A Functional Analysis of the 1988 Bush-Dukakis Presidential Debates

Argumentation and Advocacy

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 219-233

  Benoit, William L ^a   Brazeal, LeAnn M ^a  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85111603104     PISSN: 10511431     EISSN: 25768476     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00028533.2002.11821569     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Ansolabehere, S., & Iyengar, S., (1995). Going negative: How political advertisements shrink and polarize the electorate. New York: Free Press.
2. Ansolabehere, S., Iyengar, S., Simon, A., & Valentino, N., (1994). Does attack advertising demobilize the electorate? American Political Science Review, 87, 829–838.
3. Benoit, P. J., (1997). Telling the success story: Acclaiming and disclaiming discourse. Albany: State University of New York Press.
4. Benoit, W. L., (1995). Accounts, excuses, and apologies: A theory of image restoration strategies. Albany: State University of New York Press.
5. Benoit, W. L., (1997). Image restoration discourse and crisis communication. Public Relations Review, 23, 177–186.
6. Benoit, W. L., (1999). Seeing spots: A functional analysis of presidential to spots from 1952–1996. New York: Praeger.
7. Benoit, W. L., Blaney, J. R., & Pier, P. M., (2000). Acclaiming, attacking, and defending: A functional analysis of nominating convention keynote speeches, 1960–1996. Political Communication, 17, 61–84.
8. Benoit, W. L., Blaney, J. R., & Pier, P. M., (1998). Functions of campaign '96: Acclaiming, attacking, and defending discourse. Westport, CT: Praeger.
9. Benoit, W. L., & Dorries, B., (1996). Dateline NBCs persuasive attack on Wal-Mart. Communication Quarterly, 44, 463–477.
10. Benoit, W. L., Gullifor, P., & Panici, D A., (1991). President Reagan's defense discourse on the Iran-Contra affair. Communication Studies, 42, 272–294.
11. Benoit, W. L., & Harthcock, A., (1999a). Attacking the tobacco industry: A rhetorical analysis of advertisements by The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Southern Communication Journal, 65, 66–81.
12. Benoit, W. L., & Harthcock, A., (1999b). Functions of the Great Debates: Acclaims, attacks, and defense in the 1960 presidential debates. Communication Monographs, 66, 341–357.
13. Benoit, W. L., Pier, P. M, & Blaney, J. R., (1997). A functional analysis of presidential television spots: Acclaiming, attacking, and defending. Communication Quarterly, 45, 1–20.
14. Benoit, W. L., Webber, D., & Berman, J., (1998). Effects of ideology and presidential debate watching and ideology on attitudes and knowledge. Argumentation and Advocacy, 34, 163–172.
15. Benoit, W. L., & Wells, W. T., (1996). Candidates in conflict: Persuasive attack and defense in the 1992 presidential debates. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
16. Benoit, W. L., Wells, W. T., Pier, P. M., & Blaney, J. R., (1999). Acclaiming, attacking, and defending in nominating acceptance addresses. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 85, 247–267.
17. Berelson, B., (1952). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
18. Carlin, D. P., (1994). A rationale for a focus group study. In D. B., Carlin & M. S., McKinney (Eds.) The 1992 presidential debates in focus (pp. 3–19). Westport, CT: Praeger.
19. Carlin, D. P., Howard, D., Stanfield, S., & Reynolds, L., (1991). The effects of Presidential debate formats on clash: A comparative analysis. Argumentation and Advocacy, 27, 128–136.
20. Clayman, S. E., (1992). Caveat orator: Audience disaffiliation in the 1988 Presidential debates. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 78, 33–60.
21. Clines, F. X., (1996, June 3). Experience has colored his lessons with regret. New York Times, p. A12.
22. Cohen, J., (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–46.
23. Condit, C. M., (1989). Feminized power and adversarial advocacy: Leveling arguments or analyzing them? Journal of the American Forensic Association, 25, 226–230.
24. Davis, J. W., (1997). Primary debates. U.S. presidential primaries and the caucus-convention system: A sourcebook (pp. 146–156). Westport, CT: Praeger.
25. Downs, A. J., (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
26. Drew, D., & Weaver, D., (1991). Voter learning in the 1988 presidential election: Did the debates and the media matter? Journalism Quarterly, 68, 27–37.
27. Felknor, B. L., (1992). Political mischief: Smear, sabotage, and reform in U.S. elections. New York: Praeger.
28. Finkel, S. E., & Geer, J. G., (1998). A spot check: Casting doubt on the demobilizing effect of attack advertising. American Journal of Political Science, 42, 573–595.
29. Fiorina, M. P., (1979). Retrospective voting in American national elections. New Haven: Yale University Press.
30. Fisher, W. R., (1970). A motive view of communication. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 56, 131–139.
31. Fleiss, J. L., (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions. New York: Wiley.
32. Friedenberg, R. V., (1994). Patterns and trends in national political debates: 1960–1992. In R. F., Friedenberg (Ed.) Rhetorical studies of national political debates, 1960–1992 (pp. 235–259) 2/e. Westport, CT: Praeger.
33. Hellweg, S. A., Pfau, M., & Brydon, S. R., (1992). Televised presidential debates: Advocacy in contemporary America. New York: Praeger.
34. Hershey, M. R., (1989). The campaign and the media. In G. M., Pomper (Ed.), The election of 1988: Reports and interpretations (pp. 73–102). Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
35. Hinck, E. A., (1993). Enacting the presidency: Political argument, presidential debates, and presidential character. Westport, CT: Praeger.
