In situ remediation engineering

In Situ Remediation Engineering

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-487

  Suthersan, Suthan S ^a   Payne, Fred C ^b  

^a ARCADIS G and M Inc   (United States)

^b ARCADIS G and M   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85056954193     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (348)

1. Larson, R.A. and E.J. Weber, Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
2. Chappelle, F.H., Ground-Water Microbiology and Geochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001.
3. Schwarzenbach, R.P., P.M. Gschwend, and D.M. Imboden, Environmental Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2003.
4. Donohoe, T.J., Oxidation and Reduction in Organic Synthesis, Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., 2000.
5. Jeffers, P.M. et al. Homogeneous hydrolysis rate constants for selected methanes, ethenes, and propanes, Environ. Sci. Technology, 23, 965–969, 1989.
6. Wiedemeier, T.H. et al., Natural Attenuation of Fuels and Chlorinated Solvents in the Subsurface, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.
7. Lyman, W.J., W.F. Reehl, and D.H. Rosenblatt, Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982.
8. Boethling, R.S. and D. MacKay, Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
9. Mabey, W.R. and T. Mill, Critical review of hydrolysis of organic compounds in water under environmental conditions, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data,7,383–415, 1978.
10. Schnoor, J.L., Environmental Modeling; Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Water and Soil, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
11. Lodish, H. et al., Molecular Cell Biology, W.H. Freeman & Company, New York, 2000.
12. Weiner, E.R., Applications of Environmental Chemistry, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
13. Wingrove, A.S. and R.L. Caret, Organic Chemistry, Harper & Row, New York, 1981.
14. Streitwieser, A., Jr. and C.H. Heathcock, Introduction to Organic Chemistry, Macmillan, New York, 1985.
15. Rittmann, B.E. and P.L. McCarty, Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.
16. Chappelle, F.H., Groundwater Microbiology and Geochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001.
17. Wilson, J.T. and B.H. Wilson, Biotransformation of trichloroethylene in soil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 49, 242–243, 1985.
18. Wackett, L.P. and C.P. Hershberger, Biocatalysis and Biodegradation, ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2001.
19. Schwarzenbach, R.P., P.M. Gschwend, and D.M. Imboden, Environmental Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, 2003.
20. Michelsen, D.L. and M. Lofti, Oxygen microbubble injection for in situ bioremediation: Possible field scenario, in Biological Processes: Innovative Waste Treatment Technology Series, Vol. 3, H.M. Freeman et al., Eds., Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA, 1993.
21. Wiedemeier, T.H. et al., Natural Attenuation of Fuels and Chlorinated Solvents in the Subsurface, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.
22. McCarty, P.E. and L. Semprini, Groundwater treatment for chlorinated solvents, in Handbook of Bioremediation, R.D. Norris, et al., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
23. Finneran, K.T. and D.R. Lovely, Anaerobic in situ bioremediation, in MTBE: Remediation Handbook, E.E. Mouer and P.T. Kostecki, Eds., Amherst Scientific Publishers, Amherst, MA, 2003.
24. Cunninghan, J.A. et al., Enhanced in situ bioremediation of BTEX-contaminated groundwater by combined injection of nitrate and sulfate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1663–1670, 2001.
25. Lovely, D.R. et al., Humic substances as a mediator for microbially catalyzed metal reduction, Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol., 26, 152–157, 1998.
26. Scott, D.T. et al., Quinone moieties act as electron acceptors in the reduction of humic substances by humics-reducing microorganisms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2984–2989, 1998.
27. Stefan, R., Envirogen Corporation, personal communication, 2000.
28. Hartsman, S., and J.A.M. de Bont, Aerobic vinyl chloride metabolism in Mycobacterium aunum, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58, 1220–1226, 1985.
29. Wilson, J.T., Aerobic in situ bioremediation, in MTBE: Remediation Handbook, E.E. Moyer, and P.T. Kostecki, Eds., Amherst Scientific Publishers, Amherst, MA, 2003.
30. Salanitro, J.P. et al., Perspectives on MTBE biodegradation and the potential for in situ aquifer bioremediation, in Southwestern Regional Conference of NGWA, Anaheim, CA, June 3–4, 1998.
31. Kolhatkar, R. et al., Evaluating natural biodegradation of MTBE at multiple UST sites, API Petroleum Conference, Anaheim, CA, November 2000.
32. Loeffler, F.E. et al., Diversity of dechlorinating bacteria, in Dechlorination: Microbial Processes and Environmental Applications, M.M. Haggblom and I.D. Bossert, Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2003.
33. Isidorov, V.A., Organic Chemistry of the Earth’s Atmosphere, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
34. Pereira, W.E., C.E. Rostad, and H.E. Taylor, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980 volanic eruption: characterization of organic compounds in ash samples, Geophys. Res. Lett., II, 111–130, 1980.
35. Castro, C.E. and N.O. Belser, Biodehalogenation. Reductive dehalogenation of the biocides ethylene dibromide, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and 2,3-dibromobutane in soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2(10), 779–783, 1968.
36. French, A.L. and Hoopingarner, R.A., Dechlorination of DDT by membranes isolated from Escherichia coli, J. Econ. Entomol., 63, 756–759, 1970.
37. Heritage, A.D. and I.C. MacRae, Identification of intermediates formed during the degradation of hexachlorocyclohexanes by Clostridium sphenoides, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 33, 1295–1297, 1977.
38. Ohisa, N., M. Yamaguchi, and N. Kurihara, Lindane degradation by cell-free extracts of Clostridium rectum, Arch. Microbiol., 125, 221–225, 1980.
39. Fantroussi, S.E., H. Naveau, and S.N. Agathos, Anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria. Biotechnol. Prog., 14(2), 167–188, 1998.
40. Graham, D.W. and T.P. Curtis, Ecological Theory and Bioremediation, in Bioremediation: A Critical Review, I.M. Head et al., Eds., Horizon Scientific Press, Norfolk, U.K., 2003.
41. Mortland, M.M. and W.D. Kemper, Specific surface, in Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 1965.
42. Torsvik, V., J. Goksoyr, and F.L. Daae, High diversity in DNA of soil bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 782–787, 1990.
