Correction of hypomagnesemia by dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes: A post hoc analysis of 10 randomized, placebo-controlled trials

Journal of Diabetes and its Complications

Volumn 33, Issue 10, 2019, Pages

  Toto, Robert D ^a   Goldenberg, Ronald ^b   Chertow, Glenn M ^c   Cain, Valerie ^d   Stefánsson, Bergur V ^e   Sjöström, C David ^e   Sartipy, Peter ^e,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b LMC DIABETES AND ENDOCRINOLOGY   (Canada)

^c STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d Bogier Clinical and IT Solutions   (United States)

^e ASTRAZENECA R AND D   (Sweden)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SKÖVDE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Dapagliflozin; Hypomagnesemia; Post hoc analysis; Randomized controlled trials; SGLT2 inhibitor; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

DAPAGLIFLOZIN; PLACEBO; 2-(3-(4-ETHOXYBENZYL)-4-CHLOROPHENYL)-6-HYDROXYMETHYLTETRAHYDRO-2H-PYRAN-3,4,5-TRIOL; BENZHYDRYL DERIVATIVE; GLUCOSIDE; MAGNESIUM;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEMALE; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERMAGNESEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY; MIDDLE AGED; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; AGED; BLOOD; COMPLICATION; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

AGED; BENZHYDRYL COMPOUNDS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GLUCOSIDES; HUMANS; MAGNESIUM; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; MIDDLE AGED; PLACEBOS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 85069912043     PISSN: 10568727     EISSN: 1873460X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.06.007     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Floege, J., Magnesium in CKD: more than a calcification inhibitor?. J Nephrol 28 (2015), 269–277, 10.1007/s40620-014-0140-6.
2. DiNicolantonio, J.J., Liu, J., O'Keefe, J.H., Magnesium for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Open Heart, 5, 2018, e000775, 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000775.
3. Gommers, L.M., Hoenderop, J.G., Bindels, R.J., de Baaij, J.H., Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes: a vicious circle?. Diabetes. 65 (2016), 3–13, 10.2337/db15-1028.
4. Pham, P.C., Pham, P.M., Pham, S.V., Miller, J.M., Pham, P.T., Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2 (2007), 366–373, 10.2215/CJN.02960906.
5. Ozcaliskan Ilkay, H., Sahin, H., Tanriverdi, F., et al. Association between magnesium status, dietary magnesium intake, and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 38 (2019), 31–39, 10.1080/07315724.2018.1476194.
6. Pham, P.C., Pham, P.M., Pham, P.A., et al. Lower serum magnesium levels are associated with more rapid decline of renal function in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Clin Nephrol 63 (2005), 429–436.
7. Peters, K.E., Chubb, S.A., Davis, W.A., Davis, T.M., The relationship between hypomagnesemia, metformin therapy and cardiovascular disease complicating type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e74355, 10.1371/journal.pone.0074355.
8. Del Gobbo, L.C., Imamura, F., Wu, J.H., de Oliveira Otto, M.C., Chiuve, S.E., Mozaffarian, D., Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 98 (2013), 160–173, 10.3945/ajcn.112.053132.
9. Sakaguchi, Y., Shoji, T., Hayashi, T., et al. Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: a novel predictor of end-stage renal disease. Diabetes Care 35 (2012), 1591–1597, 10.2337/dc12-0226.
10. Dasgupta, A., Sarma, D., Saikia, U.K., Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 16 (2012), 1000–1003, 10.4103/2230-8210.103020.
11. Del Gobbo, L.C., Song, Y., Poirier, P., Dewailly, E., Elin, R.J., Egeland, G.M., Low serum magnesium concentrations are associated with a high prevalence of premature ventricular complexes in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 11, 2012, 23, 10.1186/1475-2840-11-23.
12. Fiset, C., Kargacin, M.E., Kondo, C.S., Lester, W.M., Duff, H.J., Hypomagnesemia: characterization of a model of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol 27 (1996), 1771–1776, 10.1016/0735-1097(96)00089-7.
