Federalism and democratisation in Russia

Federalism and democratisation in Russia

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-182

  Ross, Cameron ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85075830699     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (285)

1. D. Ch. Shin, 'On the third wave of democratisation: a synthesis and evaluation of recent theory and research', World Politics, 47 (October, 1994), 136.
2. A. Hadenius, Democracy and Development (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992);
3. S. M. Lipset, 'The social requisites of democracy revisited', American Sociological Review (1994), 59;
4. G. L. Munck, 'Democratic transitions in comparative perspective', Review Article, Comparative Politics (April 1994);
5. K. L. Remmer, 'New theoretical perspectives on democratisation', Review Article, Comparative Politics (October 1995), 103-22;
6. D. Ch. Shin, 'On the third wave of democratisation: a synthesis and evaluation of recent theory and research', World Politics, 47 (October 1994), 135-70;
7. G. Sorensen, Democracy and Democratisation (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993).
8. D. Rueschemeyer, E. H. Stephens and J. D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
9. S. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratisation in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991);
10. R. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
11. T. A. Koelbe, 'The new institutionalism in political science and sociology', Comparative Politics (January 1995), 231-43;
12. D. C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990);
13. J. March and J. Olson, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organisational Basis of Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1989);
14. S. Steinmo, K. Thelen and F. Longstreth (eds), Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992);
15. B. Guy Peters, Institutional Theory in Political Science (London: Cassell, 1999).
16. A. Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
17. J. J. Linz, 'The perils of presidentialism', Journal of Democracy, 1 (Winter 1990);
18. J. J. Linz and A. Valenzuela (eds), The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994);
19. S. Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism, multipartism, and democracy', Comparative Political Studies, 26:2 (1993), 198-228;
20. M. Shugart and J. M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992);
21. A. Stepan and C. Skach 'Constitutional frameworks and democratic consolidation: parliamentarianism versus presidentialism', World Politics, 46 (1994), 1-22.
22. G. Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976);
23. A. Ware, Political Parties and Party Systems (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
24. D. Rustow, 'Transitions to democracy: toward a dynamic model', Comparative Politics, 2:3 (1970).
25. D. Held, Democracy and the Global Order (Cambridge: Polity, 1995);
26. G. Pridham, G., Herring and E., Sanford, The International Dimension of Democratisation in Eastern Europe (London: Leicester University Press, 1994).
27. T. L. Karl and P. C. Schmitter, 'Modes of transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe', International Social Science Journal, 128 (1991), 269-84;
28. S. Mainwaring, G. O'Donnell and S. J. Valenzuela (eds), Issues in Democratic Consolidation (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986).
29. J. Higley and G. Lengyel, Elites after State Socialism: Theories and Analysis (Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000);
30. J. Higley and R. Gunther (eds), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992);
31. J. Higley, J. Pakulski and W. Wesolowski, Postcommunist Elites and Democracy in Eastern Europe (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998);
32. J. Kullberg, J. Higley and J. Pakulski, 'Elites, institutions and democratisation in Russia and Eastern Europe', in G. Gill (ed.), Elites and Leadership in Russian Politics (New York: St Martin's Press, 1988);
33. D. Lane and C. Ross, From Communism to Capitalism: Ruling Elites From Gorbachev to Yeltsin (New York: St Martin's Press, 1999).
34. J. J. Linz and A. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996);
35. J. J. Linz and A. Stepan, 'Toward consolidated democracies', Journal of Democracy, 7:2 (1996), 14-33;
36. G. O'Donnell, 'Illusions about consolidation', Journal of Democracy, 7:2 (April 1996), 34-51;
37. A. Schedler, 'What is democratic consolidation', Journal of Democracy, 9:2 (1998), 91-107.
38. D. Ch. Shin, 'On the third wave'; G. Di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkley: University of California Press, 1990).
39. A. Stepan, 'Russian federalism in comparative perspective', Post-Soviet Affairs, 16:2 (2000);
40. R. A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 3.
41. L. Diamond, J. J. Linz and S. M. Lipset (eds), Democracy in Developing Countries: Volume 4: Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1989), p. xvi.
42. D. Beetham, Democracy and Human Rights (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999), pp. 154-5.
43. G. O'Donnell, 'Challenges to democratisation in Brazil', World Policy Journal, 5 (Spring 1998), 257.
44. S. J. Valenzuela in, S. Mainwaring, G. O'Donnell and S. J. Valenzuela (eds), Issues in Democratic Consolidation (Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), p. 70,
45. Z. Gitelman 'The democratisation of Russia in comparative perspective', in S. White, A. Pravda and Z. Gitelman (eds), Developments in Russian Politics - 4 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999).
46. D. J. Elazar, Exploring Federalism (Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, 1987), p. 6.
47. G. Smith, Federalism: The Multiethnic Challenge (London, New York: Longman, 1995), p. 1.
48. R. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2nd edn, 1999), p. 6.
49. A. Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999),
50. F. Requejo, 'National pluralism and federalism: four potential scenarios for Spanish plurinational democracy', Perspectives on European Politics and Society 2:2 (2001);
51. D. Elazar, Federal Systems of the World: A Handbook of Federal, Confederal and Autonomy Arrangements (Harlow: Longman, 1991).
