Protozoan infections (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp.) in sheep and goats: Recent advances

Veterinary Research

Volumn 29, Issue 3-4, 1998, Pages 289-310

  Buxton, David ^a  

^a MOREDUN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Goats; Neospora; Sarcocystis; Sheep; Toxoplasma

Indexed keywords

DECOQUINATE;

ABORTION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FETUS DEATH; FETUS MORTALITY; FETUS RESORPTION; GOAT; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; NEOSPORA CANINUM; OOCYST; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROTOZOAL INFECTION; REVIEW; SARCOCYSTIS; SHEEP; STILLBIRTH; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; VACCINATION;

ANIMALIA; ATAXIA; BOS TAURUS; BOVINAE; CANIDAE; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CAPRA HIRCUS; COCCIDIA; FELIS CATUS; NEOSPORA; NEOSPORA CANINUM; OVIS ARIES; PROTOZOA; SARCOCYSTIS; TOXOPLASMA; TOXOPLASMA GONDII;

EID: 0031776679     PISSN: 09284249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Araujo F.G., Immunization against Toxoplasma gondii, Parasitol. Today 10 (1994) 358-360.
2. Barr B.C., Anderson M.L., Woods L.W., Dubey J.P., Conrad P.A., Neospora-like protozoal infections associated with abortion in goats, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 4 (1992) 365-367.
3. Beverley J.K.A., Congenital transmission of toxoplasmosis through successive generations of mice. Nature 183 (1959) 1348-1349.
4. Beverley J.K., Archer J.F., Watson W.A., Fawcett A.R., Trial of a killed vaccine in the prevention of ovine abortion due to toxoplasmosis, Br. Vet. J. 127 (1971a) 529-535.
5. Beverley J.K., Watson W.A., Payne J.M., The pathology of the placenta in ovine abortion due to toxplasmosis. Vet. Rec. 88 (1971b) 124-128.
6. Bjorkman C., Holmdahl O.J.M., Uggla A., An indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for demonstration of antibodies to Neospora caninum in serum and milk of cattle, Vet. Parasitol. 68 (1997) 251-260.
7. Blewett D.A., The epidemiology of ovine toxoplasmosis. I. The interpretation of data for the prevalence of antibody in sheep and other host species, Br. Vet. J. 139 (1983) 537-545.
8. Blewett D.A., Watson W.A., The epidemiology of ovine toxoplasmosis. II. Possible sources of infection in outbreaks of clinical infection, Br. Vet. J. 139 (1983) 546-555.
9. Blewett D.A., Teale A.J., Miller J.K., Scott G.R., Buxton D., Toxoplasmosis in rams: possible significance of venereal transmission. Vet. Rec. 111 (1982) 73-75.
10. Blewett D.A., Miller J.K., Harding J., Simple technique for the direct isolation of toxoplama tissue cysts from foetal ovine brain. Vet. Rec. 112 (1983) 98-100.
11. Bowie W.R., King A.S., Werker D.H., Isaac-Renton J.L., Bell A., Eng S.B., Marion S.A. Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. Lancet 350 (1997) 173-177.
12. Buxton D., Toxoplasmosis, in: Martin W.B., Aitken I.D. (Eds.), Diseases of Sheep, 2nd edn, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991, pp. 49-58.
13. Buxton D., Finlayson J., Experimental infection of pregnant sheep with Toxoplasma gondit: pathological and immunological observations on the placenta and foetus, J. Comp. Pathol. 96 (1986) 319-333.
14. Buxton D., Gilmour J.S., Angus K.W., Blewett D.A., Miller J.K., Perinatal changes in toxoplasma infected lambs, Res. Vet. Sci. 32 (1982) 170-176.
15. Buxton D., Blewett D.A., Trees A.J., McColgan C., Finlayson J., Further studies in the use of monensin in the control of experimental ovine toxoplasmosis, J. Comp. Pathol. 98 (1988) 225-236.
16. Buxton D., Uggla A., Lövgren K., Thomson K., Lundén A., Morein B., Blewett D.A., Trial of a novel experimental Toxoplasma iscom vaccine in pregnant sheep, Br. Vet. J. 145 (1989) 451-457.
17. Buxton D., Thomson K.M., Maley S., Wright S., Bos H.J., Vaccination of sheep with a live incomplete strain (S48) of Toxoplasma gondii and their immunity to challenge when pregnant. Vet. Rec. 129 (1991) 89-93.
