Hydroxyl Radicals in E-Cigarette Vapor and E-Vapor Oxidative Potentials under Different Vaping Patterns

Chemical Research in Toxicology

Volumn 32, Issue 6, 2019, Pages 1087-1095

  Son, Yeongkwon ^a,b   Mishin, Vladimir ^c   Laskin, Jeffrey D ^c,d   Mainelis, Gediminas ^e   Wackowski, Olivia A ^a,f   Delnevo, Cristine ^a,f   Schwander, Stephan ^a,c   Khlystov, Andrey ^b   Samburova, Vera ^b   Meng, Qingyu ^a,c  

^a RUTGERS SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f RUTGERS CANCER INSTITUTE OF NEW JERSEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; GLYCEROL; HYDROXYL RADICAL; NICOTINE; OXYGEN; PROPYLENE GLYCOL; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; FLAVORING AGENT; LIGAND;

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EPITHELIAL LINING FLUID; FENTON REACTION; HUMAN; LUNG EPITHELIUM; OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN SUPPLY; VAPING; VAPOR; CHEMISTRY; ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION;

E-CIGARETTE VAPOR; ELECTRONIC NICOTINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS; FLAVORING AGENTS; HUMANS; HYDROXYL RADICAL; LIGANDS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; VAPING;

EID: 85067393064     PISSN: 0893228X     EISSN: 15205010     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00400     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Arrazola, R. A., Singh, T., Corey, C. G., Husten, C. G., Neff, L. J., Apelberg, B. J., Bunnell, R. E., Choiniere, C. J., King, B. A., and Cox, S. (2015) Tobacco use among middle and high school students-United States, 2011-2014. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 64, 381-385
2. Schoenborn, C. A. and Gindi, R. M. (2015) Electronic cigarette use among adults: United States, 2014. NCHS data brief 217, 1-8
3. Goniewicz, M. L., Knysak, J., Gawron, M., Kosmider, L., Sobczak, A., Kurek, J., Prokopowicz, A., Jablonska-Czapla, M., Rosik-Dulewska, C., Havel, C. et al. (2014) Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tobacco control 23, 133-139, 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859
4. Tierney, P. A., Karpinski, C. D., Brown, J. E., Luo, W., and Pankow, J. F. (2015) Flavour chemicals in electronic cigarette fluids. Tob. Control 25, e10-e15, 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052175
5. Goel, R., Durand, E., Trushin, N., Prokopczyk, B., Foulds, J., Elias, R. J., and Richie, J. P., Jr (2015) Highly reactive free radicals in electronic cigarette aerosols. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 28, 1675-1677, 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00220
6. Lerner, C. A., Sundar, I. K., Yao, H., Gerloff, J., Ossip, D. J., McIntosh, S., Robinson, R., and Rahman, I. (2015) Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PLoS One 10, e0116732, 10.1371/journal.pone.0116732
7. Ciencewicki, J., Trivedi, S., and Kleeberger, S. R. (2008) Oxidants and the pathogenesis of lung diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 122, 456-468, 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.08.004
8. Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J. M. (1999) Free radicals in biology and medicine, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
9. Pryor, W. A., Stone, K., Zang, L.-Y., and Bermúdez, E. (1998) Fractionation of aqueous cigarette tar extracts: fractions that contain the tar radical cause DNA damage. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 441-448, 10.1021/tx970159y
10. Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Sisler, J. D., Shaffer, J., Leonard, S. S., Morris, A. M., Qian, Y., Bello, D., and Demokritou, P. (2018) Assessment of reactive oxygen species generated by electronic cigarettes using acellular and cellular approaches. J. Hazard. Mater. 344, 549-557, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.057
11. Geiss, O., Bianchi, I., and Barrero-Moreno, J. (2016) Correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the heating coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 219, 268-277, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.01.004
12. Khlystov, A. and Samburova, V. (2016) Flavoring compounds dominate toxic aldehyde production during e-cigarette vaping. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 13080-13085, 10.1021/acs.est.6b05145
13. Zhao, T., Shu, S., Guo, Q., and Zhu, Y. (2016) Effects of design parameters and puff topography on heating coil temperature and mainstream aerosols in electronic cigarettes. Atmos. Environ. 134, 61-69, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.03.027