52. G. Smith, The Post-Soviet States: Mapping The Politics of Transition (London, Sydney, Auckland: Arnold, 1999), p. 140.
53. A. N. Lebedev, Status Sub'ekta Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow: Institute of State and Law, 1999), p. 24.
54. G. Marchenko, 'Nuzhno li perekraivat Rossiyu?', in Olga Sidorovoch (ed.), Rossiiskii Konstitutsionalism: Politicheskii Rezhim v Regionalnom Kontekste: Sbornik Dokladov (Moscow: MONF, 2000), pp. 72-3.
55. A. Stepan, 'Russian federalism in comparative perspective', Post-Soviet Affairs, 16:2 (2000), 142.
56. A. Stepan, 'Federalism and democracy: beyond the U.S. model', Journal of Democracy, 10:4 (October, 1999), 22-3.
57. M. Burgess and A. G. Gagnon (eds), Comparative Federalism and Federation (New York, London, Harvester Wheatsheaf: 1993), p. 93.
58. S. Kux, 'Soviet Federalism', Problems of Communism (March-April, 1990), 2.
59. S. Bialer, Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability and Change in the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1980), pp. 210-11.
60. G. Gleason, Federalism and Nationalism: The Struggle for Republican Rights in the USSR (Boulder; San Francisco; Oxford: Westview Press, 1990), p. 3.
61. P. Goldman, G. Lapidus and V. Zaslavasky, 'Introduction: Soviet federalism - its origins, evolution and demise', in G. Lapidus, V. Zaslavsky and P. Goldman (eds), From Union to Commonwealth: Nationalism and Separatism in the Soviet Republics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 2.
62. P. R. Zwick, 'Soviet nationality policy: social, economic, and political aspects', in G. Smith (ed.), Public Policy and Administration in the Soviet Union (New York: Praeger, 1980), p. 149.
63. A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 287.
64. J. Miller, Mikhail Gorbachev and the End of Soviet Power, (New York: St Martin's Press, 1993), p. 175.
65. J. B. Dunlop, The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire (Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 64.
66. A. Sheehy, 'Russia's republics: a threat to its territorial integrity?', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Report, 2:20 (14 May 1993), 36.
67. M. Filippov and O. Shevtsov, 'Asymmetric bilateral bargaining in the new Russian Federation: a path dependence explanation', Communist and Post- Communist Studies, 32 (1999), 70.
68. J. T. Ishiyama, 'The Russian proto-parties and the national republics', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 29: 4 (1996), 397.
69. D. Lane and C. Ross, From Communism to Capitalism: Ruling Elites from Gorbachev to Yeltsin, (New York: St Martin's Press, 1999).
70. A. Zverev, 'Qualified sovereignty: the Tatarstan model for resolving conflicting loyalities', in M. Waller, B. Coppieters and A. Malashenko (eds), Conflicting Loyalties and the State in Post-Soviet Russia and Eurasia (London: Frank Cass, 1998), p. 137.
71. A. F. Fedorov, Rossiiskii Federalizm: Istoricheskii Opyt i Sovremennost (Moscow: Nauchnya Kniga, 1997), p. 97.
72. G. W. Lapidus and E. W. Walker, 'Nationalism, regionalism, and federalism: center-periphery relations in post-communist Russia', in G. W. Lapidus (ed.), The New Russia: Troubled Transformation, (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995), p. 96.
73. Richard Sakwa, Russian Politics and Society (London and New York: Routledge, 2nd edn, 1996), p. 188.
74. A. Tarasov, 'A bomb under Russia's future', Izvestiya (June 24, 1993), pp. 1-2, translated in CDPSP, 45:25 (1993), p. 4.
75. L. Shevtsova, Yeltsin's Russia: Myths and Realities (Washington, DC: Carnegie, 1999), p. 93.
76. R. Taras, Consolidating Democracy in Poland (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995), p. 170.
77. J. M. Maravall and T. di Tella, 'Democratic institutions', in A. Prezeworski (ed.), Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 50.
78. A. Stepan, 'Russian federalism in comparative perspective', Post-Soviet Affairs, 16:2 (2000), 148.
79. A. Zverev, 'Qualified sovereignty: the Tatarstan model for resolving conflicting loyalties', in M. Waller, B. Coppieters and A. Malashenko, Conflicting Loyalties and the State in Post-Soviet Russia and Eurasia (London: Frank Cass, 1998), p. 131.
80. C. Ross, 'Federalism and regional politics', in M. Bowker and C. Ross (eds), Russia after the Cold War (Harlow: Pearson Education, 2000);
81. G. W. Lapidus and E. W. Walker, 'Nationalism, regionalism and federalism', in G. W. Lapidus (ed.), The New Russia: Troubled Transformation (Boulder; San Francisco; Oxford: Westview Press, 1995), p. 102
82. S. White, S. Rose and M. McAllister (eds), How Russia Votes (New Jersey: Chatam House, 1997), p. 100.
83. R. L. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2nd edn, 1999), pp. 92-5.
84. D. Kempton, 'Russian federalism: continuing myth or political salvation', Demokratizatsiya, 9:2 (Spring 2001), 217.
85. A. Stepan, 'Federalism and democracy: beyond the U.S. Model', Journal of Democracy, 10:4 (1999), 24.
86. L. M. Karapetyan, Federalizm i Prava Narodov (Moscow: PRIOR, 1999), p. 49.
87. I. A. Umnova, Konstitutsionnye Osnovy Sovremennovo Rossiiskovo Federalizma (Moscow: DELO, 1998), p. 106.
88. S. V. Alekseev, V. A. Kalamanov and A. G. Chernenko, Ideologicheskie Orientiry Rossii, Volume 2 (Moscow: Kniga i Biznes, 1998), p. 392.
