Understanding Why Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warnings Increase Quit Attempts

Annals of Behavioral Medicine

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2019, Pages 232-243

  Brewer, Noel T ^a,b   Parada, Humberto ^a,b,c   Hall, Marissa G ^b   Boynton, Marcella H ^a   Noar, Seth M ^b   Ribisl, Kurt M ^a,b  

^a IL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^c SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cigarettes; Mediation analysis; Pictorial warnings; Quit attempts; Randomized controlled trial; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; AGED; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MIDDLE AGED; PACKAGING; PSYCHOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; AGED; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; INTENTION; MIDDLE AGED; PRODUCT LABELING; SMOKERS; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO PRODUCTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85062034104     PISSN: 08836612     EISSN: 15324796     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/abm/kay032     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2013: Enforcing Bans on Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013.
2. Canadian Cancer Society. Cigarette Package Health Warnings: International Status Report. 4th ed. Ontario, Canada: Canadian Cancer Society; 2016.
3. Noar SM, Francis DB, Bridges C, Sontag JM, Ribisl KM, Brewer NT. The impact of strengthening cigarette pack warnings: Systematic review of longitudinal observational studies. Soc Sci Med. 2016;164:118-129.
4. Brewer NT, Hall MG, Noar SM, et al. Effect of pictorial cigarette pack warnings on changes in smoking behavior: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:905-912.
5. Noar SM, Francis DB, Bridges C, et al. Effects of strengthening cigarette pack warnings on attention and message processing: A systematic review. Journal Mass Commun Q. 2017;94:416-442.
6. Fong GT, Cummings KM, Borland R, et al. The conceptual framework of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project. Tob Control. 2006;15(Suppl 3):iii3-iii11.
7. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, Tobacco Control. Vol. 12. Lyon, France: Methods for evaluating tobacco control policies; 2008.
8. Noar SM, Hall MG, Francis DB, Ribisl KM, Pepper JK, Brewer NT. Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Tob Control. 2016;25:341-354.
9. Petty RE, Cacioppo JT. The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 1986;19:123-205.
10. Borland R. Tobacco health warnings and smoking-related cognitions and behaviours. Addiction. 1997;92:1427-1435.
11. Borland R, Wilson N, Fong GT, et al. Impact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: Findings from four countries over five years. Tob Control. 2009;18:358-364.
12. Hammond D, Fong GT, Borland R, Cummings KM, McNeill A, Driezen P. Text and graphic warnings on cigarette packages: Findings from the international tobacco control four country study. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32:202-209.
13. Thrasher JF, Pérez-Hernández R, Arillo-Santillán E, Barrientos-Gutiérrez I. Towards informed tobacco consumption in Mexico: Effect of pictorial warning labels in smokers. Salud Publica Mex. 2012;54:242-253.
14. Yong HH, Borland R, Thrasher JF, et al. Mediational pathways of the impact of cigarette warning labels on quit attempts. Health Psychol. 2014;33:1410-1420.
15. Moodie C, Mackintosh AM, Hastings G. Adolescents' response to pictorial warnings on the reverse panel of cigarette packs: A repeat cross-sectional study. Tob Control. 2015;24:e93-97.
16. White V, Webster B, Wakefield M. Do graphic health warning labels have an impact on adolescents' smoking-related beliefs and behaviours? Addiction. 2008;103:1562-1571.
17. Wardle H, Pickup D, Lee L, et al. Evaluating the Impact of Picture Health Warnings on Cigarette Packets. London, UK: Public Health Research Consortium; 2010.
18. Peters E, Romer D, Slovic P, et al. The impact and acceptability of Canadian-style cigarette warning labels among U.S. smokers and nonsmokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007;9:473-481.
19. Golmier I, Chebat JC, Gélinas-Chebat C. Can cigarette warnings counterbalance effects of smoking scenes in movies? Psychol Rep. 2007;100:3-18.
20. Rosenstock IM. Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Educ Behav. 1974;2:328-335.
21. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991; 50:179-211.
22. Ferrer RA, Klein WM, Persoskie A, Avishai-Yitshak A, Sheeran P. The Tripartite Model of Risk Perception (TRIRISK): Distinguishing deliberative, affective, and experiential components of perceived risk. Ann Behav Med. 2016;50:653-663.
23. Witte K. Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Commun Monogr. 1992;59:329-349.