43. Torsvik, V., K. Salte, R. Sorheim, and J. Goksoyr, Comparison of phenotypic diversity and DNA heterogeneity in a population of soil bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 776–781, 1990.
44. Champ, D.R., J. Gulens, and R.E. Jackson, Oxidation–reduction sequences in ground water flow systems, Can. J. Earth Sci., 16, 12–23, 1979.
45. Sharma, P.K., and P.L. McCarty, Isolation and characterization of a facultatively aerobic bacterium that reductively dehalogenates tetrachloroethene to cis-1,2 dichloroethene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62(3), 761–765, 1996.
46. Chang, Y.C., M. Hatsu, K. Jung, Y.S. Yoo, and K. Takmizawa, Isolation and characterization of a tetrachloroethylene degrading bacterium, Clostridium bifermentans DPH-1, Biosci. Bioeng., 89(5), 489–491, 2000.
47. Schink, B., Energetics of syntrophic cooperation in methanogenic degradation, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 61, 262–280, 1997.
48. Ohisa, N., M. Yamaguchi, and N. Kurihara, Lindane degradation by cell-free extracts of Clostridium rectum, Arch. Microbiol., 125, 221–225, 1980.
49. Mohn, W.W. and T.M. Tiedje, Microbial reductive dehalogenation, Microbiol. Rev., 56, 482–507, 1991.
50. Holliger, C., C. Regeard, and G. Dietert, Dehalogenation by anaerobic bacteria, in Dehalogenation: Microbial Processes and Environmental Applications, M.M. Haggblom and I.D. Bossert, Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2003.
51. Gerritse, J., V. Renard, T.M. Pedro-Gomes, P.A. Lawson, M.D. Collins, and J.C. Thomson, Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE1, an anaerobic bacterium that can grow by reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene or ortho-chlorinated phenols, Arch. Microbiol., 165, 132–140, 1996.
52. Townsend, G.T. and J.M. Sulfita, Characterization of chloroethylene dehalogenation by cell extracts of Desulfomonile tiedjei and its relationship to chlorobenzoate dehalogenation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62(8), 2850–2853, 1996.
53. Nandi, R. and S. Sengupta, Microbial production of hydrogen: an overview, CRC Rev. Microbiol., 24, 61–84, 1998.
54. Tandoi, V., T.D. Stefano, P.A. Bowser, J.M. Gossett, and S.H. Zinder, Reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated ethenes and halogenated ethanes by a high rate anaerobic enrichment culture, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 973–979, 1994.
55. Brock, T.D. and M.T. Madigan, Biology of Microorganisms, 5th ed., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1985.
56. Wild, A., R. Hermann, and T. Leisinger, Isolation of an anaerobic bacterium which reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene, Biodegradation, 7, 506–511, 1996.
57. Maymo-Gatell, X., I. Nijenhuis, and S.H. Zinder, Reductive dechlorination of cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride by Dehalococcoides ethenogenes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 516–521, 2001.
58. Thauer, R.K., K. Jungermann, and K. Decker, Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria, Bacteriol. Rev., 41, 100–180, 1977.
59. Magnuson, J.K., R.V. Stern, J.M. Gossett, S.H. Zinder, and D.R. Burris, Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to ethene by a two-component enzyme pathway, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64(4), 1270–1275, 1998.
60. Glod, G., W. Angst, C. Hollinger, and R.P. Schwarzenbach, Corrinoid-mediated reduction of tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, and trichlorofluoroethene in homogeneous aqueous solution: reaction kinetics and reaction mechanisms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31(1), 253–260, 1997.
61. Gantzer, C.J. and L.P. Wackett, Reductive dechlorination catalyzed by bacterial transition metal coenzymes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25(4), 715–722, 1991.
62. Fathepure, B.Z. and S.A. Boyd, Reductive dechlorination of perchloroethylene and the role of methanogens, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 49, 149–156, 1988.
63. Brock, T.D. and Madigan, M.T. Biology of Microorganisms, 6th ed., Prentice Hall, New York, 1991.
64. Hendrickson, E.R., J.A. Payne, R.M. Young, M.G. Starr, M.P. Perry, S. Fahnestock, D.E. Ellis, and R.C. Ebersole, Molecular analysis of Dehalococcoides 16S ribosomal DNA from chloroethene-contaminated sites throughout North America and Europe, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(2), 485–495, 2002.
65. Egli, C., T. Tschan, R. Scholtz, A.M. Cook, and T. Leisinger, Transformation of tetra-chloromethane to dichloromethane and carbon dioxide by Acetobacterium woodii, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54, 2819–2824, 1988.
66. Tersenbach, D.P., and M. Blaunt, Transformation of tetrachloroethylene to trichloroethylene by homoacetogenic bacteria, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 123(1–2), 213–218, 1994.
67. Holliger, C., D. Hahn, H. Harmsen, W. Ludwig, W. Schumacker, and B. Tindall, F, Dehalobacter restrictus gen. nov. and sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium that reductively dechlorinates tetra-and trichloroethene in an anaerobic respiration, Arch. Microbiol., 169, 313–321, 1998.
68. 2-utilizing enrichment culture that reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethene to ethene in the absence of methanogenesis and acetogenesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 3928–3933, 1995.
69. Maymo-Gatell, X., Y.-T.Chien, J. Gossett, and S. Zinder, Isolation of a bacterium that reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethene to ethene, Science, 276, 1568–1571, 1997.
70. Maymo-Gatell, X., T. Anguish, and S.H. Zinder, Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes and 1,2-dichloroethane by “Dehalococcoides ethenogenes” 195, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(7), 3108–3113, 1999.
71. Maymo-Gatell, X., I. Nijenhuis, and S.H. Zinder, Reductive dechlorination of cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride by Dehalococcoides ethenogenes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 516–521, 2001.
72. Scholtz-Muramatsu, H., A. Neuman, M. Messmer, E. Moore, and G. Diekert, Isolation and characterization of Dehalospirillum multivorans gen. nov., sp. Nov., a tetra-chloroethene-utilizing, strictly anaerobic bacterium, Arch. Microbiol., 163, 48–56, 1995.