18. Buxton D., Thomson K.M., Maley S., Wright S., Bos H.J., Experimental challenge of sheep 18 months after vaccination with a live (S48) Toxoplasma gondii vaccine, Vet. Rec. 133 (1993a) 310-312.
19. Buxton D., Thomson K.M., Maley S., Treatment of ovine toxoplasmosis with a combination of sulphamezathine and pyrimethaamine. Vet. Rec. 132 (1993b) 409-411.
20. Buxton D., Thomson K.M., Maley S., Wastling J.M., Innes E.A., Panton W.R.M., Nicoll S., Primary and secondary responses of the ovine lymph node to Toxoplasma gondii: cell output in efferent lymph and parasite detection, J. Comp. Pathol. 111 (1994) 231-241.
21. Buxton D., Brebner J., Wright S., Maley S.W., Thomson K.M., Millard K., Decoquinate and the control of experimental ovine toxoplasmosis. Vet. Rec. 138 (1996) 434-436.
22. Buxton D., Maley S.W., Pastoret P.-P., Brochier B., Innes E.A., Examination of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Belgium for antibody to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, Vet. Rec. 141 (1997a) 308-309.
23. Buxton D., Maley S.W., Thomson K.M., Trees A.J., Innes E.A., Experimental infection of non-pregnant and pregnant sheep with Neospora caninum, J. Comp. Pathol. 117 (1997b) 1-16.
24. Buxton D., Wright S., Maley S.W., Lunden A., Vermeulen A.N., Innes E.A., Protective immunity to Neospora caninum, in: Control of Coccidiosis into the Next Millenium, Proceedings of the VII International Coccidiosis Conference and European Union COST 820 Workshop, 1-5 September, 1997c, p. 86.
25. Buxton D., Maley S.W., Wright S., Thomson K.M., Rae A.G., Innes E.A., The pathogenesis of experimental neosporosis in pregnant sheep, J. Comp. Pathol. 118 (1998) 267-279.
26. Cesbron-Delauw M.-F., Dense-granule organelles of Toxoplasma gondii: their role in the host-parasite relationship, Parasitol. Today 10 (1994) 293-296.
27. Chhabra M.B., Gautam O.P., Caprine abortion and neonatal mortality associated with toxoplasmosis in India, in: Les maladies de la chèvre, Niort (France) Les Colloques de l'Inra, No. 28, 1984, pp. 719-726.
28. De Roever-Bonnet H., Congenital Toxoplasma infections in mice and hamsters infected with avirulent and virulent strains. Trop. Geogr. Med. 21 (1969) 443-450.
29. Debard N., Buzoni-Gatel D., Bout D., Intranasal immunization with SAG1 protein of Toxoplasma gondii in association with cholera toxin dramatically reduces development of cerebral cysts after oral infection. Infect. Immun. 64 (1996) 2158-2166.
30. Desmonts G., Remington J.S., Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection: method for increasing sensitivity and specificity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 11 (1980) 562-568.
31. Dubey J.P., Persistence of encysted Toxoplasma gondii in caprine livers and public health significance of toxoplasmosis in goats, J. Am. Vet Med. Assoc. 177 (1980) 1203-1207.
32. Dubey J.P., Epizootic toxoplasmosis associated with abortion in dairy goats in Montana, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 178 (1981a) 661-670.
33. Dubey J.P., Protective immunity against clinical toxoplasmosis in dairy goats vaccinated with Hammondia hammondi and Hammondia heydorni, Am. J. Vet. Res. 42 (1981b) 2068-2070.
34. Dubey J.P., Prevention of abortion and neonatal death due to toxoplasmosis by vaccination of goats with the nonpathogenic Coccidium Hammondia hammondi, Am. J. Vet. Res. 42 (1981c) 2155-2157.
35. Dubey J.P., Development of immunity to sarcocystosis in dairy goats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42 (1981d) 800-804.
36. Dubey J.P., Repeat transplacental transfer of Toxoplasma gondii in goats, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 180 (1982) 1220-1221.
37. Dubey J.P., Experimental toxoplasmosis in sheep fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts, Int. Goat Sheep Res. 2 (1984) 93-104.
38. Dubey J.P., Lesions in transplacentally induced toxoplasmosis in goats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49 (1988) 905-909.
