Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of domestic sheep and goats

EFSA Journal

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2013, Pages

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

epidemiological indicators; goats; Meat inspection; mycobacteria; sheep; Toxoplasma; VTEC

Indexed keywords

EID: 85078376768     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3277     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. AFSSA, 2005. Toxoplasmose: état des connaissances et évaluation du risque lié à l'alimentation. In: Report of the Afssa working group “Toxoplasma gondii”. Available online: www.afssa.fr/Documents/MIC-Ra-Toxoplasmose.pdf.
2. Aggelopoulos S, Soutsas K, Pavloudi A, Sinapis E and Petkou D, 2009. Suggestions for reformation in sheep farms based on production cost. Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 7, 561–566.
3. Ajzenberg D, Banuls AL, Su C, Dumetre A, Demar M, Carme B and Darde ML, 2004. Genetic diversity, clonality and sexuality in Toxoplasma gondii. International Journal for Parasitology, 34, 1185–1196.
4. Alvarez J, Castellanos E, Romero B, Aranaz A, Bezos J, Rodriguez S, Mateos A, Dominguez L and de Juan L, 2011. Epidemiological investigation of a Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis outbreak in swine. Epidemiology and Infection, 139, 143–148.
5. Ashworth S, 2000. An evaluation of the common organisation of the markets in the sheep and goat meat sector. Economic analyses, European Commission of Agriculture. SAC, INRA, Industry strategy consulting & Diputación General de Aragon. 162 pp. Available online: ec.europa.eu/agriculture/eval/reports/sheep/rep_en.pdf.
6. Berger, F., Goulet, V., Le Strat, Y., de Valk, H., Désenclos, J.C., 2007. La toxoplasmose en France chez la femme enceinte en 2003: séroprévalence et facteurs associés. In: Maladies infectieuses. Institute de Veille Sanitaire (INVS), Saint Maurice, France. Available online: www.invs.sante.fr/publications/2007/toxoplasmose/toxoplasmose.pdf.
7. Bezos J, Alvarez J, de Juan L, Romero B, Rodriguez S, Fernandez-de-Mera IG, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier M, Mateos A, Dominguez L and Aranaz A, 2011. Assessment of in vivo and in vitro tuberculosis diagnostic tests in Mycobacterium caprae naturally infected caprine flocks. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 100, 187–192.
8. Bezos J, Alvarez J, Romero B, Aranaz A and de Juan L, 2012a. Tuberculosis in goats: assessment of current in vivo cell-mediated and antibody-based diagnostic assays. Veterinary Journal, 191, 161–165.
9. Bezos J, Alvarez J, Minguez O, Marques S, Martin O, Vigo V, Pieltain C, Romero B, Rodriguez S, Casal C, Mateos A, Dominguez L and de Juan L, 2012b. Evaluation of specificity of tuberculosis diagnostic assays in caprine flocks under different epidemiological situations. Research in Veterinary Science, 93, 636–640.
10. Biet F, Boschiroli ML, Thorel MF and Guilloteau LA, 2005. Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC). Veterinary Research, 36, 411–436.
11. Boyer K, Hill D, Mui E, Wroblewski K, Karrison T, Dubey JP, Sautter M, Noble AG, Withers S, Swisher C, Heydemann P, Hosten T, Babiarz J, Lee D, Meier P, McLeod R and Grp TS, 2011. Unrecognized Ingestion of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts Leads to Congenital Toxoplasmosis and Causes Epidemics in North America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 53, 1081–1089.
12. Bosilevac JM, Nou XW, Barkocy-Gallagher GA, Arthur TM and Koohmaraie M, 2006. Treatments using hot water instead of lactic acid reduce levels of aerobic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae and reduce the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 on preevisceration beef carcasses. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 1808–1813.
13. Buxton D, 1998. Protozoan infections (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp.) in sheep and goats: recent advances. Veterinary Research, 29, 289–310.