73. Loeffler, F.E., R.A. Sanford, and J.M. Tiedje, Initial characterization of a reductive dehalogenase from Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans Co23, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62(10), 3809–3813, 1996.
74. Suyama, A., R. Iwakiri, K. Kai, T. Tokunaga, N. Sera, and K. Furukawa, Isolation and characterization of Desulfitobacterium sp. strain Y51 capable of efficient dehalogenation of tetrachloroethene and polychloroethanes, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 65(7), 1474–1481, 2001.
75. DeWeerd, K.A., F. Concannon, and J.M. Suflita, Relationship between hydrogen consumption, dehalogenation, and the reduction of sulfur oxyanions by Desulfomonile tiedjei, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57, 1929–1934, 1991.
76. Fathepure, B.Z. and J.M. Tiedje, Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene by a chlorobenzoate-enriched biofilm reactor, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28(4), 746–752, 1994.
77. Krumholz, L.R., R. Sharp, and S.B. Fishbain, A freshwater anaerobe coupling acetate oxidation to tetrachloroethylene dehalogenation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 4108–4113, 1996.
78. Krumholz, L.R., Desulfuromonas chloroethenica sp. nov. uses tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene as electron acceptors, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 47, 1262–1263, 1997.
79. Loeffler, F.E., Q. Sun, J. Li., and J.M. Tiedje, 16S rRNA gene-based detection of tetrachloroethene-dechlorinating Desulfuromonas and Dehalococcoides species, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66, 1369–1374, 2000.
80. Fathepure, B.Z., J.P. Nengu, and S.A. Boyd, Anaerobic bacteria that dechlorinate perchloroethene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53(11), 2671–2674, 1987.
81. Fathepure, B.Z. and S.A. Boyd, Dependence of tetrachloroethylene dechlorination on methanogenic substrate consumption by Methanosarcina sp. strain DCM, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54(12), 2976–2980, 1988.
82. Baeseman, J.L. and P.J. Novak, Effects of various environmental conditions on the transformation of chlorinated solvents by Methanosarcina thermophila cell exudates, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 75(6), 634–641, 2001.
83. Freedman, D.L. and J.M. Gossett, Biological reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene to ethylene under methanogenic conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55(9), 2144–2151, 1989.
84. Bradley, P.M. and F.H. Chapelle, Methane as a product of chloroethene biodegradation under methanogenic conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 653–656, 1999.
85. Bradley, P.M., F.H. Chapelle, and J.T. Wilson, Anaerobic mineralization of vinyl chloride in Fe(III)-reducing, aquifer sediments, J. Contam. Hydrol., 31(1–2), 111–127, 1998.
86. Loeffler, F.E., J.E. Champine, K.M. Ritalahti, S.J. Sprague, and J.M. Tiedje, Complete reductive dechlorination of 1,2-dichloropropane by anaerobic bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63(7), 2870–2875, 1997.
87. Cabirol, N., F. Jacob, J. Perrier, B. Fouillet, and P. Chambon, Interaction between methanogenic and sulfate-reducing microorganisms during dechlorination of a high-concentration of tetrachloroethylene, J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 44(4), 297–301, 1998.
88. Cabirol, N., F. Jacob, J. Perrier, B. Foullet, P. Chambron, Complete degradation of high concentrations of tetrachloroethylene by a methanogenic consortium in a fixed-bed reactor, J. Biotechnol., 62(2), 133–141, 1998.
89. Cabirol, N., R. Villemur, J. Perrier, F. Jacob, B. Fouillet, and P. Chambon, Isolation of a methanogenic bacterium, Methanosarcina sp. strain FR, for its ability to degrade high concentrations of perchloroethylene, Can. J. Microbiol., 44(12), 1142–1147, 1998.
90. Duhamel, M., S.D. Wehr, L. Yu, H. Rizvi, D. Seepersad, S. Dworatzek, E.E. Cox, and E.A. Edwards, Comparison of anaerobic dechlorinating enrichment cultures maintained on tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride, Water Res., 36, 4193–4202, 2002.
91. DiStefano, T.D., J.M. Gossett, and S.H. Zinder, Reductive dechlorination of high concentrations of tetrachloroethene to ethene by an anaerobic enrichment culture in the absence of methanogenesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57(8), 2287–2292, 1991.
92. DiStefano, T.D., The effect of tetrachloroethene on biological dechlorination of vinyl chloride: potential implication for natural bioattentuation, Water Res., 33(7), 1688–1694, 1999.
93. Rosner, B.M., P.L. McCarty, and A.M. Spormann, In vitro studies on reductive vinyl chloride dehaolgenation by an anaerobic mixed culture, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63(11), 4139–4144, 1997.
94. Dybas, M.J., D.W. Hyndman, R. Heine, J. Tiedje, K. Linning, D. Wiggert, and T. Voice, Development, operation and long-term performance of a full-scale biocurtain utilizing bioaugmentation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3635–3644, 2002.
95. Ellis, D.E., E.J. Lutz, J.M. Odom, R.J. Buchanan, C.L. Bartlett, M.D. Lee, M.R. Harkness, and K.A. DeWeerd, Bioaugmentation for accelerated in situ anaerobic bioremediation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2254–2260, 2000.
96. Major, D.W., M.L. McMaster, E.E. Cox, E.A. Edwards, S.M. Dworatzek, E.R. Hendrickson, M.G. Starr, J.A. Payne, and L.W. Buonamici, Field demonstration of successful bioaugmentation to achieve dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to ethene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(23), 5106–5116, 2002.
97. Harkness, M.R., A.A. Bracco, M.J. Brennan, K.A. Deweerd, and J.L. Spivak, Use of bioaugmentation to stimulate complete reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene in Dover soil columns, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1100–1109, 1999.
98. DeFlaun, M.F., S.R. Oppenheimer, S. Streger, C.W. Condee, and M. Fletcher, Alterations in adhesion, transport, and membrane characteristics in an adhesion deficient Pseudomonad, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(2), 759–765, 1999.
