Ten years of sovereignty in Tatarstan: End of the beginning or beginning of the end?

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 48, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 32-41

  Graney, Katherine E ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0035538429     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2001.11655949     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. See Mintimer Shaimiev's speech on Tatar TV on August 29, reprinted in Respublika Tatarstan (August 30, 2000). Other references are from the speeches at the special conference on "Ten Years of Sovereignty in Tatarstan: Results and Perspectives" held in Kazan on August 28, 2000, and attended by the author.
2. See Mintimer Shaimiev's speech on Tatar TV on August 29, reprinted in Respublika Tatarstan (August 30, 2000). Other references are from the speeches at the special conference on "Ten Years of Sovereignty in Tatarstan: Results and Perspectives" held in Kazan on August 28, 2000, and attended by the author.
3. East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report (June 28, 2000, and December 7, 2000).
4. Kommersant (May 10, 2000); RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (May 31, 2000).
5. Kommersant (May 10, 2000); RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (May 31, 2000).
6. All references to the Tatarstani Declaration of State Sovereignty are from the version reprinted in Suverennyi Tatarstan: Sovereign Tatarstan, published by the Plenipotentiary Representation of Tatarstan in Moscow (Moscow: INSAN, 1997), pp. 7-10.
7. See Henry E. Hale, "The Regionalization of Autocracy in Russia," Davis Center Program on New Approaches to Russian Security (PONARS) Memo no. 42, November 1998 (www.fas.harvard.edu/~ponars/memos. html).
8. While the question of what constitutes sovereign statehood is intensely contested in political science, there is substantial agreement that statehood embodies attributes associated with the exercise of both external and internal sovereignty, which I have listed in abbreviated form here. For a more extensive discussion of the debate over the definition of sovereignty and statehood, see Thomas Biersteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as a Social Construct (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), and Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
9. While the question of what constitutes sovereign statehood is intensely contested in political science, there is substantial agreement that statehood embodies attributes associated with the exercise of both external and internal sovereignty, which I have listed in abbreviated form here. For a more extensive discussion of the debate over the definition of sovereignty and statehood, see Thomas Biersteker and Cynthia Weber, eds., State Sovereignty as a Social Construct (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), and Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
10. All references to the Tatarstani constitution are from the reprint of the document in Suverennyi Tatarstan, pp. 201-40.
11. See the Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press (hereinafter, CDPSP), no. 43 (1992): 16.
12. For an excellent treatment of these events, see Mary McAuley, Russia's Politics of Uncertainty (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 78.
13. The February 1994 agreement is also reprinted in Suverennyi Tatarstan, pp. 33-39. All references to the treaty are from this edition.
14. See, for example, RFE/RL Newsline (October 31, 1997, and June 11, 1998); RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Service (June 9, 1998).
15. See Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, "Central Weakness and Provincial Autonomy: Observations on the Devolution Process in Russia," Post-Soviet Affairs 15, no. 1 (1999): 87-106.
16. See Steven Solnick, "Putin and the Provinces," PONARS Memo no. 115, April 2000 (www.fas.harvard.edu/~ponars/memos.html).
17. See Jamestown Monitor (March 25, 1996); KRIS (June 24, 1997): 1-2; RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Service (March 24, 1999).
18. Interfax-Executive (June 29, 1994); RFE/RL Newsline (June 9, 1998, and January 28, 1999).
19. This document is also reprinted in Suverennyi Tatarstan, pp. 175-76.
20. All other republics had to give 85 percent of the VAT revenue to the federal budget
21. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Service (March 4, 1999, and March 19, 1999); RFE/RL Newsline (March 23, 1999).
22. Russian Regional Report (March 15, 2000).
23. Ibid. (June 28, 2000).
24. For a more detailed discussion of Tatarstan's foreign policy initiatives, see Kate Graney, "Projecting Sovereignty: Tatarstan in the International Arena," in Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order, ed. Michael Keating and John McGarry (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 264-94.
25. For the text of the agreement, see Suverennyi Tatarstan, pp. 177-81.
26. Vechernaya Kazan (November 3, 1998): 1.
27. Suverennyi Tatarstan, p. 87.
28. For the full text of the agreement, see ibid., pp. 73-75.
29. Russian Regional Report (June 28, 2000).
30. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: Central Eurasia [hereinafter, FBIS:SOV] (July 5, 1995): 42-43; Vremia i dengi (February 20, 1996), in Izvestiia (June 28, 1995): 1.
31. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: Central Eurasia [hereinafter, FBIS:SOV] (July 5, 1995): 42-43; Vremia i dengi (February 20, 1996), in Izvestiia (June 28, 1995): 1.