89. A. Trochev, 'The constitutional courts of Russia's regions: an overview', IEW, Russian Regional Report, 6:44 (December 12, 2001), 16.
90. I. Mikhailovskaya, 'The procuracy and its problems', East-European Constitutional Review, 8:1-2 (Winter-Spring 1999), 4.
91. M. Sergeeva, Kommersant Daily (26 October 1996), 1., translated in CDPSP, 48:43 (November 20, 1996), 1.
92. L. Smirnyagin, 'Federalizm po Putiny ili Putin po federalizmu (zheleznoi pyatoi)', Carnegie Briefing Papers, 3:3 (March 2001), 2.
93. K. Stoner-Weiss, 'Central weakness and provincial autonomy: observations on the devolution process in Russia', Post-Soviet Affairs, 15:1 (1999), 91.
94. A. Lavrov, 'Asimmetriya byudzhetnovo ustroistva Rossii: problemy i resheniya', in A. Zakharov (ed.), Asimmetrichnost Federatsii (Moscow: MONF, 1997), pp. 99-122, 113.
95. A. M. Lavrov, 'Russian budget federalism: first steps, first results', Sevodnya (June 7, 1995). Translated in CDPSP, 47:23 (1995), 3.
96. V. Emelyanenko, 'Russia: waiting for IOUs', Moskovskie Novosti, 44 (June-July 1995), 2. Translated in CDPSP, 47:26, 1995, pp. 14-15.
97. John F. Young, 'The republic of Sakha and republic building', in K. Matsuzato (ed.), Regions: A Prism to View the Slavic-Eurasion World (Sapporo, Japan: Hokkaido University, 2000), p. 186.
98. B. Yeltsin, 'The might of the state grows through the independence of the regions', Rossiiskie Vesti (November 1, 1997). Translated in CDPSP, 49:44 (1997), 14.
99. M. Fillipov and O. Shvetsova, 'Assymetrical bilateral bargaining in the new Russian federation: a path-dependence explanation', Communist and Post- Communist Studies, 32 (1999), 73.
100. T. Sadkovskaya, Rossiskiye vesti (January 23, 1998), p. 3.
101. S. Gogin, IEWS, Russian Regional Report, 5:3 (January 26, 2000), 7.
102. J. Kahn, 'What is the new Russian federalism?', in A. Brown (ed.), Contemporary Russian Politics: A Reader (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 381.
103. J. Hughes, 'From federalisation to recentralisation', in S. White, A. Pravda and Z. Gitelman (eds), Developments in Russian Politics - 5 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), p. 145.
104. D. Elazar, Exploring Federalism (Tuscaloosa and London: University of Alabama Press, 1987), pp. 59, 165.
105. G. Smith, The Post-Soviet States: Mapping the Politics of Transition (London; Sydney; Auckland: Arnold, 1999), p. 140.
106. V. Shpak, Kommersant Daily (January 20, 1998), p. 4.
107. M. V. Baglai, Konstitutsionnoe Pravo Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow: Norma, 2001), pp. 313-17.
108. R. Sakwa, Russian Politics and Society (Routledge, 2nd edn, 1996), p. 31.
109. R. L. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2nd edn, 1999), p. 6.
110. D. Kempton, 'Russian federalism: continuing myth or political salvation', Demokratizatsiya, 9:2 (Spring 2001), 229.
111. G. Smith, The Post-Soviet States (London: Arnold, 1999), p. 93.
112. E. A. Payin, 'Ethnic separatism', in J. R. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) [in other cases transliterated as Pain], Conflict and Consensus in Ethno-Political and Centre-Periphery Relations in Russia (Santa Monica, California: Rand, 1998), p. 18.
113. N. Arkhangelskaya, 'The problem of separatism in Russia: elitist separatism has its price', Kommersant Daily, 29 (November 1996), p. 3.
114. E. Payin and A. Susarov, 'Line five in the mirror of demography', Rossiiskie Vesti (October 30, 1997), p. 2.
115. D. Treinin, The End of Eurasia: Russia on the Border Between Geopolitics and Globalisation (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for Inernational Peace, 2001), pp. 253-4.
116. S. Nysten-Haarala, Development of Constitutionalism and federalism in Russia (Austria: International Institute for Applied System Analysis, 2000), p. 45.
117. A. Arbatskaya, 'Northern okrugs strengthening political influence in Tyumen', EWI Russian Regional Report, 6:45 (December 19, 2001), 4.
