메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue , 2020, Pages

Appropriate Nurse Staffing Levels for U.S. Nursing Homes

Author keywords

nurse staffing; Nursing homes; quality; safety

Indexed keywords


EID: 85087290473     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11786329     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1178632920934785     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (105)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 85087301705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baltimore, MD, CMS, :;, (See The relationship between nurse staffing levels and the quality of nursing home care, by Kramer AM and Fish R. Chapter 2, and Minimum nurse aide staffing required to implement best practice care nursing facilities, by Schnelle JF, Simmons SF, and Cretin S, Chapter 3
    • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Report to Congress: Appropriateness of Minimum Nurse Staffing Ratios in Nursing Homes Phase II Final Report. Baltimore, MD: CMS; 2001. (See The relationship between nurse staffing levels and the quality of nursing home care, by Kramer AM and Fish R. Chapter 2, and Minimum nurse aide staffing required to implement best practice care in nursing facilities, by Schnelle JF, Simmons SF, and Cretin S, Chapter 3.)
    • (2001) Report to Congress: Appropriateness of Minimum Nurse Staffing Ratios in Nursing Homes Phase II Final Report
  • 2
    • 33745819226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of studies of staffing and quality in nursing homes
    • Bostick JE, Rantz MJ, Flesner MK, Riggs CJ. Systematic review of studies of staffing and quality in nursing homes. JAMDA. 2006;7:366-376.
    • (2006) JAMDA , vol.7 , pp. 366-376
    • Bostick, J.E.1    Rantz, M.J.2    Flesner, M.K.3    Riggs, C.J.4
  • 3
    • 48249115929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nursing home caregiver staffing levels and quality of care: a literature review
    • Castle N. Nursing home caregiver staffing levels and quality of care: a literature review. J Appl Gerontol. 2008;27:375-405.
    • (2008) J Appl Gerontol , vol.27 , pp. 375-405
    • Castle, N.1
  • 4
    • 84940106474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between registered nurses and nursing home quality: an integrative review (2008-2014)
    • 116
    • Dellefield ME, Castle NG, McGilton KS, Spilsbury K. The relationship between registered nurses and nursing home quality: an integrative review (2008-2014). Nurs Econ. 2015;33:95-108, 116.
    • (2015) Nurs Econ , vol.33 , pp. 95-108
    • Dellefield, M.E.1    Castle, N.G.2    McGilton, K.S.3    Spilsbury, K.4
  • 5
    • 79957441927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caregiver staffing in nursing homes and their influence on quality of care
    • Castle NG, Anderson RA. Caregiver staffing in nursing homes and their influence on quality of care. Med Care. 2011;49:545-552.
    • (2011) Med Care , vol.49 , pp. 545-552
    • Castle, N.G.1    Anderson, R.A.2
  • 6
    • 34548593586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of staffing characteristics on quality of care in nursing homes
    • Castle N, Engberg J. The influence of staffing characteristics on quality of care in nursing homes. Health Serv Res. 2007;42:1822-1847.
    • (2007) Health Serv Res , vol.42 , pp. 1822-1847
    • Castle, N.1    Engberg, J.2
  • 7
    • 36348929293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nursing home staff turnover: impact on nursing home compare quality measures
    • Castle NG, Engberg J, Men A. Nursing home staff turnover: impact on nursing home compare quality measures. Gerontologist. 2007;47:650-661.
    • (2007) Gerontologist , vol.47 , pp. 650-661
    • Castle, N.G.1    Engberg, J.2    Men, A.3
  • 8
    • 27744447325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RN staffing time and outcomes of long-stay nursing home residents: pressure ulcers and other adverse outcomes are less likely as RNs spend more time on direct patient care
    • quiz 71
    • Horn SD, Buerhaus P, Bergstrom N, Smout RJ. RN staffing time and outcomes of long-stay nursing home residents: pressure ulcers and other adverse outcomes are less likely as RNs spend more time on direct patient care. Am J Nurs. 2005;105:58-70, quiz 71.
    • (2005) Am J Nurs , vol.105 , pp. 58-70
    • Horn, S.D.1    Buerhaus, P.2    Bergstrom, N.3    Smout, R.J.4
  • 9
    • 64849088343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Registered nurse staffing mix and quality of care in nursing homes: a longitudinal analysis
    • Kim H, Harrington C, Greene W. Registered nurse staffing mix and quality of care in nursing homes: a longitudinal analysis. Gerontologist. 2009;49:81-90.
