Late erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to prevent red blood cell transfusion in preterm or low birth weight infants

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2019, Issue 2, 2019, Pages

  Aher, Sanjay M ^a   Ohlsson, Arne ^b  

^a Dr Aher's Neocare Hospital   (India)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIANEMIC AGENT; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FERROUS SULFATE; IRON; PLACEBO; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN;

BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; ENCEPHALOMALACIA; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; ERYTHROPOIESIS; HUMAN; INFECTION; IRON BLOOD LEVEL; LENGTH OF STAY; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG DYSPLASIA; MORTALITY; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS; PNEUMONIA; PREMATURITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA; REVIEW; SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; AGE; BLOOD; CAUSE OF DEATH; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; META ANALYSIS; NEWBORN; NEWBORN ANEMIA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TIME FACTOR;

AGE FACTORS; ANEMIA, NEONATAL; BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA; CAUSE OF DEATH; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION; ERYTHROPOIETIN; HEMATINICS; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HUMANS; INFANT, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 85062586958     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004868.pub5     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Akisu M, Tuzun S, Arslanoglu S, Yalaz M, Kultursay N,. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin administration on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme(s) activities in preterm infants. Acta Medica Okayama 2001; 55 (6): 357-62. [DOI: 10.18926/AMO/31997; PUBMED: 11779098] 10091681
2. Al-Kharfy T, Smyth JA, Wadsworth L, Krystal G, Fitzgerald C, Davis J, et al., Erythropoietin therapy in neonates at risk of having bronchopulmonary dysplasia and requiring multiple transfusions. Journal of Pediatrics 1996; 129 (1): 89-96. [PUBMED: 8757567] 10091682
3. Smyth JA, Ainsworth L, Krystal G, Wadsworth L,. Effect of erythropoietin therapy on oxygen dependency in premature infants. Pediatric Research 2002; 51 (3): 330 A. 10091683
4. Atasay B, Gunlemez A, Akar N, Arsan S,. Does early erythropoietin therapy decrease transfusions in anemia of prematurity?. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2002; 69 (5): 389-91. [PUBMED: 12061670] 10091684
5. Bader D, Blondheim O, Jonas R, Admoni O, Abend-Winge M, Reich D, et al., Decreased ferritin levels, despite iron supplementation, during erythropoietin therapy in anaemia of prematurity. Acta Paediatrica 1996; 85 (4): 496-501. [PUBMED: 8740313] 10091685
6. Basiri B, Shokouhi M, Pezeshki N, Torabian S,. Beneficial erythropoetic effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in very low-birth weight infants: A single-center randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Neonatology 2015; 4 (2): 87-90. [DOI: 10.4103/2249-4847.154103 ] 10091687
7. Bechensteen AG, Haga P, Halvorsen S, Whitelaw A, Liestol K, Lindemann R, et al., Erythropoietin, protein, and iron supplementation and the prevention of anaemia of prematurity. Archieves of Disease in Childhood 1993; 69 (1 Spec No): 19-23. [PUBMED: 8346946] 10091688
8. Bechensteen AG, Halvorsen S, Haga P,. Erythropoiesis during rapid growth. Role of erythropoietin and nutrition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1994; 718: 339-40. [PUBMED: 8185241] 10091690
9. Bechensteen AG, Halvorsen S, Haga P, Cotes PM, Liestol K,. Erythropoietin (Epo), protein and iron supplementation and the prevention of anaemia of prematurity: Effects on serum immunoreactive Epo, growth and protein and iron metabolism. Acta Paediatrica 1996; 85 (4): 490-5. [PUBMED: 8346946] 10091689
10. Bechensteen AG, Refsum HE, Halvorsen S, Haga P, Liestol K,. Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on fetal and adult hemoglobin in preterm infants. Pediatric Research 1995; 38 (5): 729-32. [DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199511000-00016; PUBMED: 8552441] 10091691
11. Bierer R, Roohi M, Peceny C, Ohls RK,. Erythropoietin increases reticulocyte counts and maintains hematocrit in neonates requiring surgery. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2009; 44 (8): 1540-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.112; PUBMED: 19635302] 10091692
12. Chen JY, Wu TS, Chanlai SP,. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia of prematurity. American Journal of Perinatology 1995; 12 (5): 314-8. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-994483; PUBMED: 8540930] 10091693