118. S. Khemkin, 'Separatizm v Rossii - pozadi ili vperedi?', Pro et Contra, 2:2 (Spring, 1997), 18.
119. S. Parish, 'Centre continues to rail against legal separatism', OMRI Russian Regional Report, 11:3 (1996), 3.
120. A. Muchnik, EWI, Russian Regional Report, 4:15 (1999), 8.
121. G. W. Lapidus, 'Assymetrical federalism and state breakdown in Russia', Post- Soviet Affairs, 15:1 (1999), 77.
122. R. Sakwa, 'Federalism, sovereignty and democracy', in C. Ross (ed.), Regional Politics in Russia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), p. 2.
123. G. Smith, 'The ethno-politics of federation without federalism', in D. Lane (ed.), Russia in Transition (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1995), p. 29.
124. A. G. Granberg, Osnovy regional'noi Ekonomiki (Moscow: Tacis, 2000), p. 303.
125. N. Grushina, 'Local authorities resort to unlawful means to raise money', OMRI Russian Regional Report, 2:10 (1997), pp. 7-8.
126. A. Zergunin, 'Russia's regions and foreign policy', Internationale Politik, 1:3 (Autumn, 2000), 27.
127. V. Klimanov, EWI Russian Regional Report, Part 2, 4:41 (November 4, 1999), 1.
128. G. O'Donnell, 'Delegative democracy?', University of Chicago, Working Paper, 21 (1992).
129. J. Kahn, 'A federal façade: problems in the development of Russian federalism', D.Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1999), p. 211.
130. O. Tsvetkov, EWI, Russian Regional Report (April 5, 2001).
131. R. Gallyamov, 'Politicheskie elity Rossiiskikh respublik: osobennosti transformatsii v postsovetskii period', in A. Melvil (ed.), Transformatsiya Rossiiskikh Regionalnykh Elit v Sravnitelnoi Perspektive (Moscow: MONF, 1999), p. 166.
132. P. Hanson and M. Bradshaw (eds), Regional Economic Change in Russia (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2000), p. 22.
133. K. Zhuravaskaya, 'Inter-governmental relations in Russia', Russian Economic Trends, 8:1 (1999), 46.
134. P. Hanson, S. Artobolevskiy, O. Kouznetsova and D. Sutherland, 'Federal government responses to regional economic change', in Hanson and Bradshaw (eds), Regional Economic Change, p. 113.
135. A. M. Lavrov, J. Litwack and D. Sutherland, Fiscal Federalist Relations in Russia: A Case for Subnational Autonomy (OECD, 2001), p. 9.
136. E. Pain, ' "Back to the USSR": new trends in Russian regional policy', Demokratizatsiya, 9:2 (Spring 2001), 186.
137. E. Savchenko, Vedemosti (27 July 2000).
138. A. G. Makushkin, Federal Budget and the Regions: A Case Study of Fiscal Flows (Moscow: Dialogue-MSU, 1999), p. 5.
139. C. Ross, Local Government in the Soviet Union (New York: St Martin's Press, 1987).
140. D. Lussier, EWI Russian Regional Report (January 2001), 23.
141. P. Hanson, 'Economic change and the Russian provinces', in J. Gibson and P. Hanson (eds), Transition from Below: Local Power and the Political Economy of Post-Communist Transitions (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1996), p. 187.
142. E. Yasin, 'Regionalism: an evil or a boon?', Rossiya (December 16, 1992), 14,
143. L. Vardomskii, 'Vneshneekonomicheskie svyazi regionov', in Russia's Regions in 1999 (Moscow: Camegie Centre, 2000), p. 113.
144. O. V. Kuznetsova, 'Territorialnaya struktura nalogovovo potentsiala', in A. M. Lavrov (ed.), Federal'nyi Byudzhet i Regiony: Opyt Analiza Finansovykh Potokov (Moscow: Instityt Vostok Zapad, MAKS Press, 1999), pp. 64-5.
145. L. V. Smirnyagin (ed.), Rossiiskie Regiony Nakanyne Vyborov - 95 (Moscow: Yuridicheskaya Literatura, 1995).
146. L. I. Sergeev, Gosudarstvennye i Territorialnye Finansy (Kaliningrad: Yantarnyi skaz, 2000), pp. 141-2.
147. A. M. Lavrov and A. G. Makushkin, The Fiscal Structure of the Russian Federation: Financial Flows Between the Centre and the Regions (Armonk, New York, London, England: M. E. Sharpe, 2001), p. xxxii.
148. A. G. Makushkin, Federalnyi Byudzhet i Regiony (Moscow: Institut Vostok Zapad, Dialog-MGU, 1999).
149. A. Lavrov, 'Budgetary federalism', in J. R. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds), Conflict and Consensus in Ethno-Political and Centre-Periphery Relations in Russia (Santa Monica, California: Rand, 1998), p. 41.
150. V. Tolz and I. Busygina, 'Regional governors and the Kremlin: the ongoing battle for power', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 30:4 (1997), 423.
151. D. Treisman, 'The politics of intergovernmental transfers in post-Soviet Russia', British Journal of Political Science, 26 (1996), p. 329.
152. A. M. Lavrov, 'Russian budget federalism: first steps, first results', Sevodnya (7 June 1995), p. 5. Translated in CDPSP, 47:23 (July 5, 1995), p. 3.