    • (2009) Gerontologist , vol.49 , pp. 81-90
    • Kim, H.1    Harrington, C.2    Greene, W.3
  • 10
    • 43049131853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The staffing–outcomes relationship in nursing homes
    • Konetzka RT, Stearns SC, Park J. The staffing–outcomes relationship in nursing homes. Health Serv Res. 2008;43:1025-1042.
    • (2008) Health Serv Res , vol.43 , pp. 1025-1042
    • Konetzka, R.T.1    Stearns, S.C.2    Park, J.3
  • 11
    • 85052509988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational study of antipsychotic medication use among long-stay residents without qualifying diagnoses
    • Phillips LJ, Birtley NM, Petroski GF, Siem C, Rantz M. An observational study of antipsychotic medication use among long-stay residents without qualifying diagnoses. J. Psych Mental Health Nurs. 2018;25:463-474.
    • (2018) J. Psych Mental Health Nurs , vol.25 , pp. 463-474
    • Phillips, L.J.1    Birtley, N.M.2    Petroski, G.F.3    Siem, C.4    Rantz, M.5
  • 14
    • 51249094711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of unintentional weight loss in nursing home residents: a controlled trial of feeding assistance
    • Simmons SF, Keeler E, Zhuo X, Hickey KA, Sato HW, Schnelle JF. Prevention of unintentional weight loss in nursing home residents: a controlled trial of feeding assistance. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:1466-1473.
    • (2008) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.56 , pp. 1466-1473
    • Simmons, S.F.1    Keeler, E.2    Zhuo, X.3    Hickey, K.A.4    Sato, H.W.5    Schnelle, J.F.6
  • 15
    • 5644266032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individualized feeding assistance care for nursing home residents: staffing requirements to implement two interventions
    • Simmons SF, Schnelle JF. Individualized feeding assistance care for nursing home residents: staffing requirements to implement two interventions. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:M966-M973.
    • (2004) J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci , vol.59 , pp. M966-M973
    • Simmons, S.F.1    Schnelle, J.F.2
  • 16
    • 79953758914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of California minimum nurse staffing laws on nurse labor and patient mortality in skilled nursing facilities
    • Tong PK. The effects of California minimum nurse staffing laws on nurse labor and patient mortality in skilled nursing facilities. Health Econ. 2011;20:802-816.
    • (2011) Health Econ , vol.20 , pp. 802-816
    • Tong, P.K.1
  • 17
    • 18744383312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nursing home facility risk factors for infection and hospitalization: importance of registered nurse turnover, administration, and social factors
    • Zimmerman S, Gruber-Baldini AL, Hebel JR, Sloane PD, Magaziner J. Nursing home facility risk factors for infection and hospitalization: importance of registered nurse turnover, administration, and social factors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:1987-1995.
    • (2002) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.50 , pp. 1987-1995
    • Zimmerman, S.1    Gruber-Baldini, A.L.2    Hebel, J.R.3    Sloane, P.D.4    Magaziner, J.5
  • 19
  • 20
    • 84880727944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potentially avoidable hospitalizations for elderly long-stay residents in nursing homes
    • Spector WD, Limcangco R, Williams C, Rhodes W, Hurd D. Potentially avoidable hospitalizations for elderly long-stay residents in nursing homes. Med Care. 2013;51:673-681. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182984bff.
    • (2013) Med Care , vol.51 , pp. 673-681
    • Spector, W.D.1    Limcangco, R.2    Williams, C.3    Rhodes, W.4    Hurd, D.5
  • 22
    • 84901612017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisiting the relationship between nurse staffing and quality of care in nursing homes: an instrumental variables approach
    • Lin H. Revisiting the relationship between nurse staffing and quality of care in nursing homes: an instrumental variables approach. J Health Econ. 2014;37:13-24.
    • (2014) J Health Econ , vol.37 , pp. 13-24
    • Lin, H.1
  • 24
    • 85069266770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daily nursing home staffing levels highly variable, often below CMS expectations
    • Geng F, Stevenson DG, Grabowski DC. Daily nursing home staffing levels highly variable, often below CMS expectations. Health Aff (Millwood). 2019;38:1095-1100.
