amphiphilic block copolymer stabilized lyotropic liquid crystals as templates. Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 3121–3128.
42. Sarkar, B.; Alexandridis, P. Nanoparticle incorporation in ordered phases formed by solvated block copolymers. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2010, 102, 166–167.
43. Sarkar, B.; Alexandridis, P. Self-assembled block copolymer-nanoparticle hybrids: Role of nanoparticle surface interactions. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2011, 105, 805–806.
44. Sarkar, B.; Alexandridis, P. Self-assembled block copolymer-nanoparticle hybrids: Interplay between enthalpy and entropy. Langmuir 2012, 28, 15975–15986.
45. Sarkar, B.; Venugopal, V.; Bodratti, A.; Tsianou, M.; Alexandridis, P. Nanoparticle surface modification by amphiphilic polymers in aqueous media: Role of polar organic solvents. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2013, Article No. JCIS 12-1949.
46. Sarkar, B.; Venugopal, V.; Tsianou, M.; Alexandridis, P. Adsorption of Pluronic block copolymers on silica nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. A 2013, Article No. COLSUA-D-12-00942.
47. Zhang, W.; Müller, A.H.E. Synthesis of tadpole-shaped POSS-containing hybrid polymers via “click chemistry”. Polymer 2010, 51, 2133–2139.
48. Fu, B.X.; Lee, A.; Haddad, T.S. Styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymers modified with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 5211–5218.
49. Drazkowski, D.B.; Lee, A.; Haddad, T.S. Morphology and phase transitions in styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer grafted with isobutyl-substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 2798–2805.
50. Drazkowski, D.B.; Lee, A.; Haddad, T.S.; Cookson, D.J. Chemical substituent effects on morphological transitions in styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer grafted with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 1854–1863.
51. Pyun, J.; Matyjaszewski, K.; Wu, J.; Kim, G.-M.; Chun, S.B.; Mather, P.T. ABA triblock copolymers containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane pendant groups: Synthesis and unique properties. Polymer 2003, 44, 2739–2750.
52. Xu, H.; Yang, B.; Wang, J.; Guang, S.; Li, C. Preparation, Tg improvement, and thermal stability enhancement mechanism of soluble poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites by incorporating octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. J. Polym. Sci. A 2007, 45, 5308–5317.
53. Hirai, T.; Leolukman, M.; Hayakawa, T.; Kakimoto, M.-A.; Gopalan, P. Hierarchical nanostructures of organosilicate nanosheets within self-organized block copolymer films. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 4558–4560.
54. Hirai, T.; Leolukman, M.; Jin, S.; Goseki, R.; Ishida, Y.; Kakimoto, M.-A.; Hayakawa, T.; Ree, M.; Gopalan, P. Hierarchical self-assembled structures from POSS-containing block copolymers synthesized by living anionic polymerization. Macromolecules 2009, 42, 8835–8843.
55. Nanda, A.K.; Wicks, D.A.; Madbouly, S.A.; Otaigbe, J.U. Nanostructured polyurethane/POSS hybrid aqueous dispersions prepared by homogeneous solution polymerization. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 7037–7043.
56. Ni, Y.; Zheng, S.; Nie, K. Morphology and thermal properties of inorganic–organic hybrids involving epoxy resin and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. Polymer 2004, 45, 5557–5568.
57. Choi, J.; Kim, S.G.; Laine, R.M. Organic/inorganic hybrid epoxy nanocomposites from aminophenylsilsesquioxanes. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 99–109.
58. Mu, J.; Liu, Y.; Zheng, S. Inorganic–organic interpenetrating polymer networks involving polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and poly(ethylene oxide). Polymer 2007, 48, 1176–1184.
59. Kim, B.-S.; Mather, P.T. Morphology, microstructure, and rheology of amphiphilic telechelics incorporating polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 9253–9260.
60. Miao, J.; Cui, L.; Lau, H.P.; Mather, P.T.; Zhu, L. Self-assembly and chain-folding in hybrid coil−coil−cube triblock oligomers of polyethylene-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 5460–5470.
61. Zhang, L.; Lu, D.; Tao, K.; Bai, R. Synthesis, characterization and self-assembly of novel amphiphilic block copolymers with a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes moiety attached at the junction of the two blocks. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2009, 30, 1015–1020.
62. Mya, K.Y.; Li, X.; Chen, L.; Ni, X.; Li, J.; He, C. Core−corona structure of cubic silsesquioxane-poly(ethylene oxide) in aqueous solution: Fluorescence, light scattering, and TEM studies. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 9455–9462.
63. Fu, B.X.; Yang, L.; Somani, R.H.; Zong, S.X.; Hsiao, B.S.; Phillips, S.; Blanski, R.; Ruth, P. Crystallization studies of isotactic polypropylene containing nanostructured polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane molecules under quiescent and shear conditions. J. Polym. Sci. B 2001, 39, 2727–2739.