153. L. V. Smirnyagin, 'The distribution of subsidies to Russia's region's is unfair', Sevodnya (June 25, 1993), p. 2.
154. L. V. Smirnyagin, 'Federalizm po Putiny ili Putin po Federalizmu (zheleznoi pyatoi)', Carnegie Briefing Papers, 3:3 (March 2001), 4.
155. N. Kuzina, 'The federation is bursting at the seams', Rabochaya Tribuna (January 17, 1998), p. 1.
156. L. V. Smirnyagin, 'Power without a strict chain of command could be weakened unless action to strengthen and develop federalism is taken', Rossiiskiye vesti (January 16, 1998), 1-2.
157. J. H. Pammett, 'Elections and democracy in Russia', Communist and Post- Communist Studies, 32 (1999), 45.
158. A. Yashin, 'Zakonodalelstvo subektov Rossiiskoi Federatsii O vyborakh', in Vybory i Partii v Regionakh Rossii (Moscow, St Petersburg: IGPI, 2000), p. 44.
159. V. Gelman, 'Subnational institutions in contemporary Russia', in Neil Robinson (ed.), Institutions and Political Change in Russia (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), p. 95.
160. I. Mikhailovskaya, 'Regionalnye osobennosti realizatsii printsipa razdeleniya vlastei v sovremennoi Rossii', in O. B. Sidorovich (ed.), Rossiiskii Konstitutsionalizm: Politicheskii Rezhim v Regionalnom Kontekste (Moscow, MONF, 2000), p. 179.
161. G. Pridham, 'Southern European democracies on the road to consolidation: a comparative assessment of the role of political parties', in G. Pridham (ed.), Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in southern Europe (London and New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 2.
162. G. Pridham, and P. Lewis, 'Introduction: stabilising fragile democracies and party system development', in G. Pridham and P. Lewis (eds), Stabilising Fragile Democracies: Comparing New Party Systems in Southern and Eastern Europe (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), p. 5.
163. R. Hague, M. Harrop and S. Breslin, Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction (Macmillan, 4th edn, 1998), p. 131.
164. K. Dawisha, 'Democratisation and political participation: research concepts and methodologies', in K. Dawisha and B. Parrot (eds), The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 55.
165. S. Mainwaring, 'Party systems in the third wave', Journal of Democracy, 4 (December 1999), 69.
166. J. Lowenhardt (ed.), Party Politics in Post-Communist Russia (London: Frank Cass, 1998);
167. J. T. Ishiyama, 'The Russian proto-parties and the national republics', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 29:4 (1996), 395-411;
168. P. C. Ordeshook, 'Russia's party system: is Russian federalism viable?', Post- Soviet Affairs, 12:3 (1996), 195-217;
169. Peter C. Ordeshook and Olga Shevtsova, 'Federalism and constitutional design', Journal of Democracy (January, 1997), 27-36;
170. M. Makfol, S. Markov and A. Ryabov (eds), Formirovanie Partiino- Politicheskoi Sistemy v Rossii (Moscow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 1998),
171. G. V. Golosov, Partiinye Sistemy Rossii i Stran Vostochnoi Evropy (Moscow, Ves Mir: 1999).
172. C. Ross, 'Political parties and regional democracy in Russia', in C. Ross (ed.), Regional Politics in Russia (Manchester: Manchester University Press: 2002),
173. G. V. Golosov, 'From Adygeya to Yaroslavl: factors of party development in the regions of Russia', Europe-Asia Studies, 51:8 (1999), 1,333-65,
174. R. Sakwa, Russian Politics and Society (London: Routledge, 2nd edn, 1996), p. 90.
175. S. V. Alekseev, V. A. Kalamanov and A. G. Chernenko, Ideologicheskie Orientiry Rossii, Volume 1 (Moscow: Kniga i Biznes, 1998), pp. 320-1.
176. A. I. Tur and A. S. Novikov, 'O soveshchanii predstavitelei izbiratelnykh komissii sub'ektov Rossiiskoi Federatsii', Vestnik Tsentralnaya Izbiratelnaya Komissiya, 6:120 (2001), 60.
177. C. Ross, 'Federalizm i demokratizatsiia v Rossii', Polis, 3 (1999), 16-29.
178. J. A. Corwin, RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (January 4, 2001), 9-10.
179. D. B. Oreshkin and V. N. Kozlov, 'Osenne-zimnyaya seriya gubernatorskikh vyborov v zerkale statistiki', O Vyborakh, 1 (2001), 29.
180. V. Putin, 'The kind of Russia we are building'. Annual message from the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Rossiiskaya gazeta (July 11, 2000), 1, 3.
181. Michael McFaul, 'Consolidating democracy in Russia', in, L. Diamond, M. F. Platter, Yun-han Chu, and Hung-mao Tien (eds), Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 64-94, p. 65.
182. J. Linz and A. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press: 1996), p. 436.
183. S. White, 'Political parties', in M. Bowker and C. Ross (eds), Russia after the Cold War (Longman: 1999), pp. 82-3.
184. M. Wyman, 'Elections and voting behaviour', in Stephen White, Alex Pravda and Zvi Gitelman (eds), Developments in Russian politics - 4 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999) p. 119.