99. Duhamel, M., S.D. Wehr, L. Yu, H. Rizvi, D. Seepersad, S. Dworatzek, E.E. Cox, and E.A. Edwards, Comparison of anaerobic dechlorinating enrichment cultures maintained on tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, cis-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride, Water Res., 36, 4193–4202, 2002.
100. Flynn, S.J., F.E. Loeffler, and J.M. Tiedje, Microbial community changes associated with a shift from reductive dechlorination of PCE to reductive dechlorination of cis-DCE and vinyl chloride, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1056–1061, 2000.
101. Lendvay, J.M., F.E. Loeffler, F.M. Dollhopf, M.R. Aiello, G. Daniels, B.J. Fathepure, M. Gebhard, R. Heine, R. Helton, J. Shi, R. Krajmalnik-Brown, D.L. Major, Jr., M.J. Barcelona, E. Petrovskis, R. Hickey, J.M. Tiedje, and P. Adriens, Bioreactive barriers: A comparison of bioaugmentation and biostimulation for rchlorinated solvent remediation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 1422–1432, 2003.
102. Platen, H. and B. Schink, Anaerobic degradation of acetone and higher ketones via carboxlylation by newly isolated denitrifying bacteria, J. Gen. Microbiol., 135, 883–891, 1989.
103. Bradley, P.M. and Chappelle, F.H., Anaerobic mineralization of vinyl chloride in Fe(III) reducing aquifer sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2084–2086, 1996.
104. Wilkin, R.T., “Reactive Minerals in Aquifers, Formation Processes and Quantitative Analyses,” presented at the 2003 AFCEE Technology Transfer Conference, San Antonio, TX, extended abstract published in proceedings.
105. Wilkin, R.T. and H.L. Barnes, Impact of soil chemistry on reductive dechlorination, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 4167–4179, 1996.
106. Magnuson, J.K., R.V. Stern, J.M. Gossett, S.H. Zinder, and D.R. Burris, Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to ethene by atwo-component enzyme pathway, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64(4), 1270–1275, 1998.
107. Rosetti, S., L.L. Blackall, M. Majone, P. Hugenholtz, J.J. Plumb, and V. Tandoi, Kinetic and phylogenetic characterization of an anaerobic dechlorinating microbial community, Microbiology, 149, 459–469, 2003.
108. Dolfing, J. and D.B. Janssen, Estimates of Gibbs free energies of formation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds, Biodegradation,5,21–28, 1994.
109. Wilson, J.T. and M. Ferrey, “Abiotic Reactions May Be the Most Important Mechanism in Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents,” presented at the 2003 AFCEE Technology Transfer Conference, San Antonio, TX, extended abstract published in proceedings.
110. Kriegman-King, M.R. and M. Reinhard, Transformation of carbon tetrachloride in the presence of sulfide, biotite, and vermiculite, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 2198–2206, 1992.
111. Butler, E. and K. Hayes, Kinetics of the transformation of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene by iron sulfide. Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 2021–2027, 1999.
112. Haschke, L., Reduction of perchloroethylene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 1851–1859, 1999.
113. Lee, W. and B. Batchelor, Abiotic reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethylenes by iron-bearing soil minerals. 2. Green rust, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(24), 5348–5354, 2002.
114. Williams, M.D. and M. Oostrom, Oxygenation of anoxic water in a fluctuating water table system: an experimental and numerical study, J. Hydrol., 230, 70–85, 2000.
115. Sen Gupta, A.K., Environmental Separation of Heavy Metals: Engineering Processes, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2002.
116. Sparks, D.L., Ed., Soil Physical Chemistry, 2nd ed., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1998.
117. Hong, J. et al., Effects of REDOX processes on acid producing potential and metal mobility in sediments, in Bioavailability: Physical, Chemical and Biological Interactions, Hamlink, J.E. et al., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
118. Ehrlich, H.L., Geomicrobiology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1981.
119. Conner, J.R., Chemical Fixation and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990.
120. Weiner, E.R., Applications of Environmental Chemistry, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
121. Wang, Y.T., Microbial reduction of chromate, in Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions, D.R. Lovely, Ed., ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.
122. Bader, J.L. et al., Aerobic reduction of hexavalent chromium in soil by indigenous microorganisms, Bioremediation J.,3,201–212, 1999.
123. Palmer, C. and R. Puls, Natural Attenuation of Hexavalent Chromium in Groundwater and Soils, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, OSWER, EPA/540/S-94/505,1994.
124. Gary, L., and D. Rai, Kinetics of chromium (III) oxidation to chromium (VI) by reaction with manganese dioxides, Environ. Sci. Technol., 21, 1187–1193, 1987.
125. Suthersan, S., Natural and Enhanced Remediation Systems, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2001.
126. Smedley, P.L. and D.G. Kinniburgh, A review of the source, behaviour, and distribution of arsenic in natural waters, Appl. Geochem., 17, 2001.
127. Oremland, R.S. and J. Stolz, Dissimilatory reduction of selenate and arsenate in nature, in Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions, D.R. Lovely, Ed., ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.
128. Vance, D.B., Arsenic: chemical behavior and treatment, Natl. Environ. J., May/June, 1995.
129. Sen Gupta, A.K. and J.E. Greenleaf, Arsenic in subsurface water: its chemistry and removal by engineered processes, in Environmental Separation of Heavy Metals: Engineering Processes, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2002.
130. Steffan, R.J. et al., In situ and ex situ biodegradation of MTBE and TBA in contaminated groundwater, in Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater: Prevention, Detection, and Remediation Conference and Exposition, National Ground Water Association, Houston, TX, 2001.
131. Renner, R., Reduction of perchlorate in natural systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 210A, 1998.
132. Nzengung, V.A. et al., Plant-mediated transformation of perchlorate into chloride, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1470–1478, 1999.
133. Orris, G.J. et al., Preliminary analyses for perchlorate in selected natural materials and their derivation products, USGS Open File Report 03-314, 2003.
134. Simonaitis, R. and J. Heicklen, Perchloric acid — Possible sink for stratospheric chlorine, Planetary and Space Science, 23(II), 1567–1569, 1975.