24. Kees J, Burton S, Andrews JC, Kozup J. Understanding how graphic pictorial warnings work on cigarette packaging. J Pub Pol Mark. 2010;29:265-276.
25. Kees J, Burton S, Andrews JC, Kozup J. Tests of graphic visuals and cigarette package warning combinations: Implications for the framework convention on tobacco control. J Pub Pol Mark. 2006;25:212.
26. Nonnemaker JM, Choiniere CJ, Farrelly MC, Kamyab K, Davis KC. Reactions to graphic health warnings in the United States. Health Educ Res. 2015;30:46-56.
27. O'Hegarty M, Pederson LL, Nelson DE, Mowery P, Gable JM, Wortley P. Reactions of young adult smokers to warning labels on cigarette packages. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30:467-473.
28. Hall MG, Sheeran P, Noar SM, Ribisl KM, Bach LE, Brewer NT. Reactance to health warnings scale: Development and validation. Ann Behav Med. 2016;50:736-750.
29. Erceg-Hurn DM, Steed LG. Does exposure to cigarette health warnings elicit psychological reactance in smokers? J Appl Soc Psychol. 2011;41:219-237.
30. LaVoie NR, Quick BL, Riles JM, Lambert NJ. Are graphic cigarette warning labels an effective message strategy? A test of psychological reactance theory and source appraisal. Communic Res. 2017;44:416-436.
31. Hammond D, Fong GT, McDonald PW, Brown KS, Cameron R. Graphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes: Evidence from Canadian smokers. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1442-1445.
32. Borland R, Yong HH, Wilson N, et al. How reactions to cigarette packet health warnings influence quitting: Findings from the ITC Four-Country survey. Addiction. 2009;104:669-675.
33. Cho YJ, Thrasher JF, Swayampakala K, et al. Does reactance against cigarette warning labels matter? Warning label responses and downstream smoking cessation amongst adult smokers in Australia, Canada, Mexico and the United States. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0159245.
34. Emery LF, Romer D, Sheerin KM, Jamieson KH, Peters E. Affective and cognitive mediators of the impact of cigarette warning labels. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;16:263-269.
35. Evans AT, Peters E, Strasser AA, Emery LF, Sheerin KM, Romer D. Graphic warning labels elicit affective and thoughtful responses from smokers: Results of a randomized clinical trial. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0142879.
36. Morgan JC, Southwell BG, Noar SM, et al. Frequency and content of conversations about pictorial warnings on cigarette packs. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017.
37. Hall MG, Sheeran P, Noar SM, et al. Negative affect, message reactance and perceived risk: How do pictorial cigarette pack warnings change quit intentions? Tob Control. 2017.
38. Parada H, Jr., Hall MG, Boynton MH, Brewer NT. Trajectories of responses to pictorial cigarette pack warnings. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017.
39. Kowitt SD, Goldstein AO, Schmidt AM, Hall MG, Brewer NT. Attitudes toward FDA regulation of newly deemed tobacco products. Tob Regul Sci. 2017;3:504-515.
40. Hall MG, Marteau TM, Sunstein CR, et al. Public support for pictorial warnings on cigarette packs: An experimental study of US smokers. J Behav Med. 2018;41:398-405.
41. Brewer NT, Hall MG, Lee JG, Peebles K, Noar SM, Ribisl KM. Testing warning messages on smokers' cigarette packages: A standardised protocol. Tob Control. 2016;25:153-159.
42. Brody T: Clinical Trials: Study Design, Endpoints and Biomarkers, Drug Safety, and FDA and ICH Guidelines. London, UK: Academic Press; 2011.
43. MacKinnon DP, Fairchild AJ, Fritz MS. Mediation analysis. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:593-614.
44. Kline RB. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2011.
45. Hayes AF. Beyond baron and kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Commun Monogr. 2009;76:408-420.
46. Hall MG, Sheeran P, Noar SM, Ribisl KM, Boynton MH, Brewer NT. A brief measure of reactance to health warnings. J Behav Med. 2017;40:520-529.
47. Dillard JP, Shen L. On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Commun Monogr. 2005;72:144-168.
48. Peebles K, Hall MG, Pepper JK, Byron MJ, Noar SM, Brewer NT. Adolescents' responses to pictorial warnings on their parents' cigarette packs. J Adolesc Health. 2016;59:635-641.
49. Festinger L. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 1957.
50. Weinstein ND. Accuracy of smokers' risk perceptions. Ann Behav Med. 1998;20:135-140.
51. Weinstein ND, Marcus SE, Moser RP. Smokers' unrealistic optimism about their risk. Tob Control. 2005;14:55-59.
52. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Toward a comprehensive model of change. In Miller WR, Heather N, eds. Treating Addictive Behaviors. New York: Plenum Press; 1986:3-27.