185. A. Ryabov, 'The outlook for the Russian multi-party system in the new political context', Carnegie Briefing Papers, 3:8 (August 2001), 2.
186. G. Lyukherkhandt-Mikhaleva, 'Izbiratelnyi protsess i partii v rossiiskikh regionakh', in Vybory i Partii, p. 145.
187. J. Lowenhardt and R. Verheul, 'The village votes: the December 1999 elections in Tatarstan's Pestretsy District', Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 16:3 (September 2000), endnote 12, p. 122.
188. J. Corwin, RFE/RL Russian Federation Report, 3:24 (August 8, 2001), 1.
189. T. F. Remmington, Politics in Russia (Harlow: Longman, 1999) p. 151.
190. M. Burgess and A. G. Gagnon (eds), Comparative federalism and Federation (Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), p. 107.
191. D. Laitin, 'Transitions to democracy and territorial integrity', in A. Przeworski (ed.), Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1995) p. 24.
192. J. Corwin, RFE/RL Federation Report (January 24, 2001).
193. V. Lysenko, 'From a multi-party system to a few parties', Nezavisimaya gazeta (May 24, 2001),
194. U. Liebert, 'Parliament as a central site in democratic consolidation: a preliminary exploration', in U. Liebert and M. Cotta (eds), Parliament and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe (London and New York: Pinter, 1990), p. 21.
195. S. Mainwaring, 'Presidentialism, multipartism, and democracy', Comparative Political Studies, 26:2 (July 1993), 199.
196. A. Lijphart (ed.), Parliamentary Versus Presidential Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
197. Z. Gitelman, 'The democratisation of Russia in comparative perspective', in S. White, A. Pravda and Z. Gitelman (eds), Developments is Russian Polctics: 4 (Basingstoke: Macmillan), p. 274
198. J. M. Maravall and T. di Tella, in A. Przeworski (ed.), Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 46.
199. W. A. Clark, 'Presidential prefects in the Russian provinces: Yeltsin's regional cadres policy', in G. Gill (ed.), Elites and Leadership in Russian Politics (Basingstoke: diacmillan, 1998), p. 41.
200. V. Lysenko, 'A little constitution can't be at odds with the big one', Rossiiskiye vesti (April 18, 1995), p. 2.
201. V. Gelman, 'Subnational institutions', in N. Robinson (ed.) Institutions and Political Charge in Russia (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), p. 99.
202. A. S. Avtonomov, A. A. Zakharov and E. M. Orlova, Regionalnye Parlamenty v Sovremennoi Rossii, Nauchnaya Doklad, no. 18 (Moscow: MONF, 2000), p. 77.
203. V. Nechaev, 'Regionalnye politicheskie sistemy v postsovetskoi Rossii', Pro et Contra, 5 (Winter, 2000), internet version, 3. http:/pubs.carnegie.ru/p@c/Vol5-2000/1/04nechaev.asp
204. V. Gelman, 'Regime transition, uncertainty and prospects for democratisation: the politics of Russia's regions in a comparative perspective', Europe-Asia Studies, 51:6 (1999), 939-56;
205. J. W. Hahn, 'The development of political institutions in three regions of the Russian far east', in C. Ross (ed.), Regional Politics in Russia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002).
206. R. F. Turovskii, 'Gubernatory nachinayut i vyigryvayut?', in I. M. Bunin and B. I. Makarenko (eds), Politicheskie Protsessy v Regionakh Rossii (Moscow: Tsentr Politicheskikh Tekhnologii, 1998), p. 232.
207. Vladimir Gelman, 'New law on regional institutions preserves status quo', EWI Russian Regional Report, 4:42 (November 11, 1999), 12.
208. G. O'Donnell, 'Delegative democracy', Journal of Democracy, 5:1 (January 1994), 59.
209. A. Filippov, 'Vybory zakonodatelnykh (predstavitelnykh) organov gosudarstvennoi vlasti', in G. Lyukhterkhandt-Mikhaleva and S. Ryzhenkov (eds), Vybory i Partii v Regionakh Rossii (Moscow: IGPI, 2000), p. 126
210. D. Lane and C. Ross, The Transformation from communism to Capitalism: Ruling Elites From Gorbachev to Yeltsin (New York: St Martin's Press, 1999).
211. J. C. Lallemand, 'Politics for the few: elites in Bryansk and Smolensk', Post-Soviet Affairs, 15:4 (1999), p. 332.
212. R. F. Turovskii, 'Gubernatory nachinaiut i vyigryvaiut?', in R. F. Turovskii (ed.), Politicheskie Protsessy v Regionakh Rossii (Moscow: Tsentr Politicheskikh Tekhnologii, 1998), p. 203.
213. R. Orttung, 'Directors, businessmen dominate Kabardino-Balkariya returns', EWI Russian Regional Report, 2:44 (December 18, 1997), 13.
214. M. Farukshin, 'Izbiratelnoe zakonodatelstvo i vybory v Tatarstane: opyt regionalnovo pravovovo separatizma', in V. V. Mikhailov, V. A. Bazhanov, and M. Kh. Farukshin (eds), Osobaya Zona: Vybory v Tatarstane (Ul'yanovsk: Mezhdunarodnoi Pravozashchitnoi Assamblei, 2000), p. 12.
