Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to ergot as undesirable substance in animal feed

EFSA Journal

Volumn 3, Issue 5, 2005, Pages

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

Claviceps; ergolines; ergot alkaloids

Indexed keywords

EID: 85070311156     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.225     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Abney, L.K., Oliver, J.W. and Reinemeyer, C.R. 1993. Vasoconstrictive effects of tall fescue alkaloids on equine vasculature. J Equine Vet Sci 13: 334–340.
2. Aellig, W.H. and Nuesch, E. 1977. Comparative pharmacokinetic investigations with tritium-labeled ergot alkaloids after oral and intravenous administration in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol 15: 106–112.
3. Amelung, D. 1999. Mutterkorn im Roggen. Getreide Magazin 5: 138–145.
4. Appleyard, W.T. 1986. Outbreak of bovine abortion attributed to ergot poisoning. Vet Res 118: 48–49.
5. Bailey, J. Wrathall, A.E. and Mantle, P.G. 1973. The effect of feeding ergot to gilts during early pregnancy. Br Vet J 129: 127–133.
6. Baumann, U., Hunziker, H.R. and Zimmerli, B. 1985. Muterkornalkaloide in schweizerischen Getreideprodukten. Mitt Geb Lebensmittelunters Hyg 76: 609–630.
7. Benett, J.W. and Klich, M. 2003. Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 16: 497–516.
8. Betina, V. 1994. Alkaloids. In: Bioactive secondary metabolite of microorganisms. Chapter 8, p 136–144.
9. Bharucha, K.E. and Gunstone, F.D. 1957. Vegetable oils 6. The component acid of ergot oil. J Chem Soc 610–614.
10. Blaney, B.J., McKenzie, R.A., Josey, B.J., Ryley, M.J. and Downing, J.A. 2000. Effect of grazing sorghum (sorghum bicolour) infected with ergot (Claviceps africana) on beef cattle. Austr Vet J 78: 124–125.
11. Bragg, D.B., Salem, H.A. and Devlin, T.J. 1970. Effect of dietary triticale ergot on the performance and survival of broiler chicks. Can J Anim Sci 50: 259–264.
12. Buchta, M. and Cvak, L. 1999. Ergot alkaloids and other metabolites of the genus Claviceps. Ergot: the genus Claviceps 6: 173–200.
13. Burfening, P.J. 1973. Zit. Nach: Rotter, R.G., Marquardt, R.R. and Crow, G.H. 1985b. A comparison of the effect of increasing dietary concentration of wheat ergot on the performance of leghorn and broiler chicks. Can J Anim Sci 65: 963–974.
14. Bush, L.P., Wilkinson, H.H. and Schardl, C.L. 1997. Bioprotective alkaloids of grass-fungal endophyte symbioses. Plant Physiol 114: 1–7
15. Campbell, C.W. and Burfening, P.J. 1972. Effects of ergot on reproductive performance in mice and gilts. Can J Anim Sci 52: 567–569.
16. Cheeke, P.R. 1995. Endogenous toxins and mycotoxins in forage grasses and their effects on livestock. J Anim Sci 73: 909–918.
17. Coenen, M., Landes, E. and Kamphues, J. 2000. Mutterkorn und Ergotalkaloidmuster in Futtermitteln sowie Reduktion des Ergotalkaloidgehaltes durch Hitze und Alkalisieren. Unveröffentlicht. (Unpublished).
18. Cross, D.L., Redmond, L.M. and Strickland, J.R. 1995. Equine fescue toxicosis: signs and solutions. J Anim Sci 73: 899–908.
19. Diekman, M.A. and Green, M.L. 1992. Mycotoxins and reproduction in domestic livestock. J Anim Science 70: 1615–1627.
20. Dignean, M.A., Schiefer, H.B. and Blair, R. 1986. Effects of feeding ergot- contaminated grain to pregnant and nursing sows. J Vet Med A 33: 757–766.
21. Döcke, F. 1994. Prolaktin. In: Döcke, F.(ed.). 1994. Veterinämedizinische Endokrinologie 3. Aufl. Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena Stuttgart, 204–207.
22. Engelke, T. 2002. Ansätze für eine integrierte Bekämpfung des Mutterkorns im Roggen. Dissertation Universität Göttingen, 1. Aufl., Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen.
23. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 2004. Worldwide Regulations for Mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 81, Rome, Italy.
24. Filipov, N.M., Thompson, F.N., Tsunoda, M. and Sharma, R.P. 1999. Region-specific decrease of dopamine and its metabolites in brains of mice given ergotamine. J Toxicol Env Heal 56: 47–58.
25. Fink-Gremmels, J. 2005. Mycotoxins in forages. In: Rome, ItalyDiaz, D. The Mycotoxins Blue Book, Nottingham University Press. pp. 249–268.
26. Floss, H.G., Cassady, J.M. and Robbers, J.E. 1973. Influence of ergot alkaloids on pituitary prolactin and prolactin-dependent process. J Pharm Sci 62: 699–715.
27. Friend, D.W. and MacIntyre, T.M. 1970. Effect of rye ergot on growth and N-retention in growing pigs. Can J Comp Med. 34: 198–202.
28. Gareis, M. and Wolff, J. 2000. Mykotoxinbelastung der Nutztiere über Futtermittelaufnahme und der Verbraucher durch Lebensmittel tierischer Herkunft. Mycoses 43: 79–83.
29. Griffith, R.W., Grauwiler, J., Hodel, C., Leist, K.H. and Matter, B. 1978. Toxicologic considerations. Chapter 12, 805–838. In: Berde, B.; Schild, H.O. 1978. Ergot alkaloids and related compounds. Handb Exp Pharm 49, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, NY.
30. Guggisberg, H. 1954. Mutterkorn. Vom Gift zum Heilstoff. Verlag S. Karger Basel, NY.
31. Harrold, R.L., Dinussen, W.E., Hangse, C.N., Johnsosn, J.N. 1974. Ergot in growing and finishing swine rations. N. Dank. Farm. Res. 32, 13.15.
32. Hofmann, A. 1964. Die Mutterkornalkaloide. Stuttgart: Enke Verlag.
33. Holden, P. and Zimmerman, D. 1998. Effect of Ergot-Contaminated Barley on Growing-finishing Pig Performance. Asl-R1482, report of the Iowa State University.
34. Hussein, S.H. and Brasel, J.M. 2001. Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 167: 101–134.
35. Janssen, G.B., Beems, R.B., Speijers, G.J.A. and Egmond, H.P. 2000. Subacute toxicity of α– ergocryptine in sprague-dawley rat. 1: General toxicological effects. Food Chem Toxicol 38: 678–688.
36. Kamphues, J. and Drochner, W. 1991. Mutterkorn in Futtermitteln-ein Beitrag zur Klärung moglicher mutterkornbedingter Schadensfälle. Tierärztl Praxis 19: 1–7.
37. Klein, F.W. and Steinruck, U. 1987. Untersuchungen mit mutterkorn in der hühnerfütterung. Kraftfutter 9, 336–341.
38. Klug, C. 1986. Bestimmung von Mutterkornalkaloiden in Lebensmitteln. Max von Pettenkofer-Insitut des Bundesgesundheitsamtes, MvP-Hefte 2.
39. Kopinsky, J.S., Blaney, B.J., McVeigh, J.F. and Murray, S.A. 1999. Tolerance of sows to the regulatory limit of 0.3 % sorghum ergot feed before and after farrowing. Darling Downs Bacon Pig Science Seminar p 8–9. www.dpi.gld.gov.au/pigs/7506.html.
40. Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R., and Bhat, R.V. 1976. Poisoning by Ergoty Bajra (Pearl Millet) in Man. Indian Journal of Medical Research 64: 1624–1628.
41. Lewin, L. 1962. Gifte und Vergiftungen, Lehrbuch der Toxicologie. 5. Aufl., Karl F. Haug Verlag, Ulm/Donau.
42. Loken, T. 1984. Ergot from meadow grass in Norway: chemical composition and toxicological effects in sheep. Nord vet Med 36: 259–265.
43. Lombaert, G.A., Pellaers, P., Roscoe, V., Mankotia, M., Neil, R. and Scott, P.M. 2003. Mycotoxins in infant foods from the Canadian retail market. Food Additives and Contaminants 20: 494–504.