13. Corona G, Fulia F, Liotta C, Barberi I,. Clinical use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) in the treatment of preterm anaemia [Uso clinico dell'eritropoietina umana ricombinante (rHuEPO) nell'anemia della prematurita]. Rivista Italiana Pediatria 1998; 24: 442-9. 10091694
14. Donato H, Rendo P, Vivas R, Schvartzman G, Digregorio J, Vain N,. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of anemia of prematurity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing three different doses. International Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 1996; 3: 279-85. 2625415
15. Emmerson AJ, Coles HJ, Stern CM, Pearson TC,. Double blind trial of recombinant human erythropoietin in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1993; 68 (3 Spec No): 291-6. [PUBMED: 8466265] 10091695
16. Giannakopoulou C, Bolonaki I, Stiakaki E, Dimitriou H, Galanaki H, Hatzidaki E, et al., Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) administration to premature infants for the treatment of their anemia. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 1998; 15 (1): 37-43. [PUBMED: 9509504] 10091696
17. Giannakopoulou C, Bolonaki I, Stiakaki E, Dimitriou H, Galanaki H, Hatzidaki E, et al., Erythropoietin (rHuEPO) administration to premature infants for the treatment of their anemia. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 1998; 15 (1): 37-43. [PUBMED: 9509504] 10091697
18. Griffiths G, Lall R, Chatfield S, Short A, MacKay P, Williamson P, et al., Randomised controlled double blind study of the role of recombinant erythropoietin in the prevention of chronic lung disease. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 1997; 76 (3): F190-2. [PUBMED: 9175950] 10091698
19. Javier Manchon G, Natal Pujol A, Coroleu Lletget W, Zuasnabar Cotro A, Badia Barnusell J, Junca Piera J, et al., Randomized multi-centre trial of the administration of erythropoietin in anemia of prematurity [Estudio multicentrico aleatorizado De administracion De eritropoyetina en la anemia De la prematuridad]. Anales Espanoles De Pediatria 1997; 46 (6): 587-92. [PUBMED: 9297428] 10091699
20. Juul SE,. Enterally dosed recombinant human erythropoietin does not stimulate erythropoiesis in neonates. Journal of Pediatrics 2003; 143 (3): 321-6. [PUBMED: 14517513] 10091700
21. Kivivuori SM, Virtanen M, Raivio KO, Viinikka L, Siimes MA,. Oral iron is sufficient for erythropoietin treatment of very low birth-weight infants. European Journal of Pediatrics 1999; 158 (2): 147-51. [PUBMED: 10048613] 10091701
22. Kumar P, Shankaran S, Krishnan RG,. Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy for treatment of anemia of prematurity in very low birth weight infants: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Perinatology 1998; 18 (3): 173-7. [PUBMED: 9659643] 10091702
23. Maier RF, Obladen M, Muller-Hansen I, Kattner E, Merz U, Arlettaz R, et al., Early treatment with erythropoietin beta ameliorates anemia and reduces transfusion requirements in infants with birth weights below 1000 g. Journal of Pediatrics 2002; 141 (1): 8-15. [PUBMED: 12091844] 10091703
24. Meyer MP, Haworth C, McNeill L,. Is the use of recombinant human erythropoietin in anemia of prematurity cost-effective?. South African Medical Journal 1996; 86 (3): 251-3. [PUBMED: 8658295] 10091704
25. Meyer MP, Meyer JH, Commerford A, Hann FM, Sive AA, Moller G, et al., Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of the anemia of prematurity: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pediatrics 1994; 93 (6 Pt 1): 918-23. [PUBMED: 8190577] 10091705
26. Kasper DC, Widness JA, Haiden N, Berger A. Hayde M, Pollak A, et al., Characterization and differentiation of iron status in anemic very low birth weight infants using a diagnostic nomogram. Neonatology 2009; 95 (2): 164-71. [PUBMED: 18776731] 10091706
27. Pollak A, Hayde M, Hayn M, Herkner K, Lombard KA, Lubec G, et al., Effect of intravenous iron supplementation on erythropoiesis in erythropoietin-treated premature infants. Pediatrics 2001; 107 (1): 78-85. [PUBMED: 11134438] 10091707
28. Reiter PD, Rosenberg AA, Valuck R, Novak K,. Effect of short-term erythropoietin therapy in anemic premature infants. Journal of Perinatology 2005; 25 (2): 125-9. [PUBMED: 15526012] 10091708
29. Rocha VL, Benjamin AC, Procianoy RS,. The effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on the treatment of anemia of prematurity. Journal De Pediatria 2001; 77 (2): 75-83. [PUBMED: 14647595] 10091709
30. Romagnoli C, Zecca E, Gallini F, Girlando P, Zuppa AA,. Do recombinant human erythropoitetin and iron supplementation increase the risk of retinopathy of prematurity?. European Journal of Pediatrics 2000; 159 (8): 627-8. [PUBMED: 10968244] 10091710