    • (2019) Health Aff (Millwood) , vol.38 , pp. 1095-1100
    • Geng, F.1    Stevenson, D.G.2    Grabowski, D.C.3
  • 25
    • 85087309484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • They’re death pits”: virus claims at least 7,000 lives in U.S. nursing homes
    • April, 17
    • Stockman F, Richtel M, Ivory D, Smith M. “They’re death pits”: virus claims at least 7,000 lives in U.S. nursing homes. The New York Times. April 17, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/us/coronavirus-nursing-homes.html.
    • (2020) The New York Times
    • Stockman, F.1    Richtel, M.2    Ivory, D.3    Smith, M.4
  • 26
    • 85087312822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COVID-plagued California nursing home often had problems in past
    • May, 4
    • Rau J, Almendrala A. COVID-plagued California nursing home often had problems in past. Kaiser Health News. May 4, 2020. https://khn.org/news/covid-plagued-california-nursing-homes-often-had-problems-in-past/.
    • (2020) Kaiser Health News
    • Rau, J.1    Almendrala, A.2
  • 27
    • 85087316181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thinly-staffed nursing homes face challenges in pandemic
    • May, 1
    • Mathews AW, Fuller A, De Avila J. Thinly-staffed nursing homes face challenges in pandemic. Wall Street Journal. May 1, 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/thinly-staffed-nursing-homes-face-challenges-in-pandemic-11588343407.
    • (2020) Wall Street Journal
    • Mathews, A.W.1    Fuller, A.2    De Avila, J.3
  • 28
    • 85011626051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medicare and Medicaid programs: reform of requirements for long-term care facilities (Final Rule)
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Medicare and Medicaid programs: reform of requirements for long-term care facilities (Final Rule). Fed Regis. 2016;81:68688-68872.
    • (2016) Fed Regis , vol.81 , pp. 68688-68872
  • 29
    • 85087300326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimum data set 3
    • February,., Accessed
    • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Minimum data set 3.0 RAI manual. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/NursingHomeQualityInits/MDS30RAIManual.html. Accessed February, 2020.
    • (2020) 0 RAI manual
  • 30
    • 85087311118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed February, 2020, RUGS III/RUGS IV 2008 distribution. RUG-IV grouper overview: logic version 1.03 and code version 1.03.0., Updated July 18, 2013
    • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). CMS RUGS refinement. RUGS III/RUGS IV 2008 distribution. RUG-IV grouper overview: logic version 1.03 and code version 1.03.0. https://www.aanac.org/docs/reference-documents/rugiv-grouper-overview-v1.pdf. Updated July 18, 2013. Accessed February, 2020.
    • CMS RUGS refinement
  • 31
    • 85087319322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baltimore, MD, CMS
    • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Form 672. Baltimore, MD: CMS. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/CMS-Forms/CMS-Forms/CMS-Forms-Items/CMS006583.
    • Form 672
  • 32
    • 85083523259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bingame, CA, Acumen, October, 1, 2020 2019, :;, (See also U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare program; prospective payment system and consolidated billing for skilled nursing facilities; updates to the quality reporting program and value-based purchasing program for federal fiscal year, Proposed Rule 4/25/2019, See the new MDS 3.0 Final Item Sets and the PDPM Grouper DLL Package for, 2020
    • Acumen. Skilled Nursing Facilities Patient-Driven Payment Model Technical Report. Burlingame, CA: Acumen; 2018. (See also U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare program; prospective payment system and consolidated billing for skilled nursing facilities; updates to the quality reporting program and value-based purchasing program for federal fiscal year 2020. Federal Register. Proposed Rule 4/25/2019, 2019. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/04/25/2019-08108/medicare-program-prospective-payment-system-and-consolidated-billing-for-skilled-nursing-facilities. See the new MDS 3.0 Final Item Sets and the PDPM Grouper DLL Package for October 1, 2020).
    • (2018) Federal Register
  • 33
    • 85073931346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baltimore, MD, CMS
    • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Staffing Data Submission PBJ. Baltimore, MD: CMS; 2017. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/NursingHomeQualityInits/Staffing-Data-Submission-PBJ.html.
    • (2017) Staffing Data Submission PBJ
  • 34
    • 0036929464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the RUG-III resident classification system for skilled nursing facilities
    • White C, Pizer SD, White AJ. Assessing the RUG-III resident classification system for skilled nursing facilities. Health Care Financ Rev. 2002;24:7-15.