44. Lorenz, K. 1979. Ergot on cereal grains. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 11: 311–354.
45. st ed, Editions du Point Veterinaire, Maisons-Alfort, France. p97.
46. Mainka, S., Dänicke, S. and Coenen, M. 2003. Zum Einfluss von Mutterkorn im Futter auf Gesundheit und Leistung von Schwein und Huhn. Übers. Tierernährg 31: 121–168.
47. Mainka, S., Dänicke, S., Wolff, J., Matthes, S. and Böhme, H. 2003. Zum Einfluss von Mutterkorn im Futter auf Absetzferkel und Masthähnchen. Tagungsband 25. Mykotoxin-Workshop Giessen:19–21.
48. Mantle, P.G. 1977. Ergotism in cattle, sheep, swine. In: Wyllie, T.D. and Morehouse, L.C., ed. Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses: an encyclopedia handbook, New York, Marcel Dekker, Vol. 2, pp. 145–151, 207–213, 273-275.
49. Mantle, P.G. 1996. Detection of ergot in a dairy cattle feed component by GC/MS. Journal of Dairy Science 79: 1988–1991
50. Meyer, A. 1999. Mutterkorn in der Ration. Hannoversche Land- und Forstwirtsch. Zeitung 28: 32–33.
51. Moller, T., Brostedt, S. and Johansson, M., 1993, Ergot alkaloids in cereal products in Sweden. Var Foda 45: 308–311.
52. Nordskog, R and Clark, B.J. 1945. Ergotism in pregnant sows, female rat and guinea pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 6, 107–116.
53. Mühle, E. and Breuel, K. 1977. Das Mutterkorn. 2. Aufl. A. Ziemsen Verlag Wittenberg Lutherstadt.
54. O'Neill, J.B. and Rae, W.J. 1965. Ergot tolerance in chicks and hens. Poult. Sci. 44, 1404.
55. Oresanya, T.F., Patience, J.F., Zijlstra, R.T., Beaulieu, A.D., Middleton, D.M., Blakey, B.R. and Gillis, D.A. 2003. Defining the tolerable level of ergot in the diet of weaned pigs. Can. J. Anim. Science 83, 493–500.
56. Panaccione, D.G., and Annis, S.L. 2001. Significance of fungal peptide secondary metabolites in the agri-food industry. In Applied Biology and Biotechnology: Food and Fungi, vol. I., Khachatourians, G.G., and Arora, D.K. (Eds.) Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 115–143.
57. Parkheava. 1979. Zit. nach: Wolff J, Richter WIF, Spann B. 1995. Mutterkornalkaloide in der Milch? VDLUFA-Schriftenreihe, Kongressband 18: 515–524.
58. Paterson, J., Forcherio, C., Larson, B., Samford, M. and Kerley, M. 1995. The effects of fescue toxicosis on beef cattle productivity. J Anim Sci 73: 889–898.
59. Porter, J.K. 1995. Analysis of endophyte toxins: fescue and other grasses toxic to livestock. J Anim Sci 73: 871–880.
60. Van Rensburg, S.J. and Altenkirk, B. 1974. Claviceps purpurea: ergotism. In: Purchase, I.F.H., ed. Mycotoxins, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 69–96.
61. Richter, W.I.F., Röhrmoser, G., Komusinksi, S., Rindle, C, and Wolff, J. 1990. Einfluss der Lagerdauer von mit Mutterkorn kontaminiertem Futtergetreide und dessen Rationsanteil auf Zuwachs und Futterverwertung von Ferkeln. Das wirtschaftseignen Futter 36: 236–245.
62. Rotter, R.G., Marquardt, R.R. and Young, J.C. 1985a. Effect of ergot from different source and of fractionated ergot on the performance of growing chicks. Can J Anim Sci 65: 953–961.
63. Rotter, R.G., Marquardt, R.R. and Crow, G.H. 1985b. A comparison of the effect of increasing dietary concentration of wheat ergot on the performance of leghorn and broiler chicks. Can J Anim Sci 65: 963–974.
64. Scott, P.M. and Lawrence, G.A. 1980. Analysis of ergot alkaloids in flour. J Agric Food Chem 28: 1258–1261.
65. Scott, P.M. 1995. Mycotoxin methodology. Food Additives and Contaminants 12: 395–403.
66. Scott, P.M. 2005. Ergot alkaloids – Analysis. In: Management of Mycotoxins in Food and Feeds for Improving Public Health. International Agency for Research in Cancer, Lyon, France, in press.