39. Dubey J.P., Frenkel J.K., Immunity to feline toxoplasmosis: modification by administration of corticosteroids, Vet. Pathol. 11 (1974) 350-379.
40. Dubey J.P., Sharma S.P., Parasitaemia and tissue infection in sheep fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts, J. Parasitol. 66 (1980a) 111-114.
41. Dubey J.P., Sharma S.P., Prolonged excretion of Toxoplasma gondii in semen of goats, Am. J. Vet. Res. 41 (1980b) 794-795.
42. Dubey J.P., Beattie C.P., Toxoplasmosis of Man and Animals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1988.
43. Dubey J.P., Lindsay D.S., Neospora caninum induced abortion in sheep, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2 (1990) 230-233.
44. Dubey J.P., Lindsay D.S., Neosporosis, Parasitol. Today 9 (1993) 452-458.
45. Dubey J.P., Lindsay D.S., A review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis. Vet. Parasitol. 67 (1996) 1-59.
46. Dubey J.P., Sharma S.P., Lopes C.W.G., Williams J.F., Williams C.S.F., Weisbrode S.E., Caprine toxoplasmosis: abortion, clinical signs and distribution of Toxoplasma in tissues of goats fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41 (1980) 1072-1076.
47. Dubey J.P., Sundberg J.P., Matiuck S.W., Toxoplasmosis associated with abortion in goats and sheep in Connecticut, Am. J. Vet. Res. 42 (1981) 1624-1626.
48. Dubey J.P., Desmonts G., Antunes F., McDonald C., Serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected pregnant goats and transplacentally infected kids. Am. J. Vet. Res. 46 (1985) 1137-1140.
49. Dubey J.P., Speer C.A., Munday B.L., Lipscomb T.P., Ovine sporozoan encephalomyelitis linked to Sarcocystis infection. Vet. Parasitol. 34 (1989) 159-163.
50. Dubey J.P., Hartley W.J., Lindsay D.S., Topper M.J., Fatal congenital Neospora caninum infection in a lamb. J. Parasitol. 76 (1990) 127-130.
51. Dubey J.P., Acland H.M., Hamir A.N., Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa) in a stillborn goat. J. Parasitol. 78 (1992) 532-534.
52. Dubey J.P., Morales J.A., Villabos P., Lindsay D.S., Blagburn B.L., Topper M.J., Neosporosis-associated abortion in a dairy goat, JAVMA 208 (1996) 263-265.
53. Dubey J.P., Shen S K., Kwok O.C.H., Thulliez P., Toxoplasmosis in rats (Rattus norvegicus): congenital transmission to first and second generation offspring and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from seronegative rats. Parasitology 115 (1997) 9-14.
54. Eichenwald H., Experimental toxoplasmosis. I. Transmission of the infection in utero and through the milk of lactating female mice. Am. J. Dis. Child. 76 (1948) 307-315.
55. Ellis J.T., Neospora caninum: prospects for diagnosis and control using molecular methods, in: Control of Coccidiosis into the Next Millenium, Proceedings of the VII International Coccidiosis Conference and European Union COST 820 Workshop, 1-5 September, Oxford, 1997, pp. 80-81.
56. Ellis J., Luton K., Baverstock P.R., Brindley P.J., Nimmo K.A., Johnson A.M., The phylogeny of Neospora caninum, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 64 (1994) 303-311.
57. Fayer R., Dubey J.P., Protective immunity against sarcocystosis in cattle, Vet. Parasitol. 15 (1984) 187-201.
58. Fayer R., Elsasser T.H., Bovine sarcocystosis: how parasites negatively affect growth, Parasitol. Today 7 (1991) 250-255.
59. Faull W.B., Clarkson M.J., Winter A.C., Toxoplasmosis in a flock of sheep: some investigations into its source and control, Vet. Rec. 119 (1986) 491-493.
60. Fleck D.G., Kwantes W., The Laboratory Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis, Public Health Laboratory Service, London Monograph series 13, 1980.
61. Gasbarre L.C., Suter P., Fayer R., Humoral and cellular immune responses in cattle and sheep inoculated with Sarcocystis, Am. J. Vet. Res. 8 (1984) 1592-1596.
62. Gill H.S., Charleston W.A.G., Moriarty K.M., Immunosuppression in Sarcocystis muris-infected mice: evidence for suppression of antibody and cell-mediated responses to a heterologous antigen, immunol. Cell Biol. 66 (1988a) 209-214.