64. Fina, A.; Tabuani, D.; Camino, G. Polypropylene–polysilsesquioxane blends. Eur. Polym. J. 2010, 46, 14–23.
65. Hao, N.; Boehning, M.; Schoenhals, A. Dielectric properties of nanocomposites based on polystyrene and polyhedral oligomeric phenethyl-silsesquioxanes. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 9672–9679.
66. Carroll, J.B.; Waddon, A.J.; Nakade, H.; Rotello, V.M. “Plug and play” polymers. Thermal and X-ray characterizations of noncovalently grafted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-Polystyrene nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 6289–6291.
67. Li, B.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, S.; Ji, J. Effect of POSS on morphology and properties of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)/polyamide 6 blends. Eur. Polym. J. 2009, 45, 2202–2210.
68. Sánchez-Soto, M.; Illescas, S.; Milliman, H.; Schiraldi, D.A.; Arostegui, A. Morphology and thermomechanical properties of melt-mixed polyoxymethylene/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2010, 295, 846–858.
69. Illescas, S.; Sanchez-Soto, M.; Milliman, H.; Schiraldi, D.A.; Arostegui, A. The morphology and properties of melt-mixed polyoxymethylene/monosilanolisobutyl-POSS composites. High Perform. Polym. 2011, 23, 457–467.
70. Huang, K.-W.; Tsai, L.-W.; Kuo, S.-W. Influence of octakis-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes on the physical properties of their polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 2009, 50, 4876–4887.
71. Alexandridis, P.; Holzwarth, J.F.; Hatton, T.A. Micellization of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(proplene oxide)-poly(ethlene oxide) triblock copolymers in aqueous-solutions: Thermodynamics of copolymer association. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2414–2425.
72. Alexandridis, P. Structural polymorphism of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers in nonaqueous polar solvents. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6935–6942.
73. Alexandridis, P.; Olsson, U.; Lindman, B. A record nine different phases (four cubic, two hexagonal, and one lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline and two micellar solutions) in a ternary isothermal system of an amphiphilic block copolymer and selective solvents (water and oil). Langmuir 1998, 14, 2627–2638.
74. Alexandridis, P.; Zhou, D.L.; Khan, A. Lyotropic liquid crystallinity in amphiphilic block copolymers: Temperature effects on phase behavior and structure for poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers of different composition. Langmuir 1996, 12, 2690–2700.
75. 27) in the presence of water and xylene. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 7541–7548.
76. Daga, V.K.; Watkins, J.J. Hydrogen-bond-mediated phase behavior of complexes of small molecule additives with poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer surfactants. Macromolecules 2010, 43, 9990–9997.
77. Daga, V.K.; Anderson, E.R.; Gido, S.P.; Watkins, J.J. Hydrogen bond assisted assembly of well-ordered polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane–block copolymer composites. Macromolecules 2011, 44, 6793–6799.
78. Joshi, M.; Butola, B.S.; Simon, G.; Kukaleva, N. Rheological and viscoelastic behavior of HDPE/octamethyl-POSS nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 1839–1849.
79. Lu, C.-H.; Kuo, S.-W.; Chang, W.-T.; Chang, F.-C. The self-assembled structure of the diblock copolymer PCL-b-P4VP transforms upon competitive interactions with octaphenol polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2009, 30, 2121–2127.
80. Qiu, Z.; Pan, H. Preparation, crystallization and hydrolytic degradation of biodegradable poly(l-lactide)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes nanocomposite. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2010, 70, 1089–1094.
81. Yu, J.; Qiu, Z. Preparation and properties of biodegradable poly(l-lactide)/octamethyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes nanocomposites with enhanced crystallization rate via simple melt compounding. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 890–897.
82. Wang, X.; Xuan, S.; Song, L.; Yang, H.; Lu, H.; Hu, Y. Synergistic effect of POSS on mechanical properties, flammability, and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant polylactide composites. J. Macromol. Sci. B 2011, 51, 255–268.
83. Wu, X.; Sun, Y.; Xie, W.; Liu, Y.; Song, X. Development of novel dental nanocomposites reinforced with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). Dent. Mater. 2010, 26, 456–462.
84. Fong, H.; Dickens, S.H.; Flaim, G.M. Evaluation of dental restorative composites containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane methacrylate. Dent. Mater. 2005, 21, 520–529.
85. Gao, F.; Tong, Y.; Schricker, S.R.; Culbertson, B.M. Evaluation of neat resins based on methacrylates modified with methacryl-POSS, as potential organic–inorganic hybrids for formulating dental restoratives. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2001, 12, 355–360.
86. Kim, S.K.; Heo, S.J.; Koak, J.Y.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, Y.M.; Chung, D.J.; Lee, J.I.; Hong, S.D. A biocompatibility study of a reinforced acrylic-based hybrid denture composite resin with polyhedraloligosilsesquioxane. J. Oral Rehabilit. 2007, 34, 389–395.