32. FBIS:SOV (August 19, 1994): 27, in Krasnaia zvezda (August 15, 1994): 6.
33. Quoted in Roxanne Doty, "Sovereignty and the Nation: Constructing the Boundaries of National Identity," in State Sovereignty as a Social Construct, ed. Thomas Biersteker and Cynthia Weber (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 121-47.
34. This speech is reprinted in Suverennyi Tatarstan, pp. 53-54.
35. Respublika Tatarstan (June 17, 1997): 1.
36. For a more detailed discussion of these issues, see Kate Graney "Education Reform in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan: Sovereignty Projects in Post-Soviet Russia," Europe-Asia Studies 51, no. 4 (June 1999): 611-32.
37. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Service (July 5, 2000).
38. See Solnick, "Putin and the Provinces."
39. Kommersant (May 10, 2000): 1.
40. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (May 31, 2000).
41. Russian Regional Report (January 12, 2000) and (February 24, 2000).
42. ITAR-TASS (May 13, 2000).
43. Associated Press (May 31, 2000).
44. RFE/RL Newsline (July 19, 2000).
45. Russian Regional Report (July 26, 2000).
46. Ibid.
47. RFE/RL Newsline (July 20, 2000); Reuters (July 19, 2000, and July 25, 2000).
48. Russian Regional Report (July 26, 2000).
49. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (June 14, 2000); Russian Regional Report (June 28, 2000).
50. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (June 14, 2000); Russian Regional Report (June 28, 2000).
51. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (June 14, 2000).
52. Specifically, the court targeted republican declarations of sovereignty, claims to natural resources, claims to be subjects of international law, and claims that republican laws have precedence over federal laws in the republics. Russian Regional Report (July 12, 2000).
53. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (February 23, 2000); Russian Regional Report (May 10, 2000).
54. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (February 23, 2000); Russian Regional Report (May 10, 2000).
55. RFE/RL Newsline (May 25, 2000).
56. RFE/RL Newsline (March 16, 2000); Russian Regional Report (May 17, 2000).
57. RFE/RL Newsline (March 16, 2000); Russian Regional Report (May 17, 2000).
58. RFE/RL Newsline (May 23, 2000).
59. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (January 12, 2000); Russian Regional Report (June 14, 2000).
60. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (January 12, 2000); Russian Regional Report (June 14, 2000).
61. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (March 1, 2000, and April 19, 2000).
62. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Service (January 24, 2000).
63. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (February 9, 2000).
64. For example, see RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Service (June 30, 2000).
65. Russian Regional Report (May 24, 2000).
66. See Shaimiev's speech, Respublika Tatarstan (August 30, 2000): 1; and Tatar justice minister C.F. Nafiev's speech at the August 28, 2000, sovereignty conference, reprinted in Zvezda povolzhia (September 1-5, 2000).
67. See Shaimiev's speech, Respublika Tatarstan (August 30, 2000): 1; and Tatar justice minister C.F. Nafiev's speech at the August 28, 2000, sovereignty conference, reprinted in Zvezda povolzhia (September 1-5, 2000).
68. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Report (July 4, 2000, and July 17, 2000).
69. Ibid. (July 25, 2000).
70. See Nafiev's speech reprinted in Zvezda povolzhia.
71. RFE/RL Russian Federation Report (May 31, 2000).
72. The Tatarstani delegation also demanded that the final product of the commission be called "joint" legislation and not "unified" legislation. At the first meeting of the Federal-Tatarstani conciliation commission in October 2000, fourteen "more progressive" Tatarstani laws were identified. Russian Regional Report (October 23, 2000).
73. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Report (November 2, 2000).
74. Russian Regional Report (October 18, 2000).
75. See Midkhat Farukshin, "Politicheskaia elita v Tatarstana" (Political Elites in Tatarstan), Politicheskie issledovaniia, nos. 5-6 (1994): 67-79.
76. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Weekly Review (December 7, 2000).
77. Author's fieldnotes from rally in Freedom Square in Kazan on August 29.
78. See Engel Tagirov, ed., Tatarstanskaia model: Mify i realnost (The Tatarstan Model: Myth and Reality) (Kazan; Akademiia gumanitarnikh nauk Rossii, Tatarstanskoe otdelenie, izdatelstvo "Ekopolis," 1997).
79. Kommersant (October 12, 2000): 1.
80. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Service (March 31, 2000).
81. In 1999 Tatarstan increased its use of local natural gas for energy needs by 50 percent and decreased the amount of energy it purchased from Russian-owned energy behemoths by 53.7 percent. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Service (January 27, 2000).
82. Tatarstan has already set a precedent for taking disputes with Russia before an international audience for arbitration and has promised to do so again. When the Russian Federation objected to certain provisions in Tatarstan's citizenship code, the Tatar government sent the text of the law to the European Union parliament to have it verified. RFE/RL Tatar-Bashkir Service (April 28, 1998).
83. Russian Regional Report (June 28, 2000).