63. Gill H.S., Charleston W.A.G., Moriarty K.M., Cellular changes in the spleens of mice infected with Sarcocystis muris, Immunol. Cell Biol. 66 (1988b) 337-343.
64. Granstrom D.E., Ridley R.K., Baoan Y., Gershwin L.J., Nesbitt P.M., Wempe L.A., Type-1 hypersensitivity as a component of eosinophilic myositis (muscular sarcocystosis) in cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 50 (1989) 571-574.
65. Granstrom D.E., Ridley R.K., Baoan Y., Gershwin L.J., Briggs D.J., Immunofluorescent localization of Sarcocystis cruzi antigens, IgG and IgE, in lesions of eosinophilic myositis in cattle, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 2 (1990) 147-149.
66. Guo Z.G., Johnson A.M., Genetic comparison of Neospora caninum with Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction, Parasitol. Res. 81 (1995) 365-370.
67. Hamir A.N., Moser G., Galligan D.T., Davis S.W., Granstrom D.E., Dubey J.P., Immunohistochemical study to demonstrate Sarcocystis neurona in equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 5 (1993) 418-422.
68. Hartley W.J., Kater J.C., The pathology of Toxoplasma infection in the pregnant ewe, Res. Vet. Sci. 4 (1963) 326-332.
69. Hartley W J., Bridge P.S., A case of suspected congenital Toxoplasma encephalomyelitis in a lamb associated with a spinal cord anomaly, Br. Vet. J. 131 (1975) 380-384.
70. Holmdahl O.J.M., Mattsson J.G., Rapid and sensitive identification of Neospora caninum by in vitro amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 1, Parasitology 112 (1996) 177-182.
71. Holmdahl O.J.M., Mattsson J.G., Uggla A., Johansson K.-E., The phylogeny of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii based on ribosomal sequences. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 119 (1994) 187-192.
72. Innes E.A., Wastling J.M., Analysis of in vivo immune responses during Toxoplasma gondii infection using the technique of lymphatic cannulation, Parasitol. Today 11 (1995) 268-271.
73. Innes E.A., Panton W.R.M., Sanderson A., Thomson K.M., Wastling J.M., Maley S., Buxton D., Induction of CD4-+ and CD8+ T cell responses in efferent lymph responding to Toxoplasma gondii infection: analysis of phenotype and function, Parasite Immunol. 17 (1995a) 151-160.
74. Innes E.A., Panton W.R.M., Thomson K.M., Maley S., Buxton D., Kinetics of interferon gamma production in vivo during infection with the S48 vaccine strain of Toxoplasma gondii, J. Comp Pathol. 113 (1995b) 89-94.
75. Innes E.A., Panton W.R.M., Marks J., Trees A.J., Holmdahl J., Buxton D., Interferon gamma inhibits the intracellular multiplication of Neospora caninum, as shown by incorporation of 3H uracil. J. Comp. Pathol. 113 (1995c) 95-100.
76. Jackson M.H., Hutchison W.M., The prevalence and source of Toxoplasma infection in the environment, in: Baker J.R., Muller R. (Eds.), Advances in Parasitology, vol. 28, Academic Press, London, 1989, pp. 55-105.
77. Jeffrey M., O'Toole D., Smith T., Bridges A.W., Immunocytochemistry of ovine sporozoan encephalitis and encephalomyelitis, J. Comp. Pathol. 98 (1988) 213-224.
78. Jeffrey M., Low J.C., Uggla A., A myopathy of sheep associated with sarcocystis infection and monensin administration. Vet. Rec. 124 (1989) 422-426.
79. Joachim A., Tenter A.M., Jeffries A C., Johnson A.M., A RAPD-PCR derived marker can differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Sarcocytis species of sheep, Mol. Cell Probes 20 (1996) 165-172.
80. Joiner K.A., Dubremetz J.F., Toxoplasma gondii: a protozoan for the nineties. Infect. Immun. 61 (1993) 1169-1172.
81. Kasper L.H., Mineo J.R., Attachment and invasion of host cells by Toxoplasma gondii, Parasitol. Today 10 (1994) 184-188.
82. Kaufmann H., Yamage M., Roditi I., Dobbelaere D., Dubey J.P., Holmdahl O.J.M., Trees A.J., Gottstein B., Discrimination of Neospora caninum from Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites by hybridization and PCR, Mol. Cell Probes 10 (1996) 289-297.
