Registered nurse staffing mix and quality of care in nursing homes: A longitudinal analysis

Gerontologist

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 81-90

  Kim, Hongsoo ^a   Harrington, Charlene ^b   Greene, William H ^c  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Deficiencies; Nurse skill mix; Nurse staffing level; Nursing home quality; Panel data analysis

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DATA BASE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; NURSE; NURSE MANAGER; NURSING HOME; NURSING STAFF; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY;

EID: 64849088343     PISSN: 00169013     EISSN: 17585341     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnp014     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Aiken, L. H., Smith, H. L., & Lake, E. T. (1994). Lower Medicare mortality among a set of hospitals known for good nursing care. Medical Care, 32, 771-787.
2. Anderson, R. A., Hsieh, P., & Su, H. (1998). Resource allocation and resident outcomes in nursing homes: Comparisons between the best and worst. Research in Nursing and Health, 21, 297-313.
3. Arling, G., Kane, R. L., Lewis, T., & Muller, C. (2005). Future development of nursing home quality indicators. Gerontologist, 45, 147-156.
4. Bates-Jensen, B. M., Simmons, S. F., Schnelle, J. F., & Alessi, C. (2005). Evaluating the accuracy of minimum data set bed-mobility ratings against independent performance assessments: Systematic error and directions for improvement. Gerontologist, 45, 731-738.
5. Blegen, M. A., Goode, C. J., & Reed, L. (1998). Nurse staffi ng and patient outcomes. Nursing Research, 47, 43-50.
6. Blundell, R., Griffith, R., & Windmeijer, F. (2002). Individual effects and dynamics in count data models. Journal of Econometrics, 108, 113-131.
7. Bostick, J. M., Rantz, M. J., Flesner, M. K., & Rigg, C. J. (2006). Systematic review of studies of staffing and quality in nursing homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 7, 366-376.
8. Buchan, J., & Dal Poz, M. R. (2002). Skill mix in the health care workforce: Reviewing the evidence. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80, 575-580.
9. California Offi ce of Statewide Health Planning and Development [COSH-PD]. (2004). Long-term care facility annual fi nancial data: data file documentation. Sacramento: Author.
10. Canadian Nurse Association. (2004). Nursing staff mix: A literature review. Retrieved February 7, 2008, from http://www.cnanurses.ca/ CNA/documents/pdf/publications/Final-Staf-Mix-Literature-Review-e.pdf
11. Castle, N. G., & Engberg, J. (2007). The infl uence of staffi ng characteristics on quality of care in nursing homes. Health Services Research, 42, 1822-1847.
12. Dellefi eld, M. E. (1999). Predictors of quality of care in California nursing homes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles.
13. Fries, B. E., Schneider, D. P., Foley, W., Gavazzi, M., Burke, R., & Cornelius, E. (1994). Refi ning a case-mix measure for nursing homes: Resource utilization groups (RUG-III). Medical Care, 32, 668-685.
14. Grabowski, D. C. (2004). A longitudinal study of Medicaid payment, private-pay price and nursing home quality. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 4, 5-26.
15. Grabowski, D. C., & Angelelli, (2004). The relationship of Medicaid payment rates, bed constraint policies, and risk-adjusted pressure ulcers. Health Services Research, 39 (4 Pt 1), 793-812.
16. Greene, W. H. (2007a). Econometric analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
17. Greene, W. H. (2007b). Functional form and heterogeneity in models for count data. Retrieved February 20, 2008, from http://w4.stern.nyu. edu/emplibrary/greenefunctionalform.pdf
18. Harrington, C., Carrillo, H., & Mercado-Scott, C. (2005). Nursing facilities, staffi ng, residents, and facility defi ciencies, 1998 through 2004. San Francisco: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at San Francisco.
19. Harrington, C., Kovner, C., Mezey, M., Kayser-Jones, J., Burger, S., Mohler, M., et al. (2000). Experts recommend minimum nurse staffi ng standards for nursing facilities in the United States. Gerontologist, 40, 5-16.
20. Harrington, C., Mullan, J. T., & Carrillo, H. (2004). State nursing home enforcement systems. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 29, 43-73.
21. Harrington, C., & O'Meara, J. (2004). Report on California's nursing homes, home health agencies, and hospice programs. Retrieved January 11, 2008, from http://www.chcf.org/documents/hospitals/ ReportOnNursingHomeHealthHospice.pdf
22. Harrington, C., Zimmerman, D., Karon, S. L., Robinson, J., & Beutel, P. (2000). Nursing home staffing and its relationship to deficiencies. Journals of Gerontology, 55, S278-S287.
23. Institute of Medicine. (1996). Nursing staff in hospital and nursing homes: Is it adequate? Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
24. Kash, B. A., Hawes, C., & Phillips, C. D. (2007). Comparing staffi ng levels in the Online Survey Certifi cation and Reporting (OSCAR) system with the Medicaid Cost Report data: Are differences systematic? Gerontologist, 47, 480-489.
25. Konetzka, R. T., Norton, E. C., Sloane, P. D., Kilpatrick, K. E., & Stearns, S. C. (2006). Medicare prospective payment and quality of care for long-stay nursing facility residents. Medical Care, 44, 270-276.
26. Konetzka, R. T., Yi, D., Norton, E. C., & Kilpatrick, K. E. (2004). Effects of Medicare payment changes on nursing home staffi ng and deficiencies. Health Services Research, 39, 463-488.