14. Byrne B, Dunne G, Lyng J and Bolton DJ, 2007. The development of a ‘clean sheep policy’ in compliance with the new Hygiene Regulation (EC) 853/2004 (Hygiene 2). Food Microbiology, 24, 301–304.
15. Cernicchiaro N, Pearl DL, Ghimire S, Gyles CL, Johnson RP, LeJeune JT, Ziebell K and McEwen SA, 2009. Risk factors associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ontario beef cow-calf operations. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 92, 106–115.
16. Chartier C, Mercier P, Pellet MP and Vialard J, 2012. Effect of an inactivated paratuberculosis vaccine on the intradermal testing of goats for tuberculosis. Veterinary Journal, 191, 360–363.
17. Chiodini RJ, Chamberlin WM, Sarosiek J and McCallum RW, 2012. Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: A quarter century later. Causation or simple association? Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 38, 52–93.
18. Coleman JD and Cooke MM, 2001. Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife in New Zealand. Tuberculosis, 81, 191–202.
19. Cook AJ, Gilbert RE, Buffolano W, Zufferey J, Petersen E, Jenum PA, Foulon W, Semprini AE and Dunn DT, 2000. Sources of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study. European Research Network on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. Bmj, 321, 142–147.
20. Cook KL, Britt JS and Bolster CH, 2010. Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in biofilms on livestock watering trough materials. Veterinary Microbiology, 141, 103–109.
21. Crawshaw T, Daniel R, Clifton-Hadley R, Clark J, Evans H, Rolfe S and de la Rua-Domenech R, 2008. TB in goats caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Veterinary Record, 163, 127–127.
22. Daniel R, Evans H, Rolfe S, de la Rua-Domenech R, Crawshaw T, Higgins RJ, Schock A and Clifton-Hadley R, 2009. Outbreak of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in golden Guernsey goats in Great Britain. Veterinary Record, 165, 335–342.
23. Davidson PT, Khanijo V, Goble M and Moulding TS, 1981. Treatment of disease due to Mycobacterium-intracellulare. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 3, 1052–1059.
24. Dubey JP, 1996. Strategies to reduce transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to animals and humans. Veterinary Parasitology, 64, 65–70.
25. Dubey JP, Lunney JK, Shen SK, Kwok OCH, Ashford DA and Thulliez P, 1996. Infectivity of low numbers of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts to pigs. Journal of Parasitology, 82, 438–443.
26. Dubey JP, 1998. Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures. Journal of Parasitology, 84, 862–865.
27. Dubey JP, Lindsay DS and Speer CA, 1998. Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 11, 267–299.
28. Dubey JP, Sundar N, Hill D, Velmurugan GV, Bandini LA, Kwok OCH, Majumdar D and Su C, 2008. High prevalence and abundant atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from lambs destined for human consumption in the USA. International Journal for Parasitology, 38, 999–1006.
29. Dubey JP, 2009. Toxoplasmosis in sheep-The last 20 years. Veterinary Parasitology, 163, 1–14.
30. Dubey JP, Rajendran C, Ferreira LR, Martins J, Kwok OCH, Hill DE, Villena I, Zhou H, Su C and Jones JL, 2011. High prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from goats, from a retail meat store, destined for human consumption in the USA. International Journal for Parasitology, 41, 827–833.
31. Dumetre A, Ajzenberg D, Rozette L, Mercier A and Darde ML, 2006. Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep from Haute-Vienne, France: seroprevalence and isolate genotyping by microsatellite analysis. Vet Parasitol, 142, 376–379.
32. Duncanson P, Terry RS, Smith JE and Hide G, 2001. High levels of congenital transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in a commercial sheep flock. International Journal for Parasitology, 31, 1699–1703.
33. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2006. The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents, Antimicrobial Resistance and Foodborne Outbreaks in the European Union in 2005. The EFSA Journal 2006, 94, 1–288.
34. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2007a. The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents, Antimicrobial Resistance and Foodborne Outbreaks in the European Union in 2006. The EFSA Journal 2007, 130, 1–352.
35. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2007b. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards on a request from EFSA on monitoring of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) and identification of human pathogenic VTEC types. The EFSA Journal 2007, 579, 1–61.
36. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2009a. Technical specifications for the monitoring and reporting of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) on animals and food (VTEC surveys on animals and food) on request of EFSA. EFSA Journal 2009;7(11):1366, 43 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1366.
37. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2009b. The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses and Zoonotic Agents in the European Union in 2007. The EFSA Journal 2009, 223, 1–310.
38. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010. The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and food-borne outbreaks in the European Union in 2008, EFSA Journal 2010; 8(1):1496, 288 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1496.
39. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2011. Scientific Report on Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for public health hazards to be covered by meat inspection of swine. EFSA Journal 2011;9(10):2371, 125 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2371.
40. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2013. Scientific Report on Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of bovine animals. EFSA Journal 2013;11(6):3276, 78 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3276.
41. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2011. The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in 2009, EFSA Journal 2011; 9(3):2090, 378 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2090.
42. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2012. The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in 2010. EFSA Journal 2012, 10(3):2597, 442 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2597.
43. EFSA, (European Food Safety Authority) and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2013. The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in 2011; EFSA Journal 2013, 11(4):3129, 250 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3129.
44. EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats. EFSA Journal 2013;11(6):3265, 186 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3265.
45. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2010. Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of using recycled hot water as a decontamination technique for meat carcasses. EFSA Journal 2010;8(9):1827, 69 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1827.
46. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2013. Scientific Opinion on VTEC-seropathotype and scientific criteria regarding pathogenicity assessment. EFSA Journal 2013;11(4):3138, 106 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3138.
47. Ellis-Iversen J, Smith RP, Van Winden S, Paiba GA, Watson E, Snow LC and Cook AJC, 2008. Farm practices to control E. coli O157 in young cattle - A randomised controlled trial. Veterinary Research, 39, 3.
48. Esteban-Redondo I and Innes EA, 1998. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of sheep orally challenged with different doses of oocysts. International Journal for Parasitology, 28, 1459–1466.
49. Eurostat, online. Data on population of sheep and goats in the EU extracted on 4/10/2012. Available online: epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/.
50. Evans J, Knight H, McKendrick IJ, Stevenson H, Barbudo AV, Gunn GJ and Low JC, 2011. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and serogroups O26, O103, O111 and O145 in sheep presented for slaughter in Scotland. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 60, 653–660.
51. Ferguson DJP, 2009. Identification of faecal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Small science, large characters. International Journal for Parasitology, 39, 871–875.
52. Frenkel JK and Dubey JP, 1973. Effects of freezing on the viability of toxoplasma oocysts. Journal of Parasitology, 59, 587–588.
53. Franco A, Lovari S, Cordaro G, Di Matteo P, Sorbara L, Iurescia M, Donati V, Buccella C and Battisti A, 2009. Prevalence and Concentration of Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Adult Sheep at Slaughter from Italy. Zoonoses and Public Health, 56, 215–220.
54. Gilbert RE and Stanford MR, 2000. Is ocular toxoplasmosis caused by prenatal or postnatal infection? British Journal of Ophthalmology, 84, 224–226.
55. Ginsbourger M, Guinard A, Villena I, King LA, El-Eid N, Schwoebel V, 2012. Toxi-infection alimentaire collective à Toxoplasma gondii liée à la consommation d'agneau. Aveyron (France), novembre 2010. Bulletin Epidémiologique Hebdomadaire, 16-17, 195–197.
56. Glor SB, Edelhofer R, Grimm F, Deplazes P and Basso W, 2013. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA kit for detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in serum, plasma and meat juice from experimentally and naturally infected sheep. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 85.