215. M. Weinstein, EWI Russian Regional Report, 6:20 (May 30, 2001), 14-17.
216. A. Fillipov, 'Vybory zakonodatelnykh (predstavitelnykh) organov gosudarstvennoi vlasti subektov Rossiiskoi Federatsii (1990-98)', in Vybory i Partii,p. 118.
217. Yu. Shabaev, EWI Russian Regional Report, 6:13 (April 11, 2001), 8-9.
218. S. Sarychev, EWI Russian Regional Report, 6:20 (May 30, 2001), p. 11.
219. Ye. Tregubova, 'Kirsan Iliumzhinov dreams of a stable and peaceful Kalmyk Khanate within Russia', Sevodnya (October 17, 1995), 3. Translated in CDPSP, 48:42 (1995), 16.
220. J. G. March and J. P. Olsen, Discovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (The Free Press: 1989), p. 17.
221. R. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
222. P. H. O'Neil, 'Revolution from within, institutional analysis, transitions from authoritarianism, and the case of Hungary', World Politics 48 (July 1996), 581.
223. P. Kirkow, Russia's Provinces: Authoritarian Transformation versus Local Autonomy? (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), p. 123.
224. M. Hyde, 'Putin's federal reforms and their implications for presidential power in Russia', Europe-Asia Studies, 53:5 (2001), 722.
225. W. A. Clark, 'Presidential prefects in the Russian provinces: Yeltsin's regional cadres policy', in Graeme Gill (ed.), Elites and Leadership in Russian Politics (New York: St Martin's Press, 1998),
226. I. Busygina, 'The President's representatives: problems of establishing and developing an institution', Russian Politics and Law, 35:1 (1997).
227. J. Helmer, 'Russia: regions pressure Kremlin into policy shift - an analysis', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Daily Report (November 4, 1997), 2.
228. V. V. Putin, 'Television address by the Russian President to the Country's citizens', Rossiiskaya gazeta (May 19, 2000), p. 3.
229. M. Evangelista, 'Russia's path to a new regional policy', Davis Centre for Russian Studies, Harvard University, PONARS Policy Paper, 157 (2000), p. 3.
230. N. Petrov, 'Russia's regions or regions' Russia?', Carnegie Briefing Papers, 3 (March 1999), 4.
231. J. A. Corwin, RFE/RL Russian Federation Report, 2:9 (March 7, 2001), 5.
232. R. Sakwa, 'Federalism, sovereignty and democracy', in C. Ross (ed.), Regional Politics in Russia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002),
233. M. Hyde, 'Putin's federal reforms and their implications for presidential power in Russia', Europe-Asia Studies, 53:5 (2001), 719-43.
234. S. Kirienko, Nezavisimaya gazeta (October 25, 2000), p. 3.
235. D. V. Badovskii - 'Systema federalnykh okrygov i institut polnomochnykh predstavitelei prezidenta RF: sovremennoe sostoyanie i problemy razvitiya', in Polpredy Prezidenta: Problemy Stanovleniya Novovo Instituta (MGU, Nauchnye Doklady, no. 3, January 2001), p. 5.
236. A. Slabov, 'Georgy Poltavchenko raises his voice', Kommersant (February 10, 2001), 2. CDPSP, 53:6 (March 7, 2001).
237. I. Gordeyev, Vremya Novostei (January 12, 2001), 1.
238. R. Orttung and P. Reddaway, 'Russian state-building: the regional dimension', in The Russia Initiative: Reports of the Four Task Forces (New York: Carnegie Corporation, 2001), p. 100.
239. J. A. Corwin, RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (December 16, 2001), 2.
240. A. Kostyukov, Obshchaya gazeta, 5 (February 1-7, 2001), p. 1.
241. M. I. Vil'chek, 'O klyuchevikh problemakh stanovleniya instituta polnomochnykh predstavitelei Prezidenta RF', in Polpredy Prezidenta, p. 20.
242. M. V. Baglai, Konstitutsionnoe Pravo Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow: Norma, 2001), pp. 305, 338-9.
243. K. E. Graney, 'Ten years of sovereignty in Tatarstan: end of the beginning or beginning of the end?', Problems of Post-communism (September/October 2001), 37.
244. J. A. Corwin, RFE/RL Russian Federation Report, 3:2 (January 10, 2001)
245. J. Corwin, RFE/RL Russian Federation Report, 3:13 (April 11, 2001), 1.
246. R. Orttung, EWI Russian Regional Report, 6:18 (May 16, 2001), 2.
247. M. Shandarov, EWI Russian Regional Report, 6:5 (February 7, 2001), 5.
248. I. Rabinovich, 'Bashkortostani legal situation is worse than before campaign to bring laws into line', EWI, Russian Regional Report, 6:44 (December 12, 2001), 10.