14. Ayres, J. G., Borm, P., Cassee, F. R., Castranova, V., Donaldson, K., Ghio, A., Harrison, R. M., Hider, R., Kelly, F., Kooter, I. M., Marano, F., Maynard, R. L., Mudway, I., Nel, A., Sioutas, C., Smith, S., Baeza-Squiban, A., Cho, A., Duggan, S., and Froines, J. (2008) Evaluating the toxicity of airborne particulate matter and nanoparticles by measuring oxidative stress potential-A workshop report and consensus statement. Inhalation Toxicol. 20, 75-99, 10.1080/08958370701665517
15. Levent, A., Yardim, Y., and Senturk, Z. (2009) Voltammetric behavior of nicotine at pencil graphite electrode and its enhancement determination in the presence of anionic surfactant. Electrochim. Acta 55, 190-195, 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.08.035
16. Mourtzinos, I., Konteles, S., Kalogeropoulos, N., and Karathanos, V. T. (2009) Thermal oxidation of vanillin affects its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Food Chem. 114, 791-797, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.014
17. ELiquidRecipes. (2017) e-Liquid Recipes. https://www.nicvape.com/eliquid-recipes.
18. Hutzler, C., Paschke, M., Kruschinski, S., Henkler, F., Hahn, J., and Luch, A. (2014) Chemical hazards present in liquids and vapors of electronic cigarettes. Arch. Toxicol. 88, 1295-1308, 10.1007/s00204-014-1294-7
19. Son, Y., Wackowski, O., Weisel, C., Schwander, S., Mainelis, G., Delnevo, C., and Meng, Q. (2018) Evaluation of e-vapor nicotine and nicotyrine concentrations emitted under various e-liquid compositions, device settings and vaping topographies. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 31, 861, 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00063
20. Misthub. (2013) Tutorial: Variable Voltage and Vaping Power Chart. https://www.misthub.com/blogs/vape-tutorials/76788421-tutorial-variable-voltage-and-vaping-power-chart.
21. Dautzenberg, B. and Bricard, D. (2015) Real-Time Characterization of E-Cigarettes Use: The 1 Million Puffs Study. J. Addict. Res. Ther. 2015, 1000229, 10.4172/2155-6105.1000229
22. Meng, Q., Schwander, S., Son, Y., Rivas, C., Delnevo, C., Graber, J., Giovenco, D., Bruen, U., Mathew, R., and Robson, M. (2016) Has the mist been peered through? Revisiting the building blocks of human health risk assessment for electronic cigarette use. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 22, 558-579, 10.1080/10807039.2015.1100064
23. Norton, K. J., June, K. M., and O'Connor, R. J. (2014) Initial puffing behaviors and subjective responses differ between an electronic nicotine delivery system and traditional cigarettes. Tob. Induced Dis. 12, 17, 10.1186/1617-9625-12-17
24. Robinson, R., Hensel, E., Morabito, P., and Roundtree, K. (2015) Electronic cigarette topography in the natural environment. PLoS One 10, e0129296, 10.1371/journal.pone.0129296
25. Spindle, T. R., Breland, A. B., Karaoghlanian, N. V., Shihadeh, A. L., and Eissenberg, T. (2015) Preliminary results of an examination of electronic cigarette user puff topography: The effect of a mouthpiece-based topography measurement device on plasma nicotine and subjective effects. Nicotine Tob. Res. 17, 142-149, 10.1093/ntr/ntu186
26. Hua, M. and Talbot, P. (2016) Potential health effects of electronic cigarettes: a systematic review of case reports. Preventive medicine reports 4, 169-178, 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.06.002
27. Son, Y., Mishin, V., Welsh, W., Lu, S.-E., Laskin, J. D., Kipen, H., and Meng, Q. (2015) A Novel High-Throughput Approach to Measure Hydroxyl Radicals Induced by Airborne Particulate Matter. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12, 13678-13695, 10.3390/ijerph121113678
28. van der Vliet, A., O'Neill, C. A., Cross, C. E., Koostra, J. M., Volz, W. G., Halliwell, B., and Louie, S. (1999) Determination of low-molecular-mass antioxidant concentrations in human respiratory tract lining fluids. Am. J. Physiol-Lung C 276, L289-L296, 10.1152/ajplung.1999.276.2.L289
29. Talih, S., Balhas, Z., Eissenberg, T., Salman, R., Karaoghlanian, N., El Hellani, A., Baalbaki, R., Saliba, N., and Shihadeh, A. (2015) Effects of user puff topography, device voltage, and liquid nicotine concentration on electronic cigarette nicotine yield: measurements and model predictions. Nicotine Tob. Res. 17, 150-157, 10.1093/ntr/ntu174
30. Lin, Y.-C. (2013) Catalytic valorization of glycerol to hydrogen and syngas. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38, 2678-2700, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.12.079
31. Jensen, R. P., Strongin, R. M., and Peyton, D. H. (2017) Solvent chemistry in the electronic cigarette reaction vessel. Sci. Rep. 7, 42549, 10.1038/srep42549
32. Hemings, E. B., Cavallotti, C., Cuoci, A., Faravelli, T., and Ranzi, E. (2012) A detailed kinetic study of pyrolysis and oxidation of glycerol (propane-1, 2, 3-triol). Combust. Sci. Technol. 184, 1164-1178, 10.1080/00102202.2012.664006