57. Gunn GJ, McKendrick IJ, Ternent HE, Thomson-Carter F, Foster G and Synge BA, 2007. An investigation of factors associated with the prevalence of verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli O157 shedding in Scottish beef cattle. Veterinary Journal, 174, 554–564.
58. Halos L, Thebault A, Aubert D, Thomas M, Perret C, Geers R, Alliot A, Escotte-Binet S, Ajzenberg D, Darde ML, Durand B, Boireau P and Villena I, 2010. An innovative survey underlining the significant level of contamination by Toxoplasma gondii of ovine meat consumed in France. International Journal for Parasitology, 40, 193–200.
59. Hauge SJ, Nafstad O, Skjerve E, Rotterud OJ and Nesbakken T, 2011. Effects of shearing and fleece cleanliness on microbiological contamination of lamb carcasses. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 150, 178–183.
60. Hide G, Morley EK, Hughes JM, Gerwash O, Elmahaishi MS, Elmahaishi KH, Thomasson D, Wright EA, Williams RH, Murphy RG and Smith JE, 2009. Evidence for high levels of vertical transmission in Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology, 136, 1877–1885.
61. Hill D, Coss C, Dubey JP, Wroblewski K, Sautter M, Hosten T, Munoz-Zanzi C, Mui E, Withers S, Boyer K, Hermes G, Coyne J, Jagdis F, Burnett A, McLeod P, Morton H, Robinson D, McLeod R and Toxoplasmosis Study Group, 2011. Identification of a Sporozoite-Specific Antigen from Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Parasitology, 97, 328–337.
62. Howe DK and Sibley LD, 1995. Toxoplasma gondii comprises 3 clonal lineages - correlation of parasite genotype with human-disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 172, 1561–1566.
63. Hutchinson JP, Wear AR, Lambton SL, Smith RP and Pritchard GC, 2011. Survey to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in British sheep flocks. Veterinary Record, 169, 582.
64. Innes EA, Bartley PM, Buxton D and Katzer F, 2009a. Ovine toxoplasmosis. Parasitology, 136, 1887–1894.
65. Innes EA, Bartley PM, Maley S, Katzer F and Buxton D, 2009b. Veterinary vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii. Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104, 246–251.
66. Jokelainen P, Nareaho A, Knaapi S, Oksanen A, Rikula U and Sukura A, 2010. Toxoplasma gondii in wild cervids and sheep in Finland: North-south gradient in seroprevalence. Veterinary Parasitology, 171, 331–336.
67. Jones JL and Dubey JP, 2010. Waterborne toxoplasmosis - Recent developments. Experimental Parasitology, 124, 10–25.
68. Jones JL, Dargelas V, Roberts J, Press C, Remington JS and Montoya JG, 2009. Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49, 878–884.
69. Jurankova J, Opsteegh M, Neumayerova H, Kovarcik K, Frencova A, Balaz V, Volf J and Koudela B, 2013. Quantification of Toxoplasma gondii in tissue samples of experimentally infected goats by magnetic capture and real-time PCR. Veterinary Parasitology, 193, 95–99.
70. Kapperud G, Jenum PA, StrayPedersen B, Melby KK, Eskild A and Eng J, 1996. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy - Results of a prospective case-control study in Norway. American Journal of Epidemiology, 144, 405–412.
71. Katzer F, Brulisauer F, Collantes-Fernandez E, Bartley PM, Burrells A, Gunn G, Maley SW, Cousens C and Innes EA, 2011. Increased Toxoplasma gondii positivity relative to age in 125 Scottish sheep flocks; evidence of frequent acquired infection. Veterinary Research, 42.
72. Kijlstra A and Jongert E, 2008. Control of the risk of human toxoplasmosis transmitted by meat. International Journal for Parasitology, 38, 1359–1370.
73. Klun I, Djurkovic-Djakovic O, Katic-Radivojevic S and Nikolic A, 2006. Cross-sectional survey on Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle, sheep and pigs in Serbia: Seroprevalence and risk factors. Veterinary Parasitology, 135, 121–131.