36. Holbrook, T. M., (1996). Do campaigns matter? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37. Holsti, O., (1952). Content analysis in communication research. New York: Free Press.
38. Jamieson, K. H., (1987). Television, presidential campaigns, and debates. In J. L., Swerdlow (Ed.) Presidential debates 1988 and beyond (pp. 27–33). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc.
39. Jamieson, K. H., (1992). Dirty politics: Deception, distraction, and democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Jamieson, K. H., (1996). Packaging the presidency: A history and criticism of presidential campaign advertising (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Jamieson, K. H., & Birdsell, D. S., (1988). Presidential debates: The challenge of mating an informed electorate. New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Johnson-Cartee, K. S., & Copeland, G. A., (1991). Negative political advertising: Coming of age. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
43. Kane, T., (1987). The Dewey-Stassen primary debate of 1948: An examination of format for presidential debates. In J. W., Wenzel (Ed.), Argument and critical practices (pp. 249–53). Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association.
44. Kelley, S., (1983). Interpreting elections. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
45. Kennedy, K. A., & Benoit, W. L., (1997). Newt Gingrich's book deal: A case study in self-defense rhetoric. Southern Communication Journal, 63, 197–216.
46. Kirk, P., (1995, October 28). Presidential debates and democracy. C-SPAN.
47. Lanoue, D. J., (1991). The “turning point”: Viewers' reactions to the second 1988 presidential debate. American Politics Quarterly, 19, 80–95.
48. Lemert, J. B., (1993). Do televised presidential debates help inform voters? Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 37, 83–94.
49. Lemert, J. B., Elliott, W. R, Bernstein, J. M., Rosenberg, W. L., & Nestvold, K. J., (1991). News verdicts, the debates, and presidential campaigns. Westport, CT: Praeger.
50. Lucaites, J. L., (1989). Rhetorical legitimacy, (public trust) and the Presidential debates. Journal of the American Forensic Association, 25, 226–230.
51. Merritt, S., (1984). Negative political advertising: Some empirical findings. Journal of Advertising, 13, 27–38.
52. Miller, A. H., & MacKuen, M., (1979). Learning about the candidates: The 1976 presidential debates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 43, 326–346.
53. Morello, J. T., (1992). The “look” and language of clash: visual structuring of argument in the 1988 Bush-Dukakis debates. Southern Communication Journal, 57, 205–218.
54. NBC/Wall Street Journal (1996, June 20–25). Roper Center at the University of Connecticut: Public Opinion Online.
55. Nie, N. H., Verba, S., & Petrocik, J. R., (1999). The changing American voter, enlarged ed. San Jose: to Excel in arrangement with Harvard University Press.
56. Nielson Media Research. (1993). Nielson tunes into politics: Tracking he presidential years (1960–1992). New York: Nielson Media Research.
57. O'Keefe, D. J., (1977). Two concepts of argument. Journal of the American Forensic Association, 13, 121–128.
58. Payne, J. G., Golden, J. L., Marlier, J., & Ratzan, S.C., (1989). Perceptions of the 1988 presidential and vice-presidential debates. American Behavioral Scientist, 32, 425–435.
59. Pomper, G. M., (1975). Voters' choice: Varieties of American electoral behavior. New York: Dodd, Mead.
60. Popkin, S. L., (1994). The reasoning voter: Communication and persuasion in presidential campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
61. Pfau, M., (1988). Intra-party political debate and issue learning. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 16, 99–112.
62. Pfau, M., & Kang, J. G., (1991). The impact of relational messages on candidate influence in televised political debates. Communication Studies, 42, 114–128.
63. Pfau, M., & Kenski, H. C., (1990). Attack politics: Strategy and defense. New York: Praeger.
64. Reinhold, R., (1976, September 22). Larger group of undecided voters found looking to debates for aid. New York Times, p. 11.
65. Roper, E., (1960, November). Polling post-mortem. Saturday Review, 10–13.
66. Ryan, H. R., (1982). Kategoria and apologia. On their rhetorical criticism as a speech set. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 68, 256–261.
67. Ryan, H.R., (1990). The 1988 Bush-Dukakis Presidential debates. In R. V., Friedenberg (Ed.), Rhetorical studies of national political debates: 1960–1988 (pp. 145–166). Westport, CT: Praeger.
68. Schutz, A., (1995). Entertainers, experts, or public servants? Politicians' self-presentation on television talk shows. Political Communication, 12, 211–221.
69. Stewart, C. J., (1975). Voter perception of mud-slinging in political communication. Central States Speech Journal, 26, 279–286.
70. USA Today. (1988, January 21–28). Obtained on line from the Roper Center at the University of Connecticut.
71. Wayne, S. J., (1992). The road to the White House 1992: The politics of presidential elections. New York: St. Martin's.
72. Weisberg, H. F., & Kimball, D. C., (1993). The 1992 presidential election: Party identification and beyond. Paper presented at the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC (quoted in Levine, M. A., [1995]. Presidential campaigns and elections. Itasea: Peacock).
73. Wells, W. T., (2000). An analysis of attacking acclaiming and defending strategies in the 1976, 1980, and 1984 debates. Unpublished dissertation, University of Missouri.
74. Zakahi, W. R., & Hacker, K. L., (1995). Televised presidential debates and candidates images. In K. L., Hacker (Ed.) Candidate images in presidential elections (pp. 99–122). Westport, CT: Praeger.