33. Rosado-Reyes, C. M. and Tsang, W. (2014) Thermal Stability of Larger Carbonyl Compounds: 2-Methylbutyraldehyde. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 46, 285-293, 10.1002/kin.20828
34. Bitzer, Z. T., Goel, R., Reilly, S. M., Elias, R. J., Silakov, A., Foulds, J., Muscat, J., and Richie, J. P., Jr (2018) Effect of flavoring chemicals on free radical formation in electronic cigarette aerosols. Free Radical Biol. Med. 120, 72-79, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.020
35. Singh, G., Maurya, S., deLampasona, M. P., and Catalan, C. A. N. (2007) A comparison of chemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of cinnamon leaf and bark volatile oils, oleoresins and their constituents. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45, 1650-1661, 10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.031
36. Yaylayan, V., Haffenden, L., Chu, F., and Wnorowski, A. (2005) Oxidative pyrolysis and postpyrolytic derivatization techniques for the total analysis of Maillard model systems: investigation of control parameters of Maillard reaction pathways. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1043, 41-54, 10.1196/annals.1333.005
37. Gehling, W. and Dellinger, B. (2013) Environmentally persistent free radicals and their lifetimes in PM2. 5. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 8172-8178, 10.1021/es401767m
38. Jamal, A., King, B. A., Neff, L. J., Whitmill, J., Babb, S., and Graffunder, C. (2016) Current cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2005-2015. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 65, 1205, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6544a2
39. Church, D. F. and Pryor, W. A. (1985) Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications. Environ. Health Perspect. 64, 111, 10.1289/ehp.8564111
40. Sussan, T. E., Gajghate, S., Thimmulappa, R. K., Ma, J., Kim, J.-H., Sudini, K., Consolini, N., Cormier, S. A., Lomnicki, S., Hasan, F. et al. (2015) Exposure to Electronic Cigarettes Impairs Pulmonary Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Viral Defenses in a Mouse Model. PLoS One 10, e0116861, 10.1371/journal.pone.0116861
41. Anderson, C., Majeste, A., Hanus, J., and Wang, S. (2016) E-cigarette aerosol exposure induces reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and cell death in vascular endothelial cells. Toxicol. Sci. 154, 332, 10.1093/toxsci/kfw166
42. Rouabhia, M., Park, H. J., Semlali, A., Zakrzewski, A., Chmielewski, W., and Chakir, J. (2017) E-Cigarette Vapor Induces an Apoptotic Response in Human Gingival Epithelial Cells Through the Caspase-3 Pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 232, 1539-1547, 10.1002/jcp.25677
43. Yu, V., Rahimy, M., Korrapati, A., Xuan, Y., Zou, A. E., Krishnan, A. R., Tsui, T., Aguilera, J. A., Advani, S., Alexander, L. E. C. et al. (2016) Electronic cigarettes induce DNA strand breaks and cell death independently of nicotine in cell lines. Oral Oncol. 52, 58-65, 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.10.018
44. Thorne, D., Larard, S., Baxter, A., Meredith, C., and Gaça, M. (2017) The comparative in vitro assessment of e-cigarette and cigarette smoke aerosols using the ?H2AX assay and applied dose measurements. Toxicol. Lett. 265, 170-178, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.12.006
45. Taylor, M., Carr, T., Oke, O., Jaunky, T., Breheny, D., Lowe, F., and Gaça, M. (2016) E-cigarette aerosols induce lower oxidative stress in vitro when compared to tobacco smoke. Toxicol. Mech. Methods 26, 465-476, 10.1080/15376516.2016.1222473
46. Giovenco, D. P., Hammond, D., Corey, C. G., Ambrose, B. K., and Delnevo, C. D. (2015) E-cigarette market trends in traditional US retail channels, 2012-2013. Nicotine Tob. Res. 17, 1279-1283, 10.1093/ntr/ntu282
47. Corey, C. G., Ambrose, B. K., Apelberg, B. J., and King, B. A. (2015) Flavored tobacco product use among middle and high school students-United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 64, 1066-1070, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6438a2
48. Moses, E., Wang, T., Corbett, S., Jackson, G. R., Drizik, E., Perdomo, C., Perdomo, C., Kleerup, E., Brooks, D., O'Connor, G. et al. (2017) Molecular impact of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure in human bronchial epithelium. Toxicol. Sci. 155, 248-257, 10.1093/toxsci/kfw198
49. Jeong, S.-M., Kim, S.-Y., Kim, D.-R., Jo, S.-C., Nam, K., Ahn, D., and Lee, S.-C. (2004) Effect of heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from citrus peels. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 3389-3393, 10.1021/jf049899k