    • (2002) Health Care Financ Rev , vol.24 , pp. 7-15
    • White, C.1    Pizer, S.D.2    White, A.J.3
  • 36
    • 84992598506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining nurse aide staffing requirements to provide care based on resident workload: a discrete event simulation model
    • Schnelle JF, Schroyer LD, Saraf AA, Simmons SF. Determining nurse aide staffing requirements to provide care based on resident workload: a discrete event simulation model. JAMDA. 2016;17:970-977.
    • (2016) JAMDA , vol.17 , pp. 970-977
    • Schnelle, J.F.1    Schroyer, L.D.2    Saraf, A.A.3    Simmons, S.F.4
  • 38
    • 84857450107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nursing home staffing standards and levels in six countries
    • Harrington C, Choiniere J, Goldmann M, et al. Nursing home staffing standards and levels in six countries. J Nurs Scholarship. 2012;44:88-98.
    • (2012) J Nurs Scholarship , vol.44 , pp. 88-98
    • Harrington, C.1    Choiniere, J.2    Goldmann, M.3
  • 39
    • 85087298764 scopus 로고
    • Signed by President, Washington, DC, December
    • Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA, 1987). Public Law 100-203. Subtitle C: nursing home reform. Signed by President, Washington, DC, December 22, 1987.
    • (1987) Public Law 100-203. Subtitle C: nursing home reform , vol.22
  • 40
    • 85087297150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medicare program: prospective payment system and consolidated billing for skilled nursing facilities
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Medicare program: prospective payment system and consolidated billing for skilled nursing facilities. Fed Regis. 2000;65:446769-446796.
    • (2000) Fed Regis , vol.65 , pp. 446769-446796
  • 41
    • 85087307347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed November 10, 2019
    • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Archived Minimum data set 2.0 for nursing homes. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/NursingHomeQualityInits/NHQIMDS20.html. Accessed November 10, 2019.
    • Archived Minimum data set 2.0 for nursing homes
  • 43
    • 85070735389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘It’s almost like a ghost town.’ Most nursing homes overstated staffing for years
    • July, 8
    • Rau J. ‘It’s almost like a ghost town.’ Most nursing homes overstated staffing for years. The New York Times. July 8, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/07/health/nursing-homes-staffing-medicare.html.
    • (2018) The New York Times
    • Rau, J.1
  • 44
    • 34548703362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing staffing levels in the Online Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) system with the Medicaid Cost Report data: are differences systematic
    • Kash BA, Hawes C, Phillips CD. Comparing staffing levels in the Online Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) system with the Medicaid Cost Report data: are differences systematic. Gerontologist. 2007;47:480-489.
    • (2007) Gerontologist , vol.47 , pp. 480-489
    • Kash, B.A.1    Hawes, C.2    Phillips, C.D.3
  • 45
    • 84992320226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed July 15, 2019, Accessed June 13, 2019, (See website data on
    • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Medicare nursing home compare. http://www.medicare.gov/NursingHomeCompare/search.aspx?bhcp=1. Accessed July 15, 2019. (See website data on www.Medicare.data.gov. Accessed June 13, 2019).
    • Medicare nursing home compare
  • 49
    • 0034107280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experts recommend minimum nurse staffing standards for nursing facilities in the United States
    • Harrington C, Kovner C, Kayser-Jones J, et al. Experts recommend minimum nurse staffing standards for nursing facilities in the United States. Gerontologist. 2000;40:5-16.
    • (2000) Gerontologist , vol.40 , pp. 5-16
    • Harrington, C.1    Kovner, C.2    Kayser-Jones, J.3
  • 50
    • 85087318475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updated
    • California Department of Health Care Services. Policies and guidelines for subacute care. https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/provgovpart/Pages/PoliciesandGuidelines.aspx. Updated 2019.
    • (2019) Policies and guidelines for subacute care
  • 51
    • 85087307876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Time Study (STRIVE) project. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/SNFPPS/TimeStudy.
    • Time Study (STRIVE) project
  • 53
    • 33646346369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nursing home consumer complaints and quality of care: a national view
    • Stevenson DG. Nursing home consumer complaints and quality of care: a national view. Med Care Res Rev. 2006;63:347-368.