83. Khan I.A., Schwartzman J.D., Fonseka S., Kasper L.H., Neospora caninum: role for immune cytokines in host immunity, Exp. Parasitol. 85 (1997) 24-34.
84. Lally N.C., Jenkins M.C., Dubey J.P., Evaluation of two Neospora caninum recombinant antigens for use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of bovine neosporosis, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 3 (1996a) 275-279.
85. Lally N.C., Jenkins M.C., Dubey J.P., Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of neosporosis using Neospora caninum 14-3-3 gene, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 75 (1996b) 169-178.
86. Lindsay D.S., Rippey N.S., Powe T.A., Sartin E.A., Dubey J.P., Blagburn B.L., Abortions, fetal death, and stillbirths in pregnant pygmy goats inoculated with tachyzoites of Neospora caninum, Am. J. Vet. Res. 56 (1995) 1176-1180.
87. McAllister M.M., McGuire A.M., Jolley W R., Lindsay D.S., Trees A.J., Stobart R.H., Experimentally induced neosporosis in pregnant ewes and their offspring. Vet. Pathol. 33 (1996) 647-655.
88. McColgan C., Buxton D., Blewett D.A., Titration of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in non-pregnant sheep and the effects of subsequent challenge during pregnancy. Vet. Rec. 123 (1988) 467-470.
89. Macdonald D., The behaviour and ecology of farm cats, in: The Ecology and Control of Feral Cats, Herts. University Federation for Animal Welfare, Potters, Bar, 1980, pp. 23-29.
90. McHugh T.D., Bathgate T., Mangan J., Johnson J.D., Holliman R.E., Butcher P.D., Recognition of tissue cyst-specific antigens in reactivating toxoplasmosis. J. Med. Microbiol. 46 (1997) 587-595.
91. Mackie J.T., Rahaley R.S., Nugent R., Suspected Sarcocystis encephalitis in a stillborn kid. Aust. Vet. J. 69 (1992) 114-115.
92. McLeod R., Frenkel J.K., Estes R.G., Mack D.G., Eisenhauer P.B., Gibori G., Subcutaneous and intestinal vaccination with tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii and acquisition of immunity to peroral and congenital Toxoplasma challenge, J. Immunol. 140 (1988) 1632-1637.
93. MacPherson J.M., Gajadhar A.A., Specific amplification of Sarcocystis cruzi DNA using a randomly primed polymerase chain reaction assay. Vet. Parasitol. 55 (1994) 267-277.
94. Maley S.W., Thomson K.M., Bos H.J., Buxton D., Serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in sheep following vaccination and challenge, Vet. Rec. 140 (1997) 558-559.
95. Marsh A.E., Barr B.C., Madigan J., Lakritz J., Conrad P.A., Sequence analysis and polymerase chain reaction amplification of small subunit ribosomal DNA from Sarcocystis neurona, Am. J. Vet. Res. 57 (1996) 975-981.
96. Moore L.A., Johnson P.J., Messer N.T., Kline K.L., Crump L.M., Knibb J.R., Management of handshaking in three horses by treatment for protozoal myeloencephalitis, Vet. Rec. 141 (1997) 264-267.
97. Muller N., Zimmermann V., Hentrich B., Gottstein B., Diagnosis of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection by PCR and DNA hybridization immunoassay, J. Clin. Microbiol. 34 (1996) 2850-2852.
98. Munday B.L., Premature parturition in ewes inoculated with Sarcocystis ovicanis, Vet. Parasitol. 9 (1981) 17-26.
99. Munday B.L., Mason R.W., Toxoplasmosis as a cause of perinatal mortality in goats, Aust. Vet. J. 55 (1979) 485-487.
100. Munday B.L., Dubey J.P., Prevention of Toxoplasma gondii abortion in goats by vaccination with oocysts of Hammondia hammondi, Aust. Vet. J. 65 (1988) 150-153.
101. Nurse G.H., Lenghaus C., An outbreak of Toxoplasma gondii abortion, mummification and perinatal death in goats, Aust. Vet. J. 63 (1986) 27-29.
102. O'Connell E., Wilkins M F., Te Punga W.A., Toxoplasmosis in sheep. II. The ability of a live vaccine to prevent lamb losses after an intravenous challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. New Zeal. Vet. J. 36 (1988) 1-4.
