Clozapine and Long-Term Mortality Risk in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Studies Lasting 1.1-12.5 Years

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2019, Pages 315-329

  Vermeulen, Jentien M ^a   Van Rooijen, Geeske ^a   Van De Kerkhof, Marita P J ^a   Sutterland, Arjen L ^a   Correll, Christoph U ^b,c,d   De Haan, Lieuwe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b ZUCKER HILLSIDE HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c DONALD AND BARBARA ZUCKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT HOFSTRA NORTHWELL   (United States)

^d CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

antipsychotics; clozapine; mortality; schizop hrenia

Indexed keywords

CLOZAPINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; EMBASE; HUMAN; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY RATE; MORTALITY RISK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCINFO; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; MORTALITY;

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CLOZAPINE; HUMANS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 85057714967     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: 17451701     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby052     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Chesney E, Goodwin GM, Fazel S. Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: A meta-review. World Psychiatry. 2014;13:153-160.
2. Walker ER, McGee RE, Druss BG. Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:334-341.
3. Tiihonen J, Lnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, et al. 11-Year followup of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: A populationbased cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet. 2009;374:620-627.
4. Chang CK, Hayes RD, Perera G, et al. Life expectancy at birth for people with serious mental illness and other major disorders from a secondary mental health care case register in London. PLoS One. 2011;6:e19590.
5. Olfson M, Gerhard T, Huang C, Crystal S, Stroup TS. Premature mortality among adults with schizophrenia in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:1172-1181.
6. Vermeulen J, van Rooijen G, Doedens P, Numminen E, van Tricht M, de Haan L. Antipsychotic medication and long-Term mortality risk in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Psychol Med. 2017;47:2217-2228.
7. Siskind D, McCartney L, Goldschlager R, Kisely S. Clozapine V. first-And second-generation antipsychotics in treatmentrefractory schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-Analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209:387-394.
8. Siskind D, Siskind V, Kisely S. Clozapine response rates among people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Data from a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62:772-777.
9. Samara MT, Dold M, Gianatsi M, et al. Efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of antipsychotics in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A network meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:199-210.
10. Meltzer HY, Alphs L, Green AI, et al.; International Suicide Prevention Trial Study Group. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:82-91.
11. Crilly J. The history of clozapine and its emergence in the US market: A review and analysis. Hist Psychiatry. 2007;18:39-60.
12. Nielsen J, Young C, Ifteni P, et al. Worldwide differences in regulations of clozapine use. CNS Drugs. 2016;30:149-161.
13. De Hert M, Detraux J, van Winkel R, Yu W, Correll CU. Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;8:114-126.
14. Walker AM, Lanza LL, Arellano F, Rothman KJ. Mortality in current and former users of clozapine. Epidemiology. 1997;8:671-677.
15. Kiviniemi M, Suvisaari J, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Hkinen U, Isohanni M, Hakko H. Antipsychotics and mortality in first-onset schizophrenia: Prospective Finnish register study with 5-year follow-up. Schizophr Res. 2013;150:274-280.
16. Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ. Suicidal risk during treatment with clozapine: A meta-Analysis. Schizophr Res. 2005;73:139-145.
17. Weinmann S, Read J, Aderhold V. Influence of antipsychotics on mortality in schizophrenia: Systematic review. Schizophr Res. 2009;113:1-11.
18. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-Analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097.
19. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gzsche PC, et al.; Cochrane Bias Methods Group; Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. The Cochrane Collaboration?s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928.
20. Wells G, Shea B, O?Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of non-randomised studies in meta-Analyses. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical-epidemiology/oxford.asp. Accessed October 4, 2016.
21. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, et al. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2009.
22. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-Analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557-560.
23. Wimberley T, MacCabe JH, Laursen TM, et al. Mortality and self-harm in association with clozapine in treatmentresistant schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:990-998.
24. Girgis RR, Phillips MR, Li X, et al. Clozapine v. chlorpromazine in treatment-naive, first-episode schizophrenia: 9-year outcomes of a randomised clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;199:281-288.
25. Dickson RA, Dalby JT, Williams R, Warden SJ. Hospital days in clozapine-Treated patients. Can J Psychiatry. 1998;43:945-948.
26. Hayes RD, Downs J, Chang CK, et al. The effect of clozapine on premature mortality: An assessment of clinical monitoring and other potential confounders. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41:644-655.