    • (2006) Med Care Res Rev , vol.63 , pp. 347-368
    • Stevenson, D.G.1
  • 58
    • 85087287510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • June, Report prepared for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Published
    • Abt Associates. Nursing home compare five-star quality rating system: year three report. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Provider-Enrollment-and-Certification/CertificationandComplianc/Downloads/FSQRS-Report.pdf. Report prepared for the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Published June 7, 2013.
    • (2013) Nursing home compare five-star quality rating system: year three report , vol.7
  • 60
    • 85077911948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of nursing home reporting of major injury falls for quality measurement on nursing home compare
    • Sanghavi P, Pan S, Caudry D. Assessment of nursing home reporting of major injury falls for quality measurement on nursing home compare. Health Serv Res. 2020;55:201-210. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13247.
    • (2020) Health Serv Res , vol.55 , pp. 201-210
    • Sanghavi, P.1    Pan, S.2    Caudry, D.3
  • 61
    • 84908674337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient-reported missed nursing care correlated with adverse events
    • Kalisch BJ, Xie B, Dabney BW. Patient-reported missed nursing care correlated with adverse events. Am J Med Qual. 2014;29:415-422.
    • (2014) Am J Med Qual , vol.29 , pp. 415-422
    • Kalisch, B.J.1    Xie, B.2    Dabney, B.W.3
  • 62
    • 84941195082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nurse staffing levels and patient-reported missed nursing care
    • Dabney BW, Kalisch BJ. Nurse staffing levels and patient-reported missed nursing care. J Nurs Care Qual. 2015;30:306-312.
    • (2015) J Nurs Care Qual , vol.30 , pp. 306-312
    • Dabney, B.W.1    Kalisch, B.J.2
  • 63
    • 85068874083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of patient safety culture on missed nursing care and adverse patient events
    • Hessels AJ, Paliwal M, Weaver SH, Siddiqui D, Wurmser T. Impact of patient safety culture on missed nursing care and adverse patient events. J Nurs Care Qual. 2019;34:287-294.
    • (2019) J Nurs Care Qual , vol.34 , pp. 287-294
    • Hessels, A.J.1    Paliwal, M.2    Weaver, S.H.3    Siddiqui, D.4    Wurmser, T.5
  • 65
    • 85069841456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Registered nurse burnout, job satisfaction and missed care in nursing homes
    • White EM, Aiken LH, McHugh MD. Registered nurse burnout, job satisfaction and missed care in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67:2065-2071.
    • (2019) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.67 , pp. 2065-2071
    • White, E.M.1    Aiken, L.H.2    McHugh, M.D.3
  • 66
    • 0041387629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nurse home staffing, turnover, and casemix
    • Harrington C, Swan JH. Nurse home staffing, turnover, and casemix. Med Care Res Rev. 2003;60:366-392.
    • (2003) Med Care Res Rev , vol.60 , pp. 366-392
    • Harrington, C.1    Swan, J.H.2
  • 67
    • 84870266475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of nursing home ownership on the quality of post-acute care: an instrumental variables approach
    • Grabowski DC, Feng Z, Hirth R, Rahman M, Mor V. Effect of nursing home ownership on the quality of post-acute care: an instrumental variables approach. J Health Econ. 2013;32:12-21.
    • (2013) J Health Econ , vol.32 , pp. 12-21
    • Grabowski, D.C.1    Feng, Z.2    Hirth, R.3    Rahman, M.4    Mor, V.5
  • 68
    • 84855830963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nurse staffing and deficiencies in the largest for-profit chains and chains owned by private equity companies
    • Harrington C, Olney B, Carrillo H, Kang T. Nurse staffing and deficiencies in the largest for-profit chains and chains owned by private equity companies. Health Serv Res. 2012;47:106-128.
    • (2012) Health Serv Res , vol.47 , pp. 106-128
    • Harrington, C.1    Olney, B.2    Carrillo, H.3    Kang, T.4
  • 69
    • 85086658567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One-third of all U.S. coronavirus deaths are nursing home residents or workers
    • May, 11, Updated
    • Yourish K, Lai KKR, Ivory D, Smith M. One-third of all U.S. coronavirus deaths are nursing home residents or workers. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/09/us/coronavirus-cases-nursing-homes-us.html?referringSource=articleShare. Updated May 11, 2020.
    • (2020) The New York Times
    • Yourish, K.1    Lai, K.K.R.2    Ivory, D.3    Smith, M.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.