135. Erickson, G.E., The Chilean nitrate deposits, Am. Sci., 71, 366–374, 1983.
136. Harrington, J., ARCADIS, personal communication, 2003.
137. Giblin, T. et al., Removal of perchlorate in groundwater with a flow-through bioreactor, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 578–583, 2000.
138. Logan, B.E., A review of chlorate and perchlorate respiring microorganisms, Bioremed. J.,69–80, 1998.
139. Coates, J.D. et al., Ubiquity and diversity of dissimilatory (per)chlorate reducing bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 12, 5234, 1999.
140. Rikken, G.B.M. et al., Transformation of (per)chlorate into chloride by a newly isolated bacterium: reduction and dismutation, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 45, 420, 1996.
141. Herman, D.C. and W.T. Frankenberger, Jr., Microbially-mediated reduction of perchlorate in groundwater, J. Environ. Qual., 27, 750–754, 1998.
142. Wallace, W. et al., Identification of an anaerobic bacterium which reduces perchlorate and chlorate as Wolinella succinogens, J. Ind. Microbiol., 16, 68–72, 1996.
143. Zhang, H. et al., Perchlorate reduction by a novel chemolithoautotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium, Environ. Microbiol., 4(10), 570–576, 2002.
144. Attaway, H. and M. Smith, Reduction of perchlorate by an anaerobic enrichment culture, J. Ind. Microbiol., 12, 408–412, 1993.
145. Harrington, J., ARCADIS, personal communication, 2004.
146. Ji, G. and X. Kong, Adsorption of chloride, nitrate, and perchlorate by variable charge soils, Pedosphere,2,317–326, 1992.
147. Tipton, D.K. et al., Transport and biodegradation of perchlorate in soils, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 40–46, 2003.
148. Priddle, M.W. and R.E. Jackson, Laboratory column measurement of voc retardation factors and comparison with field values, Ground Water 29(2), 260–266, 1991.
149. Potter, S., ARCADIS, personal communication, 2003.
150. Aitchison, E.W., S.L. Kelley, P.J.J. Alvarez, and J.L. Schnoor, Phytoremediation of 1,4-dioxane by hybrid poplar trees, Water Environ. Res., 72(3), 313–321, 2000.
151. Ying, O.Y., Phytoremediation: modeling plant uptake and contaminant transport in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, J. Hydrol., 266(1–2), 66–82, 2002.
152. Dietz, A.C. and J.L. Schnoor, Advances in phytoremediation, Environ. Health Perspect., 109(2), 163–168, 2001.
153. Raj, C.B.C., N. Ramkumar, A.H.J. Siraj, and S. Chidambaram, Biodegradation of acetic, benzoic, isophthalic, toluic and terephthalic acids using a mixed culture: effluents of PTA production, Process Saf. Environ. Protect., 75(B4), 245–256, 1997.
154. Roy, D., G. Anagnostu, and P. Chaphalkar, Biodegradation of dioxane and diglyme in industrial-waste environmental science and engineering & toxic and hazardous substance control, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Environ. Sci. Eng. Toxic Hazard., 29(1), 129–147, 1994.
155. Roy, D., G. Anagnostu, and P. Chaphalkar, Analysis of respirometric data to obtain kinetic coefficients for biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane environmental science and engineering & toxic and hazardous substance control, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Environ. Sci. Eng. Toxic Hazard., 30(8), 1775–1790, 1995.
156. Parales, R.E., J.E. Adamus, N. White, and H.E. May, Degradation of 1,4-dioxane by an actinomycete in pure culture, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60(12), 4527–4530, 1994.
157. Burback, B.L. and J.J. Perry, Biodegradation and biotransformation of groundwater pollutant mixtures by Mycobacterium vaccae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59(4), 1025–1029, 1993.
158. Bernhardt, D. and H. Diekmann, Degradation of dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and other cyclic ethers by an environmental Rhodococcus strain, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 36(1), 120–123, 1991.
159. Zenker, M.J., R.C. Borden, and M.A. Barlaz, Mineralization of 1,4-dioxane in the presence of a structural analog, Biodegradation, 11(4), 239–246, 2000.
160. U.S. EPA, Anaerobic Biodegradation Rates of Organic Chemicals in Groundwater: A Summary of Field and Laboratory Studies, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, D.C., June 1999.
161. White, G.F., N.J. Russell, and E.C. Tidswell, Bacterial scission of ether bonds, Microbiol. Rev., 60(1), 216–232, 1996.
162. Ross, I., ARCADIS (U.K.), personal communication, 2004.
163. Pennington, J.C., Explosives, in Environmental Availability of Chlorinated Organics, Explosives, and Metals in Soils, W.C. Anderson et al., Eds, American Academy of Environmental Engineers, Annapolis, MD, 1999, 85–109.
164. Spain, J.C., Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds, Plenum Press, NewYork, 1995.
165. Pennington, J.C. and J.M. Brannon, Environmental fate of explosives, Thermochim. Acta, 384, 163–172, 2002.
166. Rittmann, B.E. and P.L. McCarty, Environmental Biotechnology, McGraw-Hill, NewYork, 2001.
167. Duque, E. et al., Construction of a Pseudomonas hybrid strain that mineralizes 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, J. Bacteriol., 175, 2278–2283, 1993.
168. Spain, J.C. et al., Eds., Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Explosives, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
169. Hawari, J., in Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Explosives, J.C. Spain et al., Eds., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2000.
170. Hoffsommer, J.C., Kinetic isotope effects and intermediate formation for the aqueous alkaline homogeneous hydrolysis of 1,3,5-triaza-1,3,5-trinitrocyclohexane (RDX), J. Phys. Chem., 81, 380–385, 1977.
171. McCormick, N.G. et al., Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 42, 817–823, 1981.
172. Harkins, V.R., et al., Aerobic biodegradation of high explosives; phase I — HMX, Bioremed. J.,3,285–290, 1999.
173. Adrian, N.R. et al., Stimulating the anaerobic biodegradation of explosives by the addition of hydrogen or electron donors that produce hydrogen, Water Res., 37, 3499–3507, 2003.