74. Kosmider RD, Nally P, Simons RRL, Brouwer A, Cheung S, Snary EL and Wooldridge M, 2010. Attribution of Human VTEC O157 Infection from Meat Products: A Quantitative Risk Assessment Approach. Risk Analysis, 30, 753–765.
75. Kubica T, Rusch-Gerdes S and Niemann S, 2003. Mycobacterium bovis subsp caprae caused one-third of human M. bovis-associated tuberculosis cases reported in Germany between 1999 and 2001. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41, 3070–3077.
76. Lake R, Hudosn A, Crassey P, 2002. Risk profile: Toxoplasma gondii in red meat and meat products. Available online: www.foodsafety.govt.nz/elibrary/industry/Risk_Profile_Toxoplasma-Science_Research.pdf.
77. Lunden A, Nasholm A and Uggla A, 1994. Long-Term Study of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in a Swedish Sheep Flock. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 35, 273–281.
78. McCleery DR, Stirling JME, McIvor K and Patterson MF, 2008. Effect of ante- and postmortem hide clipping on the microbiological quality and safety and ultimate pH value of beef carcasses in an EC-approved abattoir. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 104, 1471–1479.
79. Mainar RC, Delacruz C, Asensio A, Dominguez L and Vazquez-Boland JA, 1996. Prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants of the Madrid region, Spain, and identification of factors influencing seropositivity by multivariate analysis. Veterinary Research Communications, 20, 153–159.
80. Malone FE, Wilson EC, Pollock JM and Skuce RA, 2003. Investigations into an outbreak of tuberculosis in a flock of sheep in contact with tuberculous cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, 50, 500–504.
81. Mantecón AR, Díez P, Villadangos B, Martínez Y and Lavín P, 2009. Dairy sheep production systems in central-north Spain: effect of flock size. (ed.) Pacheco F, Morand-Fehr P (ed.). Changes in sheep and goat farming systems at the beginning of the 21st century: research, tools, methods and initiatives in favour of a sustainable development. Options Méditerranéennes: série A. Séminaires Méditerranéeens, 91, 75–77.
82. Marianelli C, Cifani N, Capucchio MT, Fiasconaro M, Russo M, La Mancusa F, Pasquali P and Di Marco V, 2010. A case of generalized bovine tuberculosis in a sheep. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22, 445–448.
83. Mason S, Quinnell RJ and Smith JE, 2010. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in lambs via PCR screening and serological follow-up. Veterinary Parasitology, 169, 258–263.
84. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, McCaig LF, Bresee JS, Shapiro C, Griffin PM and Tauxe RV, 1999. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, 607–625.
85. Milnes AS, Stewart I, Clifton-Hadley FA, Davies RH, Newell DG, Sayers AR, Cheasty T, Cassar C, Ridley A, Cook AJC, Evans SJ, Teale CJ, Smith RP, McNnally A, Toszeghy M, Futter R, Kay A and Paiba GA, 2008. Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and Yersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in Great Britain during 2003. Epidemiology and Infection, 136, 739–751.
86. Milnes AS, Sayers AR, Stewart I, Clifton-Hadley FA, Davies RH, Newell DG, Cook AJC, Evans SJ, Smith RP and Paiba GA, 2009. Factors related to the carriage of Verocytotoxigenic E. coli, Salmonella, thermophilic Campylobacter and Yersinia enterocolitica in cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter. Epidemiology and Infection, 137, 1135–1148.
87. Morley EK, Williams RH, Hughes JM, Thomasson D, Terry RS, Duncanson P, Smith JE and Hide G, 2008. Evidence that primary infection of Charollais sheep with Toxoplasma gondii may not prevent foetal infection and abortion in subsequent lambings. Parasitology, 135, 169–173.
88. Munday BL and Corbould A, 1979. Serological responses of sheep and cattle exposed to natural Toxoplasma infection. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology & Medical Science, 57, 141–145.