103. O'Donoghue P.J., Weyreter H., Examinations on the serodiagnosis of Sarcocystis infections II. Class-specific immunoglobulin responses in mice, pigs and sheep, Zentralbl. Bakt. Microbiol. Hyg. Ser. A 257 (1984) 168-184.
104. O'Donoghue P.J., Wilkinson R.G., Antibody development and cellular immune responses in sheep immunized and challenged with Sarcocystis tenella sporocysts. Vet. Parasitol. 27 (1988) 251-265.
105. O'Toole D., Jeffrey M., Challoner D., Maybey R., Welch V., Ovine myeloencephalitisleukomalacia associated with a Sarcocystis-like protozoan, J. Vet. Diagn. 5 (1993) 212-225.
106. Obendorf D.L., Statham P., Munday B.L., Resistance to Toxoplasma abortion in female goats previously exposed to Toxoplasma infection, Aust. Vet. J. 67 (1990) 233-234.
107. Opel U., Charleston W.A.G., Pomroy W.E., Rommel M., A survey of the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in goats in New Zealand and a comparison of the latex agglutination and indirect fluorescence tests. Vet Parasitol. 40 (1991) 181-186.
108. Osawa T., Wastling J., Maley S., Buxton D., Innes E.A., A multiple antigen ELISA to detect Neospora-specific antibodies in bovine sera, bovine foetal fluids, ovine and caprine sera, Vet. Parasitol. (1998) in press.
109. Otter A., Wilson B.W., Scholes S.F.E., Jeffrey M., Trees A.J., Results of a survey to determine whether Neospora is a significant cause of ovine abortion in England and Wales, Vet. Rec. 140 (1997) 175-177.
110. Oura C A.L., Innes E.A., Wastling J.M., Entrican G., Panton W.R.M., The inhibitory effect of ovine recombinant interferon-gamma on intracellular replication of Toxoplasma gondii, Parasite Immunol. 15 (1993) 535-538.
111. Paré J., Hietal S.K., Thurmond M.C., An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serological diagnosis of Neospora sp. infection in cattle, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 7 (1995) 352-359.
112. Patton S., Johnson S.S., Puckett K., Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in nine populations of dairy goats: compared titers using modified direct agglutination and indirect hemagglutination, J. Parasitol. 76 (1990) 74-77.
113. Payne S., Ellis J., Detection of Neospora caninum DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Int. J. Parasitol. 26 (1996) 347-351.
114. Peach W., Fowler J., Hay J., Incidence of Toxoplasma infection in a population of European starlings Sternus vulgaris from central England, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 83 (1989) 173-177.
115. Plant J.W., Richardson N., Moyle A.G., Toxoplasma infection and abortion in sheep associated with feeding of grain contaminated with cat faeces, Aust. Vet. J. 50 (1974) 19-20.
116. Prickett M.D., Latimer A.M., McCusker R.H., Hausman G.J., Prestwood A.K., Alterations of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding proteins in swine infected with the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis meischeriana, Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 9 (1992) 285-296.
117. Reid H.W., Buxton D., Gardiner A.C., Pow I., Finlayson J., Maclean M.J., Immunosuppression in toxoplasmosis: studies of lambs and sheep infected with louping-ill virus. J. Comp. Pathol. 92 (1982) 181-190.
118. Rommel M., Sarcocystosis of domestic animals and humans, In Practice 7 (1985) 158-160.
119. Rommel M., Heydorn A.O., Erber M., Die Sarkosporidiose der Haustiere und des Menschen, Berl. Muench. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 92 (1979) 457-464.
120. Sabin A.B., Feldman H.A., Dyes as microchemical indicators of a new immunity phenomenon affecting a protozoan parasite (Toxoplasma), Science 108 (1948) 660-663.
121. Saito M., Mizusawa K., Itagaki H., Chronic Sarcocystis infections in slaughtered cattle, J. Vet. Med. 55 (1993) 757-761.
122. Salami M. Al., Simpson-Morgan M.W., Morris B., Haemopoiesis and the development of immunological reactivity in the sheep foetus, in: Morris B., Miyasaka M. (Eds.), Immunology of Sheep, Editiones (Roche), Basle, 1985, pp. 19-36.
123. Savini G., Dunsmore J.D., Robertson I.D., Evaluation of a serological test system for the diagnosis of Sarcocystis cruzi infection in cattle using S. cruzi merozoite antigen. Vet. Parasitol. 51 (1994) 181-189.