174. Sheremata, T.W. et al., The fate of cyclic nitramine explosive RDX in natural soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1037–1040, 2001.
175. Lutes, C., ARCADIS, personal communication, 2003.
176. Lovely, D.R., Ed., Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions, ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.
177. Lloyd, J.R. and L.E. Macaskie, Bioremediation of Radionuclide Containing Wastewaters in Environmental Microbe–Metal Interactions, D.R. Lovely, Ed., ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.
178. Lovely, D.R. et al., Microbial reduction of uranium, Nature, 350, 413–416, 1991.
179. Lovely, D.R. and Y. Philips, Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Applied and Environ. Microbiol., 58, 850–856, 1992.
180. Lloyd, J.R. and L.E. Macaskie, Bioremediation of radio-nuclide containing wastewaters, in Environmental Microbe-Metal Interactions, D.R. Lovely, Ed., ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2000.
181. Senko, E.L. et al., Geochemistry of radionuclides, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 290–303, 2002.
182. Chang, G. et al., Diversity and characterization of sulfate-reducing bacteria in groundwater at a uranium mill tailings site, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67, 3149–3160, 2001.
183. Abdelouas, A.W. et al., Biological reduction of uranium in groundwater and subsurface soil, Sci. Total Environ., 25, 21–35, 2000.
184. Spear, J.L. et al., Modeling reduction of U (VI) under variable sulfate concentrations by sulfate-reducing bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66, 3711–3721, 2000.
185. Abdelouas, A.W. et al., Oxidative dissolution of uraninite precipitated on Navajo sandstone. J. Contam. Hydrol., 36, 353–375, 1999.
186. Leventhal, J. and E. Santos, Relative importance of organic carbon and sulfide sulfur in a Wyoming roll-type uranium deposit. Open File Report (U.S. Geological Survey) 81–580, 1981.
187. Park, C.F., Jr. and J. Guilbert, The Geology of Ore Deposits, W.H. Freeman, New York, 1986.
188. Waste Isolation Systems Panel, Innovative Approaches for Redioactive Waste Management, 1983.
189. Tesoriero, L. et al., Precipitation of heavy metals in biotic systems, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 576–586, (2000).
190. Lack, J. et al., Immobilization of radionuclides and heavy metals through anaerobic bio-oxidation of Fe(II), Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 2704–2710, 2002.
191. Ferris, F. et al., Retention of strontium, cesium, lead and uranium by bacterial iron oxides from a subterranean environment, Appl. Geochem., 15, 1035–1042, 2000.
192. Martin, T. and H. Kempton, In situ stabilization of metal-contaminated groundwater by hydrous ferric oxide: an experimental and modeling investigation, Environ. Sci. Tech., 34, 3229–3234, 2000.
193. Lloyd, J.R. et al., Reduction of technetium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: biocatalyst characterization and use in a flowthrough bioreactor, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 2691–2696, 1999.
194. Istok, J.D. et al., In situ bioreduction of technetium and uranium in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 468–475, 2004.
195. Pyrih, R.Z., Recognizing the natural attenuation of metals, in Proceedings of IBS’s 4th Ann. Conf. Nat. Attenuation, Pasadena, CA, December, 1998.
196. Vannote, R.L., G.W. Minshall, K.W. Cummins, J.R. Sedel, and C.E. Cushing, The river continuum concept, Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci., 37, 130–137, 1980.
197. Lide, D.R., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997.
198. Tan, E.L. et al., Mutagenicity of TNT and its metabolites formed during composting, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 36, 165–175, 1992.
199. Ross, I., ARCADIS, personal communication, 2003.
200. Hawari, J. et al., Characterization of metabolites during biodegradation of RDX with municipal anaerobic sludge, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66, 2652–2657, 2000.
201. Duran, R., New shuffle vectors for Rhodococcus sp. R 312, a nitrile hydrase producing strain, J. Basic. Microbiol., 38, 101–106, 1998.
202. McCormick, N.G. et al., Biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 42, 817–823, 1981.
203. McCarty, P.L., Breathing with chlorinated solvents, Science, 276(5318), 1521–1522, 1997.
204. Stumm, W. and J.J. Morgan, Aquatic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
205. Kotz, J.C. and P. Treichel, Jr., Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, 3rd ed., Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, 1996.
206. Vogel, F., J. Harf, A. Hug, and P.R. von Rohr, The mean oxidation number of carbon (MOC) — a useful concept for describing oxidation processes, Water Res., 34(10), 2689–2702, 2000.
207. Barrow, G.M., Physical Chemistry, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.
208. Wang, Q., J. Gan, S.K. Papiernik, and S.R. Yates, Transformation and detoxification of halogenated fumigants by ammonium thiosulfate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3717–3721, 2000.
209. Stumm, W. and J.J. Morgan, Aquatic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996.
210. Masten, S. and S. Davies, Michigan State University, personal communication.
211. Ross, A.B., W.G. Mallard, W.P. Helman, G.V. Buxton, R.E. Huie, and P. Neta, NDRL-NIST Solution Kinetics Database — Version 3, Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, Notre Dame, IN, and NIST Standard Reference Data, Gaithersburg, MD, 1998.
212. Hassan, K.Z.A., K.C. Bower, and C.M. Miller, Numerical simulation of bromate, formation during ozonation of bromide, J. Environ. Eng., 129(11), 991–998, 2003.
213. Gan, J., S.R. Yates, J.O. Becker, and D. Wang, Surface amendment of fertilizer ammonium thiosulfate to reduce methyl bromide emission from soil, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2438–2441, 1998.
214. Gan, J., Q. Wang, S.R. Yates, W.C. Koskinen, and W.A. Jury, Dechlorination of chloroacetanilide herbicides by thiosulfate salts. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 99(8): 5189–5194, 2002.
215. Wang, Q., J. Gan, S.K. Papiernik, and S.R. Yates, Transformation and detoxification of halogenated fumigants by ammonium thiosulfate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(17), 3717–3721, 2000.
216. Schwarzenbach, R.P., P.M. Gschwend, and D.M. Imboden, Environmental Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2003.