87. Zheng, L.; Farris, R.J.; Coughlin, E.B. Synthesis of polyethylene hybrid copolymers containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane prepared with ring-opening metathesis copolymerization. J. Polym. Sci. A 2001, 39, 2920–2928.
88. Zheng, L.; Farris, R.J.; Coughlin, E.B. Novel polyolefin nanocomposites: Synthesis and characterizations of metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane copolymers. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 8034–8039.
89. Rashid, E.S.A.; Ariffin, K.; Kooi, C.C.; Akil, H.M. Preparation and properties of POSS/epoxy composites for electronic packaging applications. Mater. Des. 2009, 30, 1–8.
90. Huang, J.C.; He, C.B.; Xiao, Y.; Mya, K.Y.; Dai, J.; Siow, Y.P. Polyimide/POSS nanocomposites: Interfacial interaction, thermal properties and mechanical properties. Polymer 2003, 44, 4491–4499.
91. Wu, S.; Hayakawa, T.; Kakimoto, M.-A.; Oikawa, H. Synthesis and characterization of organosoluble aromatic polyimides containing POSS in main chain derived from double-decker-shaped silsesquioxane. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 3481–3487.
92. Wu, S.; Hayakawa, T.; Kikuchi, R.; Grunzinger, S.J.; Kakimoto, M.-A.; Oikawa, H. Synthesis and characterization of semiaromatic polyimides containing POSS in main chain derived from double-decker-shaped silsesquioxane. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 5698–5705.
93. Wu, J.; Haddad, T.S.; Mather, P.T. Vertex group effects in entangled polystyrene-polyhedral pligosilsesquioxane (POSS) copolymers. Macromolecules 2009, 42, 1142–1152.
94. Turan, D.; Sirin, H.; Ozkoc, G. Effects of POSS particles on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of PLA and plasticised PLA. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 121, 1067–1075.
95. Maitra, P.; Wunder, S.L. Oligomeric poly(ethylene oxide)-functionalized silsesquioxanes: Interfacial effects on Tg, Tm, and ΔHm. Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 4494–4497.
96. Hao, N.; Bohning, M.; Goering, H.; Schonhals, A. Nanocomposites of polyhedral oligomeric phenethylsilsesquioxanes and poly(bisphenol A carbonate) as investigated by dielectric spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 2955–2964.
97. Klocek, J.; Henkel, K.; Kolanek, K.; Zschech, E.; Schmeisser, D. Spectroscopic and capacitance-voltage characterization of thin aminopropylmethoxysilane films doped with copper phthalocyanine, tris(dimethylvinylsilyloxy)-POSS and fullerene cages. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2012, 258, 4213–4221.
98. Guo, Y.-L.; Wang, W.; Otaigbe, J.U. Biocompatibility of synthetic poly(ester urethane)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane matrices with embryonic stem cell proliferation and differentiation. J. Tissue Eng. Regener. Med. 2010, 4, 553–564.
99. Wang, W.; Guo, Y.-l.; Otaigbe, J.U. The synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility of poly(ester urethane)/polyhedral oligomeric silesquioxane nanocomposites. Polymer 2009, 50, 5749–5757.
100. Knight, P.T.; Kirk, J.T.; Anderson, J.M.; Mather, P.T. In vivo kinetic degradation analysis and biocompatibility of aliphatic polyester polyurethanes. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2010, 94A, 333–343.
101. Ghanbari, H.; Cousins, B.G.; Seifalian, A.M. A nanocage for nanomedicine: Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2011, 32, 1032–1046.
102. Kannan, R.Y.; Salacinski, H.J.; Sales, K.M.; Butler, P.E.; Seifalian, A.M. The endothelialization of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites—An in vitro study. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2006, 45, 129–136.
103. Gupta, A.; Seifalian, A.M.; Ahmad, Z.; Edirisinghe, M.J.; Winslet, M.C. Novel electrohydrodynamic printing of nanocomposite biopolymer scaffolds. J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. 2007, 22, 265–280.
104. Gupta, A.; Vara, D.S.; Punshon, G.; Sales, K.M.; Winslet, M.C.; Seifalian, A.M. In vitro small intestinal epithelial cell growth on a nanocomposite polycaprolactone scaffold. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 2009, 54, 221–229.
105. Chhabra, P.; Choudhary, V. Polymer nanocomposite membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and trisilanol phenyl POSS for fuel cell applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, 118, 3013–3023.
106. Devaraju, S.; Vengatesan, M.R.; Selvi, M.; Kumar, A.A.; Alagar, M. Synthesis and characterization of bisphenol-A ether diamine-based polyimide POSS nanocomposites for low K dielectric and flame-retardant applications. High Perform. Polym. 2012, 24, 85–96.
107. DeArmitt, C. Polyherdral Oligomeric Silesquioxane Handbook. In Phanom Plastics. Available online: http://www.phantomplastics.com/attachments/File/POSS_Handbook.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2012).