27. Hennessy S, Bilker WB, Knauss JS, et al. Cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmia in patients taking antipsychotic drugs: Cohort study using administrative data. BMJ. 2002;325:1070.
28. Kelly DL, McMahon RP, Liu F, et al. Cardiovascular disease mortality in patients with chronic schizophrenia treated with clozapine: A retrospective cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:304-311.
29. Modai I, Hirschmann S, Rava A, et al. Sudden death in patients receiving clozapine treatment: A preliminary investigation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:325-327.
30. Pridan S, Swartz M, Baruch Y, Tadger S, Plopski I, Barak Y. Effectiveness and safety of clozapine in elderly patients with chronic resistant schizophrenia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27:131-134.
31. Ringbk WG, Berglund M, Lindstr EA, Nilsson M, Salmi P, Ros M. Mortality, attempted suicide, re-hospitalisation and prescription refill for clozapine and other antipsychotics in Sweden-A register-based study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014;23:290-298.
32. Taipale H, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Alexanderson K, et al. Antipsychotics and mortality in a nationwide cohort of 29,823 patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2017; pii: S0920-9964(17)30762-4.
33. Mela M, Depiang G. Clozapine?s effect on recidivism among offenders with mental disorders. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2016;44:82-90.
34. Schulte PF, Bocxe JT, Doodeman HJ, van Haelst IM, Cohen D. Risk of new-onset diabetes after long-Term treatment with clozapine in comparison to other antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;36:115-119.
35. Taylor DM, Douglas-Hall P, Olofinjana B, Whiskey E, Thomas A. Reasons for discontinuing clozapine: Matched, case-control comparison with risperidone long-Acting injection. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194:165-167.
36. Gaertner I, Gaertner HJ, Vonthein R, Dietz K. Therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine in relapse prevention: A five-year prospective study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:305-310.
37. Khan AA, Ashraf A, Baker D, et al. Clozapine and incidence of myocarditis and sudden death-long term Australian experience. Int J Cardiol. 2017;238:136-139.
38. Lee J, Bies R, Bhaloo A, Powell V, Remington G. Clozapine and anemia: A 2-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76:1642-1647.
39. Munro J, O?Sullivan D, Andrews C, Arana A, Mortimer A, Kerwin R. Active monitoring of 12,760 clozapine recipients in the UK and Ireland. Beyond pharmacovigilance. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:576-580.
40. Srivastava S, Agarwal A, Sharma M. A three-year naturalistic follow-up of patients receiving clozapine: Report from India. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2002;6:167-171.
41. Davis MC, Fuller MA, Strauss ME, Konicki PE, Jaskiw GE. Discontinuation of clozapine: A 15-year naturalistic retrospective study of 320 patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2014;130:30-39.
42. Lindstrom LH. A retrospective study on the long-Term efficacy of clozapine in 96 schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients during a 13-year period. Psychopharmacology. 1989;99 (suppl):S84-S86.
43. Rim R, Kuoppasalmi K, Naukkarjnen H, Lang S, Sandqvist A, Leinonen E. Clozapine decreases the level of anxiety and aggressive behaviour in patients with therapy-refractory schizophrenia. Nord J Psychiatry. 1994;48:315-320.
44. DE Hert M, Correll CU, Bobes J, et al. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry. 2011;10:52-77.
45. Stringhini S, Carmeli C, Jokela M, et al.; LIFEPATH Consortium. Socioeconomic status and the 25 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: A multicohort study and meta-Analysis of 17 million men and women. Lancet. 2017;389:1229-1237.
46. De Hert M, Cohen D, Bobes J, et al. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. II. Barriers to care, monitoring and treatment guidelines, plus recommendations at the system and individual level. World Psychiatry. 2011;10:138-151.
47. De Hert M, Correll CU, Cohen D. Do antipsychotic medications reduce or increase mortality in schizophrenia? A critical appraisal of the FIN-11 study. Schizophr Res. 2010;117:68-74.
48. Nielsen J, Correll CU, Manu P, Kane JM. Termination of clozapine treatment due to medical reasons: When is it warranted and how can it be avoided? J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:603-613; quiz 613.
49. Fontaine KR, Heo M, Harrigan EP, et al. Estimating the consequences of anti-psychotic induced weight gain on health and mortality rate. Psychiatry Res. 2001;101:277-288.
50. Henderson DC, Nguyen DD, Copeland PM, et al. Clozapine, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular risks and mortality: Results of a 10-year naturalistic study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:1116-1121.
51. Kane JM. Clozapine reduces all-cause mortality. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:920-921.
52. Bachmann CJ, Aagaard L, Bernardo M, et al. International trends in clozapine use: A study in 17 countries. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136:37-51.
53. Nielsen J, Dahm M, Lublin H, Taylor D. Psychiatrists? attitude towards and knowledge of clozapine treatment. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24:965-971.
54. Torniainen M, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Tanskanen A, et al. Antipsychotic treatment and mortality in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41:656-663.
55. Simon GE, Stewart C, Yarborough BJ, et al. Mortality rates after the first diagnosis of psychotic disorder in adolescents and young adults. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:254-260.