31. Ronnestad A, Moe PJ, Breivik N,. Enhancement of erythropoiesis by erythropoietin, bovine protein and energy fortified mother's milk during anaemia of prematurity. Acta Paediatrica 1995; 84 (7): 809-11. [PUBMED: 7549303] 10091711
32. Samanci N, Ovali F, Daolu T,. Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in infants with very low birth weights. Journal of International Medical Research 1996; 24 (2): 190-8. [DOI: 10.1177/030006059602400203; PUBMED: 8737229] 10091712
33. Newton NR, Leonard CH, Piecuch RE, Phibbs RH,. Neurodevelopmental outcome of prematurely born children treated with recombinant erythropoietin in infancy. Journal of Perinatology 1999; 19 (6 Pt 1): 403-6. [PUBMED: 10685268] 10091713
34. Shannon KM, Mentzer WC, Abels RI, Freeman P, Newton N, Thompson D, et al., Recombinant human erythropoietin in the anemia of prematurity: Results of a placebo-controlled pilot study. Journal of Pediatrics 1991; 118 (6): 949-55. [PUBMED: 2040933] 10091714
35. Shannon KM, Mentzer WC, Abels RI, Wertz M, Thayer-Moriyama J, Li WY, et al., Enhancement of erythropoiesis by recombinant human erythropoietin in low birth weight infants: A pilot study. Journal of Pediatrics 1992; 120 (4 Pt 1): 586-92. 2625454
36. Bard H, Widness JA,. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on the switchover from fetal to adult hemoglobin synthesis in preterm infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1995; 127 (3): 478-80. [PUBMED: 7544827] 10091715
37. Baxter LM, Vreman HJ, Ball B, Stevenson DK,. Recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) increases total bilirubin production in premature infants. Clinical Pediatrics 1995; 34 (4): 213-6. [DOI: 10.1177/000992289503400407; PUBMED: 7789015] 10091716
38. Brown MS, Shapiro H,. Effect of protein intake on erythropoiesis during erythropoietin treatment of anemia of prematurity. Journal of Pediatrics 1996; 128 (4): 512-7. [PUBMED: 8618185] 10091717
39. Shannon KM, Keith JF 3rd, Mentzer WC, Ehrenkranz RA, Brown MS, Widness JA, et al., Recombinant human erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis and reduces erythrocyte transfusions in very low birth weight preterm infants. Pediatrics 1995; 95 (1): 1-8. [PUBMED: 7770284] 10091718
40. Widness JA, Lombard KA, Ziegler EE, Serfass RE, Carlson SJ, Johnson KJ, et al., Erythrocyte incorporation and absorption of 58Fe in premature infants treated with erythropoietin. Pediatric Research 1997; 41 (3): 416-23. [DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199703000-00019; PUBMED: 9078545] 10091719
41. Whitehall JS, Patole SK, Campbell P,. Recombinant human erythropoietin in anemia of prematurity. Indian Pediatrics 1999; 36 (1): 17-27. [PUBMED: 10709119] 10091720
42. Yamada M, Takahashi R, Chiba Y, Ito T, Nakae N,. Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in infants with anemia of prematurity. I. Results in infants with birth weights between 1,000 and 1,499 gm. Acta Neonatologica Japonica 1999; 35 (4): 755-61. 10091721
43. Yamada M, Takahashi R, Chiba Y, Ito T, Nakae N,. Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in infants with anemia of prematurity. II. Results in infants with birth weights between 500 and 999 gm. Acta Neonatologica Japonica 1999; 35 (4): 762-7. 2625466
44. Ahmadpour Kacho M, Zahed Pasha YA, Esmaili MR, Hajian K, Moradi SH,. The effect of human recombinant erythropoietin on prevention of anemia of prematurity. Pediatric Research 2003; 54 (4): 564. 2625468
45. Amin AA, Alzahrani DM,. Efficacy of erythropoietin in premature infants. Pediatric Research 2003; 54 (4): 557. [PUBMED: 11938417] 10091722
46. Badiee Z, Pourmirzaiee MA, Kelishadi R, Naseri F,. Recombinant human erythropoietin and blood transfusion in low-birth weight preterm infants under restrictive transfusion guidelines. Saudi Medical Journal 2006; 27 (6): 817-20. [PUBMED: 16758042] 10091723
47. Bechensteen AG, Hågå P, Halvorsen S, Liestøl K, Lindemann R, Whitelaw A, et al., Effect of low and moderate doses of recombinant human erythropoietin on the haematological response in premature infants on high protein and iron intake. European Journal of Pediatrics 1997; 156 (1): 56-61. [PUBMED: 9007493] 10091724
48. Messer J, Haddad J, Donato L, Astruc D, Matis J,. Early treatment of premature infants with recombinant human erythropoietin. Pediatrics 1993; 92 (4): 519-23. [PUBMED: 8414820] 10091725
49. Meyer MP, Haworth C, Meyer JH, Commerford A,. A comparison of oral and intravenous iron supplementation in preterm infants receiving recombinant erythropoietin. Journal of Pediatrics 1996; 129 (2): 258-63. [PUBMED: 8765624] 10091726