89. Muñoz Mendoza M, de Juan L, Menendez S, Ocampo A, Mourelo J, Saez JL, Dominguez L, Gortazar C, Marin JFG and Balseiro A, 2012. Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae in sheep. Veterinary Journal, 191, 267–269.
90. Naranjo V, Gortazar C, Vicente J and de la Fuente J, 2008. Evidence of the role of European wild boar as a reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Veterinary Microbiology, 127, 1–9.
91. Ogden ID, MacRae M and Strachan NJC, 2004. Is the prevalence and shedding concentrations of E. coli O157 in beef cattle in Scotland seasonal? FEMS Microbiology Letters, 233, 297–300.
92. Ogden ID, MacRae M and Strachan NJC, 2005. Concentration and prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in sheep faeces at pasture in Scotland. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98, 646–651.
93. OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2008. OIE-FAO Guide to good farming practices for animal production food safety. OIE Bulletin, No 2008-3, 5–12.
94. Oporto B, Esteban JI, Aduriz G, Juste RA and Hurtado A, 2008. Escherichia coli O157: H7 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E-coli in healthy cattle, sheep and swine herds in northern Spain. Zoonoses and Public Health, 55, 73–81.
95. Opsteegh M, Teunis P, Mensink M, Zuchner L, Titilincu A, Langelaar M and Van der Giessen J, 2010a. Evaluation of ELISA test characteristics and estimation of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in Dutch sheep using mixture models. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 96, 232–240.
96. Opsteegh M, Langelaar M, Sprong H, den Hartog L, de Craeye S, Bokken G, Ajzenberg D, Kijlstra A and Van der Giessen J, 2010b. Direct detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in meat samples using magnetic capture and PCR. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 139, 193–201.
97. Opsteegh M, Prickaerts S, Frankena K and Evers EG, 2011. A quantitative microbial risk assessment for meatborne Toxoplasma gondii infection in The Netherlands. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 150, 103–114.
98. Owen MR and Trees AJ, 1998. Vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii from chronically infected house (Mus musculus) and field (Apodemus sylvaticus) mice determined by polymerase chain reaction. Parasitology, 116, 299–304.
99. Paiba GA, Gibbens JC, Pascoe SJS, Wilesmith JW, Kidd SA, Byrne C, Ryan JBM, Smith RR, McLaren IM, Futter RJ, Kay ACS, Jones YE, Chappell SA, Willshaw GA and Cheasty T, 2002. Faecal carriage of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in cattle and sheep at slaughter in Great Britain. Veterinary Record, 150, 593–598.
100. Pappas G, Roussos N and Falagas ME, 2009. Toxoplasmosis snapshots: Global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis. International Journal for Parasitology, 39, 1385–1394.
101. Pérez de Val B, Lopez-Soria S, Nofrarias M, Martin M, Vordermeier HM, Villarreal-Ramos B, Romera N, Escobar M, Solanes D, Cardona PJ and Domingo M, 2011. Experimental Model of Tuberculosis in the Domestic Goat after Endobronchial Infection with Mycobacterium caprae. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 18, 1872–1881.
102. Quintas H, Reis J, Pires I and Alegria N, 2010. Tuberculosis in goats. Veterinary Record, 166, 437–438.
103. Rejmanek D, Vanwormer E, Mazet JAK, Packham AE, Aguilar B and Conrad PA, 2010. Congenital Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Deer Mice (Peromyscus Maniculatus) after Oral Oocyst Infection. Journal of Parasitology, 96, 516–520.
104. Robert-Gangneux F and Darde ML, 2012. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 25, 264–296.
105. Rodger SM, Maley SW, Wright SE, MacKellar A, Wesley F, Sales J and Buxton D, 2006. Role of endogenous transplacental transmission in toxoplasmosis in sheep. Veterinary Record, 159, 768–772.