13. Kalra, S., Sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a review of their basic and clinical pharmacology. Diabetes Ther. 5 (2014), 355–366, 10.1007/s13300-014-0089-4.
14. Zelniker, T.A., Wiviott, S.D., Raz, I., et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 393 (2019), 31–39, 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32590-X.
15. Zinman, B., Wanner, C., Lachin, J.M., et al. EMPA-REG OUTCOME investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 373 (2015), 2117–2128, 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720.
16. Perkovic, V., Jardine, M.J., Neal, B., et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med, 2019; Apr 14, 10.1056/NEJMoa1811744.
17. Wiviott, S.D., Raz, I., Bonaca, M.P., et al. DECLARE–TIMI 58 investigators. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 380 (2019), 347–357, 10.1056/NEJMoa1812389.
18. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(Suppl 1).
19. Tang, H., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., et al. Elevated serum magnesium associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use in type 2 diabetes patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Diabetologia. 59 (2016), 2546–2551, 10.1007/s00125-016-4101-6.
20. Gilbert, R.E., Mende, C., Vijapurkar, U., Sha, S., Davies, M.J., Desai, M., Effects of canagliflozin on serum magnesium in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a post hoc analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Ther 8 (2017), 451–458, 10.1007/s13300-017-0232-0.
21. Kohan, D.E., Fioretto, P., Tang, W., List, J.F., Long-term study of patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment shows that dapagliflozin reduces weight and blood pressure but does not improve glycemic control. Kidney Int 85 (2014), 962–971, 10.1038/ki.2013.356.
22. Filippatos, T.D., Tsimihodimos, V., Liamis, G., Elisaf, M.S., SGLT2 inhibitors-induced electrolyte abnormalities: an analysis of the associated mechanisms. Diabetes Metab Syndr 12 (2018), 59–63, 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.08.003.
23. Ferrannini, E., Ramos, S.J., Salsali, A., Tang, W., List, J.F., Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care 33 (2010), 2217–2224, 10.2337/dc10-0612.
24. Bailey, C.J., Morales Villegas, E.C., Woo, V., Tang, W., Ptaszynska, A., List, J.F., Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin monotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled 102-week trial. Diabetes Med 32 (2015), 531–541, 10.1111/dme.12624.
25. Henry, R.R., Murray, A.V., Marmolejo, M.H., Hennicken, D., Ptaszynska, A., List, J.F., Dapagliflozin, metformin XR, or both: initial pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes, a randomised controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract 66 (2012), 446–456, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.02911.x.
26. Bailey, C.J., Gross, J.L., Pieters, A., Bastien, A., List, J.F., Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 375 (2010), 2223–2233, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60407-2.
27. Bailey, C.J., Gross, J.L., Hennicken, D., Iqbal, N., Mansfield, T.A., List, J.F., Dapagliflozin add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 102-week trial. BMC Med, 11, 2013, 43, 10.1186/1741-7015-11-43.
28. Bolinder, J., Ljunggren, Ö., Johansson, L., et al. Dapagliflozin maintains glycaemic control while reducing weight and body fat mass over 2 years in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab 16 (2014), 159–169, 10.1111/dom.12189.
29. Strojek, K., Yoon, K.H., Hruba, V., Elze, M., Langkilde, A.M., Parikh, S., Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride: a randomized, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 13 (2011), 928–938, 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01434.x.
30. Rosenstock, J., Vico, M., Wei, L., Salsali, A., List, J.F., Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA(1c), body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care 35 (2012), 1473–1478, 10.2337/dc11-1693.
31. Jabbour, S.A., Hardy, E., Sugg, J., Parikh, S., Study 10 Group, Dapagliflozin is effective as add-on therapy to sitagliptin with or without metformin: a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care 37 (2014), 740–750, 10.2337/dc13-0467.