50. Mohammadzadeh A, Naseri F,. Effect of high versus low doses of human recombinant erythropoietin on the anemia of prematurity. Acta Medica Iranica 2005; 43 (2): 95-8. 10091727
51. Bierer R, Roohi M, Ohls RK,. A randomized, masked study of weekly erythropoietin dosing in neonates. Pediatric Academic Societies' Annual Meeting. 2008: E-PAS2008:633749.3. 10091728
52. Ohls RK, Christensen RD,. Recombinant erythropoietin compared with erythrocyte transfusion in the treatment of anemia of prematurity. Journal of Pediatrics 1991; 119 (5): 781-8. 2625483
53. Bierer R, Roohi M, Ohls RK,. A randomized, masked study of weekly erythropoietin dosing in neonates. Pediatric Academic Societies' Annual Meeting. 2008: E-PAS2008:633749.3. 2625485
54. Ohls RK, Roohi M, Peceny HM, Schrader R, Bierer R,. A randomized, masked study of weekly erythropoietin dosing in preterm infants. Journal of Pediatrics 2012; 160 (5): 790-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.10.026; PUBMED: 22137666] 10091729
55. Pasha YZ, Ahmadpour-Kacho M, Hajiahmadi M, Hosseini MB,. Enteral erythropoietin increases plasma erythropoietin level in preterm infants: A randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics 2008; 45 (1): 25-8. [PUBMED: 18250501] 10091730
56. Pathak A, Roth P, Piscitelli J, Johnson L,. Effects of vitamin E supplementation during erythropoietin treatment of the anemia of prematurity. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2003; 88 (4): F324-8. [PUBMED: 12819167] 10091731
57. Testa M, Reali A, Copula M, Pinna B, Birocchi F, Pisu C, et al., Role of rHuEpo on blood transfusions in preterm infants after the fifteenth day of life. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 1998; 15 (5): 415-20. [PUBMED: 9783307] 10091732
58. Warwood TL, Ohls RK, Wiedmeier SE, Lambert DK, Jones C, Scoffield SH, et al., Single-dose darbepoetin administration to anemic preterm neonates. Journal of Perinatology 2005; 25 (11): 725-30. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211387; PUBMED: 16151471] 10091733
59. Warwood TL, Lambert DK, Henry E, Christensen RD,. Very low birth weight infants qualifying for a 'late' erythrocyte transfusion: Does giving darbepoetin along with the transfusion counteract the transfusion's erythropoietic suppression?. Journal of Perinatology 2011; 31 (Suppl 1): S17-21. 2625496
60. Widness JA, Serfass RE, Haiden N, Nelson SE, Lombard KA, Pollak A,. Erythrocyte iron incorporation but not absorption is increased by intravenous iron administration in erythropoietin-treated premature infants. Journal of Nutrition 2006; 136 (7): 1868-73. [DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.7.1868; PUBMED: 16772451] 10091734
61. Aher SM, Ohlsson A,. Early versus late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004865.pub3 ]
62. Brown MS, Phibbs RH, Gracia JF, Dallman PR,. Postnatal changes in erythropoietin levels in untransfused premature infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1983; 103 (4): 612-7. [PUBMED: 6194281]
63. Cohen A, Manno C,. Transfusion practices in infants receiving assisted ventilation. Clinics in Perinatology 1998; 25 (1): 97-111. [PUBMED: 9523077]
64. Altman D.G., Moher D, Schultz KF,. Improving the reporting of randomised trials: The CONSORT statement and beyond. Statistics in Medicine 2012; 31 (25): 2985-97. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.5402; PUBMED: 22903776]
65. Dallman PR,. Anemia of prematurity. Annual Review of Medicine 1981; 32: 143-60. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.me.32.020181.001043; PUBMED: 7013658]
66. Dame C, Juul SE, Christensen RD,. The biology of erythropoietin in the central nervous system and its neurotrophic and neuroprotective potential. Biology of the Neonate 2001; 79 (3-4): 228-35. [DOI: 10.1159/000047097; PUBMED: 11275657]
67. Egrie JC, Browne JK,. Development and characterization of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP). British Journal of Cancer 2001; 84 Suppl 1: 3-10. [DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1746; PUBMED: 11308268]
68. Finch CA,. Erythropoiesis, erythropoietin and iron. Blood 1982; 60: 1241-6.
69. Garcia MG, Hutson AD, Chrisensen RD,. Effect of recombinant erythropoietin on "late" transfusions in the neonatal intensive care unit: A meta-analysis. Journal of Perinatology 2002; 22 (2): 108-11. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7210677; PUBMED: 11896514]
70. GRADE Working Group, McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime). GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed 5 June 2018. Hamilton (ON): GRADE Working Group, McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), 2015.