124. Savini G., Dunsmore J.D., Robertson I.D., Studies on pathogenesis, tissue infection and congenital transmission in cows experimentally infected with Sarcocystis cruzi, Vet. Parasitol. 64 (1996) 319-327.
125. Skinner L.J., Timperley A.C., Wightman D., Chatterton J.M.W , Ho-Yen D.O., Simultaneous diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in goats and goat owner's family, Scand. J. Infect Dis 22 (1990) 359-361.
126. Smith T.S , Herbert I.V., Experimental microcyst Sarcocystis infection in lambs: serology and immunohistochemistry, Vet. Rec. 119 (1986) 547-550.
127. Spence J.A., Mitchell G.B.B., McNally J.M., Blewett D.A., Wright F., The vaccinal efficacy of the S48 strain "Toxovax" of Toxoplasma gondii against natural field outbreaks of ovine toxoplasmosis, Abstracts of the VIth European Multicolloquium of Parasitology, The Hague, 1992, p. 103.
128. Suzuki Y., Remington J.S., The effect of anti-IFN-g antibody on the protective effect of Iyt-2+ immune T cells against toxoplasmosis in mice, J. Immunol. 144 (1990) 1954-1956.
129. Tabor R., General biology of feral cats, in: The Ecology and Control of Feral Cats, Herts. University Federation for Animal Welfare, Potters Bar, 1980, pp. 5-11.
130. Tadros W., Laarman J.J., Current concepts on the biology, evolution and taxonomy of tissue cyst formins Eimeriid coccidia. Adv. Parasitol. 20 (1982) 293-468.
131. Tenter A.M., Comparison of Dot-ELISA, ELISA and IFAT for the detection of IgG antibodies to Sarcocystis muris in experimentally infected and immunized mice, Vet. Parasitol. 29 (1988) 89-104.
132. Tenter A.M., Luton K., Johnson A.M., Species-specific identification of Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma by PCR amplification of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene fragments. Appl. Parasitol. 35 (1994) 173-188.
133. Tietz H.J., Montag T., Brose E., Widera P., Kiessig S.T., Mann W., Hiepe T., Sarcocystis gigantea lectin - mitogen and polyclonal B-cell activator, Parasitol. Res. 76 (1990) 332-335.
134. Trees A.J., Crozier S.J., Buxton D., Blewett D.A., Serodiagnosis of ovine toxoplasmosis: an assessment of the latex agglutination test and the value of IgM specific titres after experimental oocyst-induced infection. Res. Vet. Sci. 46 (1989) 67-72.
135. Uggla A., Buxton D., Immune responses against Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis infections in ruminants: diagnosis and prospects for vaccination. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 9 (1990) 441-462.
136. Uggla A., Sjöland L., Dubey J.P., Immuno-histochemical demonstration of toxoplasmosis in fetuses and fetal membranes of sheep, Am. J. Vet. Res. 48 (1987) 348-351.
137. Waldeland H., Frenkel J.K., Live and killed vaccines against toxoplasmosis in mice, J. Parasitol, 69 (1983) 60-65.
138. Wastling J.M., Nicoll S., Buxton D., Comparison of two gene amplification methods for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected sheep, J. Med. Microbiol. 38 (1993) 360-365.
139. Weiland G., Reiter I., Boch J., Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des serologischen Nachweises von Sarkosporidieninfektionen, Berl. Muench Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 95 (1982) 387-392.
140. Wilkins M.F., O'Connell E , Te Punga W.A., Toxoplasmosis in sheep. I. Effect of a killed vaccine on lamb losses caused by experimental challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. New Zeal. Vet. J. 35 (1987) 31-34.
141. Wilkins M.F., O'Connell E., Te Punga W.A., Toxoplasmosis in sheep. III. Further evaluation of the ability of a live Toxoplasma gondii vaccine to prevent lamb losses and reduce congenital infection following experimental oral challenge. New Zeal. Vet. J. 36 (1988) 86-89.
142. Williams D.T.L., McGarry J., Guy F., Barber J., Trees A.J., Novel ELISA for detection of Neospora-specific antibodies in cattle. Vet. Rec. 140 (1997) 328-331.
143. Yamage M., Fletchner O., Gottstein B., Neospora caninum: specific oligonucleotide primers for the detection of brain "cyst" DNA of experimentally infected nude mice by the polymerase chain reaction, J. Parasitol. 82 (1996) 272-279.