217. Washington, J.W., Hydrolysis rates of dissolved volatile organic compounds: principles, temperature effects and literature review, Ground Water, 33, 415–424, 1995.
218. Pagan, M., W.J. Cooper, and J.A. Joens, Kinetic studies of the homogeneous abiotic reactions of several chlorinated aliphatic compounds in aqueous solution, Appl. Geochem., 13(6), 779–785, 1998.
219. Weast, R.C., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 50th ed., The Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, 1969.
220. Amonette, J.E., D.J. Workman, D.W. Kennedy, J.S. Fruchter, and Y.A. Gorby, Dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by Fe(II) associated with goethite, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(21), 4606–4613, 2000.
221. Wang, X. and M.L. Brusseau, Effect of pyrophosphate on the dechlorination of tetrachloroethene by the Fenton reaction, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17(9), 1689–1694, 1998.
222. Sun, Y. and J.J. Pignatello, Chemical treatment of pesticide wastes. Evaluation of Fe(III) chelates for catalytic hydrogen peroxide oxidation of 2,4-D at circumneutral pH, J. Agric. Food Chem., 40(2), 322–327, 1992.
223. Teel, A.L., C.R. Warberg, D.A. Atkinson, and R.J. Watts, Comparison of mineral and soluble iron Fenton’s catalysts for the treatment of trichloroethene, Water Res., 35(4), 977–984, 2001.
224. Carus Chemical Corporation, Permanganate product documentation, 2003.
225. U.S. Department of Energy, Type B Accident Investigation. Injury resulting from violent exothermic chemical reaction at X-701B Site, Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, DOE/ORO-2103, 2000.
226. Ibaraki, M. and F.W. Schwartz, Influence of natural heterogeneity on the efficiency of chemical floods in source zones, Ground Water, 39(5), 660–666, 2001.
227. Yan, Y.E. and F.W. Schwartz, Kinetics and mechanisms for TCE oxidation by permanganate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(12), 2535–2541, 2000.
228. U.S. EPA, Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Background Document, EPA/540/R95/128, May, 1996.
229. Seol, Y., and F.W. Schwartz, Phase-transfer catalysis applied to the oxidation of non-aqueous phase trichloroethylene by potassium permanganate, J. Contam. Hydrol., 44, 185–201, 2000.
230. Seol, Y., and F.W. Schwartz, Oxidation of binary DNAPL mixtures using potassium permanganate with a phase transfer catalyst, Ground Water Monitoring Remediation, 21(2), 124–132, 2001.
231. MacKinnon, L.K. and N.R. Thomson, Laboratory-scale in situ chemical oxidation of a perchloroethylene pool using permanganate, J. Contam. Hydrol., 56(1–2), 49–74, 2002.
232. Schnarr, M., C. Truax, G. Farquhar, E. Hood, T. Gonullu, and B. Stickney, Laboratory and controlled field experiments using potassium permanganate to remediate trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene DNAPLs in porous media, J. Contam. Hydrol., 29(3), 205–224, 1998.
233. Schroth, M.H., M. Oostrum, T.W. Wietsma, and J.D. Istok, In-situ oxidation of trichloroethene by permanganate: effects on porous medium hydraulic properties, J. Contam. Hydrol., 50(1–2), 79–98, 2001.
234. Ternes, T.A., M. Meisenheimer, D. McDowell, F. Sacher, H-J. Brauch, B. Haist-Gulde, G. Preuss, U. Wilme, and N. Zulei-Seibert, Removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking water treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(17), 3855–3863, 2002.
235. Pines, D.S., and D.A. Reckhow, Effects of dissolved cobalt(II) on the ozonation of oxalic acid, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(19), 4046–4051, 2002.
236. 2, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 99(24), 15308–15312, 2002.
237. Acero, J.L., S.B. Haderlein, T.C. Schmidt, M.J.F. Suter, and U. Von Gunten, MTBE oxidation by conventional ozonation and the combination ozone/hydrogen peroxide: efficiency of the processes and bromate formation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(21), 4252–4259, 2001.
238. Von Gunten, U. and Y. Oliveras, Kinetics of the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and hypobromous acid: implication on water treatment and natural waters, Water Res., 31(4), 900–906, 1997.
239. Von Gunten, U. and Y. Oliveras, Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing waters: bromate formation mechanisms, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(1), 63–70, 1998.
240. Pinkernell, U. and U. Von Gunten, Bromate minimization during ozonation: mechanistic considerations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(12), 2525–2531, 2001.
241. Von Gunten, U., Ozonation of drinking water: Part I. Oxidation kinetics and product formation, Water Res., 37, 1443–1467, 2003.
242. Von Gunten, U., Ozonation of drinking water: Part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in the presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine, Water Res., 37, 1469–1487, 2003.
243. Zenker, M.J., R.C. Borden, and M.A. Barlaz, Mineralization of 1,4-dioxane in the presence of a structural analog, Biodegradation, 11(4), 239–246, 2000.
244. Aitchison, E.W., S.L. Kelley, P.J.J. Alvarez, and J.L. Schnoor, Phytoremediation of 1,4-dioxane by hybrid poplar trees, Water Environ. Res., 72(3), 313–321, 2002.
245. Dietz, A.C. and J.L. Schnoor, Advances in phytoremediation, Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 163–168, 2001.
246. Ying, O.Y., Phytoremediation: modeling plant uptake and contaminant transport in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum, J. Hydrol., 266(1–2), 66–82, 2002.
247. Burback, B.L. and J.J. Perry, Biodegradation and biotransformation of groundwater pollutant mixtures by Mycobacterium vaccae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59(4), 1025–1029, 1993.
248. Parales, R.E., J.E. Adamus, N. White, and H.D. May, Degradation of 1,4-dioxane by an actinomycete in pure culture, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60(12), 4527–4530, 1994.
249. Kelley, S.L., E.W. Aitchison, M. Desphpande, J.L. Schnoor, and P.J.J Alvarez, Biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane in planted and unplanted soil: effect of bioaugmentation with Amycolata sp. CB1190, Water Res., 35(16), 3791–3800, 2001.