27. Lang, T., Hodge, M., Olson, V., Romano, P., & Kravitz, R. (2004). A systematic review on the effects of nurse staffing on patient, nurse employee and hospital outcomes. Journal of Nursing Administration, 34, 326-337.
28. Lee, R. H., Gajewski, B. J., & Thompson, S. (2006). Reliability of the nursing home survey process: A simultaneous survey approach. Gerontologist, 46, 772-780.
29. Moseley, C. B., & Jones, L. (2003). Registered nurse staffi ng and OBRA defi ciencies in Nevada nursing facilities. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 29 (3), 44-50.
30. Mueller, C., Arling, G., Kane, R., Bershadsky, J., Holland, D., & Joy, A. (2006). Nursing home staffi ng standards: Their relationship to nurse staffi ng levels. Gerontologist, 46, 74-80.
31. Mullan, J. T., & Harrington, C. (2001). Nursing home defi ciencies in the United States: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research on Aging, 23, 503-531.
32. Munroe, D. J. (1990). The infl uence of registered nurse staffi ng on the quality of nursing home care. Research in Nursing and Health, 13, 263-270.
33. Newbold, D. (2007). Building better business in health care. Journal of Nursing Management, 15, 556-568.
34. O'Meara, J., Collier, E., & Harrington, C. (2005). Guide to understanding nursing home data on CalNHS.org. San Francisco: University of California at San Francisco, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences.
35. O'Neill, C., Harrington, C., Kitchener, M., & Saliba, D. (2003). Quality of care in nursing homes: An analysis of relationships among profi t, quality, and ownership. Medical Care, 41, 1318-1330.
36. Ottem, P., & Overton, C. (2000). RN and LPN accountabilities and responsibilities. Nursing BC. Registered Nurses Association of British Columbia, 32 (3), 19-22.
37. Pearson, A., Hocking, S., Mott, S., & Rigg, A. (1992). Skills mix in Australian nursing homes. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 767-776.
38. Rantz, M. J., Hicks, L., Grando, V., Petroski, G. F., Madsen, R. W., Mehr, D. R., et al. (2004). Nursing home quality, cost, staffing, and staff mix. Gerontologist, 44, 24-38.
39. Schnelle, J. F. (2004). Determining the relationship between staffi ng and quality. Gerontologist, 44, 10-12.
40. Schnelle, J. F., Simmons, S. F., Harrington, C., Cadogan, M., Garcia, E., & Bates-Jensen, B. M. (2004). Relationship of nursing home staffing to quality of care. Health Services Research, 39, 225-255.
41. Scott-Cawiezell, J., & Vogelsmeier, A. (2006). Nursing home safety: A review of the literature. Annual Review Nursing Research, 24, 179-215.
42. Simmons, S. F. (2007). Quality improvement for feeding assistance care in nursing homes. Journal of American Medical Director Association, 8 (Suppl. 3), S12-S17.
43. Smith, D. B., Feng, Z., Fennell, M. L., Zinn, J. S., & Mor, V. (2007). Separate and unequal: Racial segregation and disparities in quality across U.S. nursing homes. Health Affairs, 26, 1448-1458.
44. Spilsbury, K., & Meyer, J. (2001). Defi ning the nursing contribution to patient outcome: Lessons from a review of the literature examining nursing outcomes, skill mix, and changing roles. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10, 3-14.
45. Tourangeau, A. E., Giovannetti, P., Tu, J. V., & Wood, M. (2002). Nursing-related determinants of 30-day mortality for hospitalized patients. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 33 (4), 71-88.
46. Tsoukalas, T., Ruder, C., Mollot, R. J., Shineman, M., Lee, H. Y., & Harrington, C. (2006). The collection and use of funds from civil money penalties and fi nes from nursing homes. Gerontologist, 46, 759-771.
47. Unruh, L., & Wan, T. T. (2004). A systems framework for evaluating nursing care quality in nursing homes. Journal of Medical Systems, 28, 197-214.
48. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (2003). Regional economic accounts. Retrived March 3, 2008, from http://www.BEA.gov
49. U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2001). Report to Congress: Appropriateness of minimum nurse staffi ng ratios in nursing homes. (Phase II Final, Volumes I-III) [Report Prepared by Abt Associates]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
50. U.S. General Accounting Offi ce. (2004). Prevalence of serious quality problems remains unacceptably high, despite some decline (Report No. GAO-03-1016T). Retrieved May 12, 2008, from http://www.gao. gov/new.items/d031016t.pdf
51. Van den Heede, K., Clarke, S. P., Sermeus, W., Vleugers, A., & Aiken, L. H. (2007). International experts' perspectives on the state of the nurse staffi ng and patient outcomes literature. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39, 290-297.
52. Wan, T. T., Zhang, N. J., & Unruh, L. (2006). Predictors of resident outcome improvement in nursing homes. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 28, 974-993.
53. Weech-Maldonado, R., Meret-Hanke, L., Neff, M. C., & Mor, V. (2004). Nurse staffi ng patterns and quality of care in nursing homes. Health Care Management Review, 29, 107-116.
54. Weech-Maldonado, R., Neff, G., & Mor, V. (2003). The relationship between quality of care and fi nancial performance in nursing homes. Journal of Health Care Finance, 29 (3), 48-60.
55. Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
56. Zhang, N. J., Unruh, L., Liu, R., & Wan, T. T. (2006). Minimum nurse staffi ng ratios for nursing homes. Nursing Economics, 24 (2), 78-85, 93, 55.