32. Wilding, J.P., Woo, V., Soler, N.G., et al. Dapagliflozin 006 study group. Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 156 (2012), 405–415, 10.7326/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00003.
33. Wilding, J.P., Woo, V., Rohwedder, K., Sugg, J., Parikh, S., Dapagliflozin 006 Study Group. Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin: efficacy and safety over 2 years. Diabetes Obes Metab 16 (2014), 124–136, 10.1111/dom.12187.
34. Cefalu, W.T., Leiter, L.A., de Bruin, T.W., Gause-Nilsson, I., Sugg, J., Parikh, S.J., Dapagliflozin's effects on glycemia and cardiovascular risk factors in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a 28-week extension. Diabetes Care 38 (2015), 1218–1227, 10.2337/dc14-0315.
35. Leiter, L.A., Cefalu, W.T., de Bruin, T.W., Gause-Nilsson, I., Sugg, J., Parikh, S.J., Dapagliflozin added to usual care in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus with preexisting cardiovascular disease: a 24-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a 28-week extension. J Am Geriatr Soc 62 (2014), 1252–1262, 10.1111/jgs.12881.
36. Ceremuzyński, L., Gebalska, J., Wolk, R., Makowska, E., Hypomagnesemia in heart failure with ventricular arrhythmias. Beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation. J Intern Med 247 (2000), 78–86, 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00585.x.
37. Wannamethee, S.G., Papacosta, O., Lennon, L., Whincup, P.H., Serum magnesium and risk of incident heart failure in older men: the British Regional Heart Study. Eur J Epidemiol 33 (2018), 873–882, 10.1007/s10654-018-0388-6.
38. Kunutsor, S.K., Khan, H., Laukkanen, J.A., Serum magnesium and risk of new onset heart failure in men: the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Study. Eur J Epidemiol 31 (2016), 1035–1043, 10.1007/s10654-016-0164-4.
39. Barbagallo, M., Dominguez, L.J., Resnick, L.M., Magnesium metabolism in hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Ther 14 (2007), 375–385, 10.1097/01.mjt.0000209676.91582.46.
40. Mishra, S., Padmanaban, P., Deepti, G.P., Sarkar, G., Sumathi, G., Toora, B.D., Serum magnesium and dyslipidemia in type-2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Res 23 (2012), 295–300.
41. Rusu, M., Cristea, V., Frenţiu, T., Măruţoiu, C., Rusu, L.D., Magnesium and selenium in diabetics with peripheral artery disease of the lower limbs. Clujul Med 86 (2013), 235–239.
42. Pedersen, M.G., Ahlstedt, I., El Hachmane, M.F., Göpel, S.O., Dapagliflozin stimulates glucagon secretion at high glucose: experiments and mathematical simulations of human A-cells. Sci Rep, 6, 2016, 31214, 10.1038/srep31214.
43. Xu, L.H., Maalouf, N.M., Effect of acute hyperinsulinemia on magnesium homeostasis in humans. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 33, 2017, e2844, 10.1002/dmrr.2844.
44. Dong, J.Y., Xun, P., He, K., Qin, L.Q., Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care 34 (2011), 2116–2122, 10.2337/dc11-0518.
45. Solati, M., Ouspid, E., Hosseini, S., Soltani, N., Keshavarz, M., Dehghani, M., Oral magnesium supplementation in type II diabetic patients. Med J Islam Repub Iran, 28, 2014, 67.
46. ELDerawi, W.A., Naser, I.A., Taleb, M.H., Abutair, A.S., The effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycemic response among type 2 diabetes patients. Nutrients., 11, 2018, 44, 10.3390/nu11010044.
47. Bashir, Y., Sneddon, J.F., Staunton, H.A., et al. Effects of long-term oral magnesium chloride replacement in congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 72 (1993), 1156–1162, 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90986-M.
48. van de Wal-Visscher, E.R., Kooman, J.P., van der Sande, F.M., Magnesium in chronic kidney disease: should we care?. Blood Purif 45 (2018), 173–178, 10.1159/000485212.
49. Alves, S.C., Tomasi, C.D., Constantino, L., et al. Hypomagnesemia as a risk factor for the non-recovery of the renal function in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28 (2013), 910–916, 10.1093/ndt/gfs268.
50. Ikee, R., Cardiovascular disease, mortality, and magnesium in chronic kidney disease: growing interest in magnesium-related interventions. Ren Replace Ther, 4, 2018, 1, 10.1186/s41100-017-0142-7.