106. Rodriguez E, Sanchez LP, Perez S, Herrera L, Jimenez MS, Samper S and Iglesias MJ, 2009. Human tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae in Spain, 2004–2007. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 13, 1536–1541.
107. Rodriguez S, Bezos J, Romero B, de Juan L, Alvarez J, Castellanos E, Moya N, Lozano F, Javed MT, Saez-Llorente JL, Liebana E, Mateos A, Dominguez L, Aranaz A and Monit SNS, 2011. Mycobacterium caprae Infection in Livestock and Wildlife, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17, 532–535.
108. Sager H, Gloor M, Tenter A, Maley S, Hassig M and Gottstein B, 2003. Immunodiagnosis of primary Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep by the use of a P30 IgG avidity ELISA. Parasitology Research, 91, 171–174.
109. Schimmer B, Nygard K, Eriksen HM, Lassen J, Lindstedt BA, Brandal LT, Kapperud G and Aavitsland P, 2008. Outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Norway caused by stx(2)-positive Escherichia coli O103: H25 traced to cured mutton sausages. BMC Infectious Diseases, 8.
110. Schouten JM, Bouwknegt M, Van de Giessen AW, Frankena K, de Jong MCM and Graat EAM, 2004. Prevalence estimation and risk factors for Escherichia coli O157 on Dutch dairy farms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 64, 49–61.
111. Sekse C, O'Sullivan K, Granum PE, Rorvik LM, Wasteson Y and Jorgensen HJ, 2009. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O103:H25-Bacteriological investigations and genotyping of isolates from food. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 133, 259–264.
112. Sekse C, Sunde M, Lindstedt BA, Hopp P, Bruheim T, Cudjoe KS, Kvitle B and Urdahl AM, 2011. Potentially Human-Pathogenic Escherichia coli O26 in Norwegian Sheep Flocks. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77, 4949–4958.
113. Sheridan JJ, 2004. Decontamination. In: Encyclopedia of meat sciences. Eds Jensen WK, Devine C. and Dikeman M. Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK, 1473 pp.
114. Shuralev E, Quinn P, Doyle M, Duignan A, Kwok HF, Bezos J, Olwill SA, Gormley E, Aranaz A, Good M, Davis WC, Clarke J and Whelan C, 2012. Application of the Enfer chemiluminescent multiplex ELISA system for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in goats. Veterinary Microbiology, 154, 292–297.
115. Skjerve E, Waldeland H, Nesbakken T and Kapperud G, 1998. Risk factors for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Norwegian slaughter lambs. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 35, 219–227.
116. Small A, Reid CA, Avery SM, Karabasil N, Crowley C and Buncic S, 2002. Potential for the spread of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in the lairage environment at abattoirs. Journal of Food Protection, 65, 931–936.
117. Small A, Reed CA and Buncic S, 2003. Conditions in lairages at abattoirs for ruminants in Southwest England and in vitro survival of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella kedougou, and Campylobacter jejuni on lairage-related substrates. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 1570–1575.
118. Smith JL, 1993. Documented outbreaks of toxoplasmosis: Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to humans. Journal of Food Protection, 56, 630–639.
119. Sroka J, Wojcik-Fatla A and Dutkiewicz J, 2006. Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in water from wells located on farms. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 13, 169–175.
120. Stormoen M, Tharaldsen J and Hopp P, 2012. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Norwegian dairy goats. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 54.
121. Su CL, Khan A, Zhou P, Majumdar D, Ajzenberg D, Darde ML, Zhu XQ, Ajioka JW, Rosenthal BM, Dubey JP and Sibley LD, 2012. Globally diverse Toxoplasma gondii isolates comprise six major clades originating from a small number of distinct ancestral lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 5844–5849.
122. Synge BA, Chase-Topping ME, Hopkins GF, McKendrick IJ, Thomson-Carter F, Gray D, Rusbridge SM, Munro FI, Foster G and Gunn GJ, 2003. Factors influencing the shedding of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 by beef suckler cows. Epidemiology and Infection, 130, 301–312.
123. Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR and Weiss LM, 2000. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol, 30, 1217–1258.
124. Thomas KM, McCann MS, Collery MM, Logan A, Whyte P, McDowell DA and Duffy G, 2012. Tracking verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, O26, O111, O103 and O145 in Irish cattle. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 153, 288–296.
125. Thomas KM, McCann MS, Collery MM, Moschonas G, Whyte P, McDowell DA and Duffy G, 2013. Transfer of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, O26, O111, O103 and O145 from fleece to carcass during sheep slaughter in an Irish export abattoir. Food Microbiology, 34, 38–45.
126. Tzanidakis N, Maksimov P, Conraths FJ, Kiossis E, Brozos C, Sotiraki S and Schares G, 2012. Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats: Seroprevalence and potential risk factors under dairy husbandry practices. Veterinary Parasitology, 190, 340–348.
127. UK Agriculture, online. Background information on the stratification of the sheep industry in UK. Available online: www.ukagriculture.com/livestock/sheep_industry.cfm.
128. Van der Burgt GM, Drummond F, Crawshaw T, Morris S, 2013. An outbreak of tuberculosis in Lleyn sheep in the UK associated with clinical signs. Veterinary Record. 2013;172:69.
129. Van Ingen J, Hoefsloot W, Dekhuijzen PNR, Boeree MJ and Van Soolingen D, 2010. The changing pattern of clinical Mycobacterium avium isolation in the Netherlands. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 14, 1176–1180.
130. Van Sprang AP, 1984. Possibilities of survival of various parasites in meat and meat products [in Dutch] Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 109, 344–348.
131. Velmurugan GV, Tewari AK, Rao JR, Baidya S, Kumar MU and Mishra AK, 2008. High-level expression of SAG1 and GRA7 gene of Toxoplasma gondii (Izatnagar isolate) and their application in serodiagnosis of goat toxoplasmosis. Veterinary Parasitology, 154, 185–192.
132. Vesco G, Buffolano W, La Chiusa S, Mancuso G, Caracappa S, Chianca A, Villari S, Curro V, Liga F and Petersen E, 2007. Toxoplasma gondii infections in sheep in Sicily, southern Italy. Veterinary Parasitology, 146, 3–8.
133. Waddell LA, Rajic A, Sargeant J, Harris J, Amezcua R, Downey L, Read S and McEwen SA, 2008. The zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis - A systematic review. Canadian Journal of Public Health-Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 99, 145–155.
134. Wagner J, Sim WH, Lee KJ and Kirkwood CD, 2013. Current knowledge and systematic review of viruses associated with Crohn's disease. Reviews in Medical Virology, 23, 145–171.
135. Warringer K, Eveleigh K, Goodman J, Betts G, Gonzales M and Waites WM, 2001. Attachment of bacteria to beef from steam-pasteurized carcasses. Journal of Food Protection, 64, 493–497.
136. Werber D, Behnke SC, Fruth A, Merle R, Menzler S, Glaser S, Kreienbrock L, Prager R, Tschape H, Roggentin P, Bockemuhl J and Ammon A, 2007. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection in Germany - Different risk factors for different age groups. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 425–434.
137. Williams RH, Morley EK, Hughes JM, Duncanson P, Terry RS, Smith JE and Hide G, 2005. High levels of congenital transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies on sheep farms provides evidence of vertical transmission in ovine hosts. Parasitology, 130, 301–307.
138. Wilson G, Broughan J, Chambers M, Clifton-Hadley R, Crawshaw T, de la Fuente J, Delahay R, Gavier-Widen D, Gortazar C, Hewinson G, Jackson V, Martín-Hernando MP, Neimanis A, Salguero FJ, Vicente J, Ward A, McDonald R, 2009. Scientific Review on Tuberculosis in wildlife in the EU Technical Report submitted to EFSA. Available online: www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/pub/12e.htm.