67. Smith, J.E. and Henderson, R.S. 1991: Mycotoxins in Animal Food. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton.
68. Sülflohn, K. 2005. Das geltende Futtermittelrecht mit Typenliste für Einzel- und Mischfuttermittel- Stand December 2004. Grüne Broschüre 2005.
69. Swamy, H.V.L.N., Smith, T.K., Cotter, P.F., Boermans, H.J. and Sefton, A.E. 2002. Effects of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with mycotoxins on production and metabolism in broilers. Poult Sci 81: 966–975.
70. Tfelt-Hansen, P., Saxena, P.R. and Ferrari, M.D. 1995. Ergot alkaloids. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 21: 61–78.
71. Trucksess, M.W. 2003. General Referee Reports. Committee on Natural Toxins and Food Allergens. J AOAC International 86: 129–138.
72. Trucksess, M.W. 2004. General Referee Reports. Committee on Natural Toxins and Food Allergens. J AOAC International 87: 275–284.
73. Urga, K., Debella, A., Medihn, Y.W., Agata, N., Bayu, A. and Zewdie, W. 2002. Laboratory studies on the outbreak of gangrenous ergotism associated with consumption of contaminated barley in Arsi, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 16: 317–323.
74. Vivrette, S., Stebbins, M.E., Martin, O., Dooley, K. and Cross, D.L. 2001. Cardiorespiratory and thermoregulatory effects of endophyte-infected fescue in exercising horses. Equine Vet Sci 21: 65–67.
75. Weipert, D. 1996. Zit. nach: Engelke T. 2002. Ansätze für eine integrierte Bekämpfung des Mutterkorns im Roggen. Dissertation Universität Göttingen, 1. Aufl., Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen.
76. Whittemore, C.T., Macer, R.C.F., Miller, J.K. and Mantle, P.G. 1976. Some consequences of the ingestion by young and growing pigs of feed contaminated with ergot. Res Vet Sci 20: 61–69.
77. Whittemore, C.T., Miller, J.K. and Mantle, P.G. 1977. Further studies concerning the toxicity of ingested ergot sclerotia (Claviceps purpurea) to young and growing pigs. Res Vet Sci 22: 146–150.
78. Wolff, J., Neudecker, C., Klug, C. and Weber, R. 1988. Chemische und toxikologische Untersuchungen über Mutterkorn in Mehl und Brot. Z Ernährungswiss 27: 1–22.
79. Wolff, J. 1989. Mutterkorn in Getreide. Getreidekonservierung und Futterschäden durch Getreide 30. Bericht der Praktiker- Informationstagung; 14.03.1989; Grub. Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, editors.
80. Wolff, J. and Richter, W.I.F. 1989. Chemische Untersuchungen an Mutterkorn. Getreide, Mehl und Brot 43: 103–108.
81. Wolff, J. 1992. Mutterkorn in Getreide und Getreideprodukten. In: Ocker, H.D. (ed). Rückstände und Kontaminanten in Getreide und Getreideprodukten. Behrs Verlag, Hamburg, Chapter 7.
82. Wolff, J., Richter, W.I.F. and Spann, B. 1995. Mutterkornalkaloide in der Milch? VDLUFA-Schriftenreihe, Kongressband 18: 515–524.
83. Woods, A.J., Bradley-Jones, J. and Mantle, P.G. 1966. An outbreak of gangrenous ergotism in cattle. Vet Rec 78: 742–749.
84. Young, J.C. 1981a. Variability in the content and composition of alkaloids found in canadian ergot. 1. rye. J Environ Sci Health 16: 83–111.
85. Young, J.C. 1981b. Variability in the content and composition of alkaloids found in canadian ergot. 2. wheat. J Environ Sci Health 16: 831–393.
86. Young, J.C. and Chen, Z. 1982. Variability in the content and composition of alkaloid found in canadian ergot. 3. triticale and barly. J Environ Sci Health 17: 93–107.
87. Young, J.C. and Marquardt, R.R. 1982. Effects of ergotamine tartrate on growing chickens. Can J Anim Sci 62: 1181–1191.