71. Hesse L, Eberl W, Schlaud M, Poets CF,. Blood transfusion. Iron load and retinopathy of prematurity. European Journal of Pediatrics 1997; 156 (6): 465-70. [PUBMED: 9208245]
72. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman D.G.,. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003; 327 (7414): 557-60. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557; PUBMED: 12958120]
73. Higgins JP, Green S editor(s),. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
74. Higgins JP, Green S editor(s),. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2017. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook.
75. Juul S,. Erythropoietin in the central nervous system, and its use to prevent hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Acta Paediatrica 2002; 91 Suppl (438): 36-42. [PUBMED: 12477263]
76. Kotto-Kome AC, Garcia MG, Calhoun DA, Christensen RD,. Effect of beginning recombinant erythropoietin treatment within the first week of life among very-low-birth-weight neonates, on "early" and "late" erythrocyte transfusions: A meta-analysis. Journal of Perinatology 2004; 24 (1): 24-9. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211018; PUBMED: 14726934]
77. Lopez E, Beuchée A, Truffert P, Pouvreau N, Patkai J, Baud O, et al., Recombinant human erythropoietin in neonates: Guidelines for clinical practice from the French Society of Neonatology [Lérythropoïétine humaine recombinante chez le nouveau-né: Recommandations pour la pratique clinique De la Société française De néonatologie]. Archives De Pédiatrie 2015; 22 (10): 1092-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2015.07.001; PUBMED: 26320680]
78. Ohls RK,. The use of erythropoietin in neonates. Clinics in Perinatology 2000; 27 (3): 681-96. [PUBMED: 10986635]
79. Ohls RK,. Erythropoietin treatment in extremely low birth weight infants: Blood in versus blood out. Journal of Pediatrics 2002; 141 (1): 3-6.
80. Ohlsson A, Aher SM,. Early erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004863.pub3 ]
81. Ohlsson A, Aher SM,. Early erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004863.pub5 ]
82. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
83. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman D.G.,. Empirical evidence of bias: Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995; 273 (5): 408-12. [PUBMED: 7823387]
84. Schünemann H, Brozek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editor(s),. Handbook for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations using the GRADE approach (updated October 2013). gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org/app/handbook/handbook.html (accessed prior to 23 January 2019).
85. Stockman JA 3rd, Oski FA,. Physiological anaemia of infancy and the anaemia of prematurity. Clinics in Hematology 1978; 7 (1): 3-18. [PUBMED: 657601]
86. Stockman JA 3rd,. Anemia of prematurity. Current concept in the issue of when to transfuse. Pediatric Clinics of North America 1986; 33 (1): 111-28. [PUBMED: 3513096]
87. Strauss RG,. Current issues in neonatal transfusions. Vox Sanguinis 1986; 51 (1): 1-9. [PUBMED: 3526725]
88. Vamvakas EC, Strauss RG,. Meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials studying the efficacy of rHuEPO in reducing blood transfusions in the anemia of prematurity. Transfusion 2001; 41 (3): 406-15. [PUBMED: 11274599]
89. Widness JA, Seward VJ, Kromer IJ, Burmeiser LF, Bell EF, Strauss RG,. Changing patterns of red blood cell transfusion in very low birth weight infants. Journal of Pediatrics 1996; 129 (5): 680-7. [PUBMED: 8917234]
90. Yu Z, Guo X, Han S, Lu J, Sun Q, Ohlsson A,. Erythropoietin for term and late preterm infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008316 ]
91. Zipursky A,. Erythropoietin therapy for premature infants: Cost without benefit?. Pediatric Research 2000; 48 (2): 136. [DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200008000-00002; PUBMED: 10926284]
92. Aher SM, Ohlsson A,. Late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004863.pub2 ]
93. Aher SM, Ohlsson A,. Late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004868.pub3 ]
94. Aher SM, Ohlsson A,. Late erythropoietin for preventing red blood cell transfusion in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004868.pub4 ]