249. O. Yemelyanov, EWI Russian Regional Report 6:3 (January 24, 2001), 3.
250. R. Orttung, EWI Russian Reional Report, 6:18 (May 16, 2001), 4.
251. S. Pushkarev, EWI Russian Regional Report, 6:9 (March, 7, 2001), 4-5.
252. J. A. Corwin, RFE/RL Russian Federation Report, 3:21 (July 18, 2001), 2.
253. B. Berezovskii, 'Open letter to President Putin', Transitions (June 5, 2000), p. 1.
254. V. Putin, First Person: An Astonishingly Frank Self-Portrait by Russia's President Vladimir Putin, with N. Gevorkyan, N. Timakova and A. Kolesnikov; translated by C. A. Fitzpatrick (London: Hutchinson, 2000), pp. 182-3.
255. R. Sakwa, 'federalism, sovereignty and democracy', in C. Ross (ed.), Regional Politics in Russia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), p. 18.
256. L. V. Smirnyagin, 'Federalizm po Putiny ili Putin po federalizmu (zheleznoi pyatoi)', Carnegie Briefing Papers, 3:3 (March 2001), 3.
257. R. G. Moser, 'The impact of parliamentary electoral systems in Russia', Post-Soviet Affairs, 13:3 (1997), p. 284.
258. S. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratisation in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), p. 263.
259. A. Blais and S. Dion, 'Electoral systems and the consolidation of new democracies', in D. Ethier (ed.), Democratic Transition and Consolidation in Southern Europe, Latin America and Southeast Asia (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994), pp. 251-2.
260. P. Kirkow, Russia's Provinces: Authoritarian Transformation versus Local Autonomy (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), p. 133.
261. J. Hahn, 'The development of political institutions in three regions of the Russian Far East', in C. Ross (ed.), Regional Politics in Russia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002).
262. I Raudin, 'Neobkhodimo sovershenstvovat poryadok formirovaniya izbiratelnykh komissii', Vestnik Tsentralnoi Izbiratelnoi Komissii, 8:122 (2001), 49.
263. M. Kh. Farukshin, 'Federalizm i demokratiya: slozhnyi balans', Polis, 6:42 (1997), 171.
264. T. N. Bukhanova, 'Vydvizhenie i registratsiya kandidatov na regionalnykh vyborakh v 2000', O Vyborakh, 2 (2001), 19.
265. D. Lussier, 'Bashkortostan's president re-elected in campaign plagued by violations', EWI Russian Regional Report, 3:25 (1998), 13.
266. J. Grävingholt, 'Bashkortostan: a case of regional authoritarianism', in C. Ross (ed.), Regional Politics in Russia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), pp. 177-92.
267. J. Hahn, 'The development of political institutions in three regions of the Russian Far East', in C. Ross (ed.), Regional Politics in Russia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), p. 153
268. M. Farukshin, 'Tatarstan: syndrome of authoritarianism', in Ross, Regional Politics in Russia, pp. 193-206.
269. Ya. Tregubova, 'Kirsan Ilyumzhinov dreams of a stable and peaceful Kalmyk Khanate within Russia', Sevodnya (17 October 1995), p. 3.
270. J. Lowenhardt and R. Verheul, 'The village votes: the December 1999 elections in Tatarstan's Pestretsy District', Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 16:3 (September 2000), 118.
271. J. Lowenhardt, 'The 1996 presidential elections in Tatarstan', Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 13:1 (March 1997), 138.
272. R. F. Turovsky, Politicheskaya Geografiya (Moscow and Smolensk: MGU, Geofraficheskii Fakul'tet, 1999), p. 337.
273. V. N. Kozlov and D. B. Oreshkin, 'Regional'nyi analiz resul'tatov vyborov i tipologiya regionov po politicheskim predpochteniyam izbiratelei', in Vybory Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii 1996 (Moscow: Ves Mir, 1996), p. 190.
274. D. B. Oreshkin, 'Elektoralnaya demokratiya i tselostnost' politicheskovo prostranstva Rossii', O Vyborakh, 2 (2001), 29.
275. A. Stepan, 'federalism and democracy: beyond the U.S. model', Journal of Democracy, 10:4 (October 4, 1999), 152.
276. G. O'Donnell, 'Delegative democracy', Journal of Democracy, 5:1 (January 1994), 61.
277. M. McAuley, Russia's Politics of Uncertainty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
278. D. Kempton, 'Russian federalism: continuing myth or political salvation', Demokratizatsiya, 9:2 (2001), p. 202.
279. A. Umnova, Konstitutsionnye Osnovy Sovremennovo Rossiiskovo Federalizma (Moscow: Delo, 1998), p. 50.
280. R. V. Daniels, 'Democracy and federalism in the former Soviet Union and the Russian Federation', in P. J. Stavrakis, J. DeBardeleben and L. Black (eds), Beyond the Monolith: The Emergence of Regionalism in Post-Soviet Russia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), p. 233.
281. D. Elazar, Exploring Federalism (Tuscaloosa and London: University of Alabama Press, 1987), p. 107.
282. D. Elazar, Federalism and Political Integration (Israel: Turtledove, 1979), p. 47.
283. P. King, Federalism and Federation (London: Croom Helm, 1982), p. 94.
284. B. Whitmore, 'Power plays in the provinces', Transitions (September, 1998), 72.
285. N. Petrov, 'Russia's regions or regions' Russia? prospective realignment of the nation's political subdivisions', Carnegie Institute, Briefing Papers, 3 (March, 1999), 1.