250. FMC Corporation, Oxidation product literature.
251. Liang, C., C.J. Bruell, M.C. Marley, and K.L. Sperry, Thermally activated persulfate oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) in aqueous systems and soil slurries, Soil & Sediment Contamination, 12(2), 207–228, 2003.
252. Newell, C.J., P.E. Haas, J.B. Hughes, and T. Khan, Results from two direct hydrogen delivery field tests for enhanced dechlorination, Proc. Second International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, California, May, 2000.
253. Lowry, G.V. and M. Reinhard, Hydrohalogenation of 1-to 3-carbon halogenated organic compounds in water using a palladium catalyst and hydrogen gas, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(11), 1905–1910, 1999.
254. McNab, W.W., Jr., R. Ruiz, and M. Reinhard., In-situ destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons in groundwater using catalytic reductive dehalogenation in a reactive well: testing and operational experiences, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(1), 149–153, 2000.
255. Svensson, E., H. Lennholm, and T. Iverson, Pulp bleaching with dithionite: brightening and darkening reactions, J. Pulp and Pap. Sci., 24(8), 254–259, 1998.
256. Chilakapati, A., M. Williams, S. Yabusaki, C. Cole, and J. Szecsody, Optimal design of an in situ Fe(II) barrier: transport limited reoxidation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(24), 5215–5221, 2000.
257. U.S. Department of Energy, Innovative technology summary report — in situ redox manipulation, OST/TMS ID 15, 2000.
258. Larson, R.A. and J. Cervini-Silva, Dechlorination of substituted trihalomethanes by iron(II) porphyrin, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 19(3), 543–548, 2000.
259. Nzengung, V.A., R.M. Castillo, W.P. Gates, and G.L. Mills, Abiotic transformation of perchloroethylene in homogeneous dithionite solution and in suspensions of dithionite-treated clay minerals, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(11), 2244–2251, 2001.
260. Chilakapati, A., Optimal design of a subsurface redox barrier, AIChE J., 45(6), 1342–1350, 1999.
261. Istok, J.D., J.E. Amonette, C.R. Cole, J.S. Fruchter, M.D. Humphrey, J.E. Szecsody, S.S. Teel, V.R. Vermeul, M.D. Williams, and S.B. Yabusaki, In situ redox manipulations by dithionite injections: intermediate-scale laboratory experiments, Ground Water, 37(6), 884–889, 1999.
262. Fruchter, J.S., C.R. Cole, M.D. Williams, V.R. Vermeul, J.E. Amonette, J.E. Szecsody, J.D. Istok, and M.D. Humphrey, Creation of a subsurface permeable treatment zone for aqueous chromate contamination using in situ redox manipulation, Ground Water Monit. Rem., 20(2), 66–77, 2000.
263. Khan, F.A., and R.W. Puls, In situ abiotic detoxification and immobilization of hexavalent chromium, Ground Water Ground Water Monit. Rem., 23(1), 77–84, 2003.
264. Patterson, R.R., S. Fendorf, and M. Fendorf, Reduction of hexavalent chromium by amorphous iron sulfide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31(7), 2039–2044, 1997.
265. Suthersan, S.S., Natural and Enhanced Remediation Systems. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2002.
266. Puls, R.W., C.J. Paul, and R.M. Powell, The application of an in situ permeable reactive (zero-valent iron) technology for the remediation of chromate-contaminated groundwater: a field test, Appl. Geochem., 14, 989–1000, 1999.
267. Roberts, A.L., L.A. Totten, W.A. Arnold, D.R. Burris, and T.J. Campbell, Reductive elimination of chlorinated ethylenes by zero-valent metals, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30(8), 2654–2659, 1996.
268. Blowes, D.W., C.J. Ptacek, S.G. Benner, C.W.T. McRae, T.A. Bennett, and R.W. Puls, Treatment of inorganic contaminants using permeable reactive barriers, J. Contam, Hydrol., 45, 123–137, 2000.
269. Furakawa, Y., J.-W. Kim, J. Watkins, and R.T. Wilkin, Formation of ferrihydrite and associated iron corrosion products in permeable reactive barriers of zero-valent iron, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(24), 5469–5475, 2002.
270. Wang, J. and J. Farrell, Investigating the role of atomic hydrogen on chloroethane reactions with iron using Tafel analysis and electrochemical impedence spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37(17), 3891–3896, 2003.
271. Johnson, T.L., W. Fish, Y.A. Gorby, and P.G. Tratnyek, Degradation of carbon tetrachloride by iron metal: complexation effects on the oxide surface, J. Contam. Hydrol., 29, 379–398, 1998.
272. Bissen, M. and F.H. Frimmel, Arsenic — a review. Part I: Occurrence, toxicity, speciation and mobility, Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol., 31(1), 9–18, 2003.
273. Smedley, P.L. and D.G. Kinniburgh, A review of the source, behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters, Appl. Geochem., 17(5), 517–568, 2002.
274. Su, C. and R.W. Puls, Arsenate and arsenite removal by zerovalent iron: kinetics, redox transformation, and implications for in situ groundwater remediation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(7), 1487–1492, 2001.
275. Su, C. and R.W. Puls, Arsenate and arsenite removal by zerovalent iron: effects of phosphate, silicate, carbonate, borate, sulfate, chromate, molybdate, and nitrate, relative to chloride, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(22), 4562–4568, 2001.
276. Comfort, S.D., P.J. Shea, T.A. Machacek, H. Gaber, and B.-T. Ho, Field-scale remediation of a metolachlor-contaminated spill site using zerovalent iron, J. Environ. Qual., 30, 1636–1643, 2001.
277. Voet, D. and J.G. Voet, Biochemistry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995.
278. Matthews, C.K., K.E. van Holde, and K.G. Ahern, Biochemistry, 3rd ed., Addison Wesley Longman, San Francisco, 2000.
279. Woods, S.L., D.J. Trobaugh, and K.J. Carter, Polychlorinated biphenyl reductive dechlorination by vitamin B12s: thermodynamics and regiospecificity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(6), 857–863, 1999.
280. Burris, D.R., C.A. Delcomyn, M.H. Smith, and A.L. Roberts, Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene catalyzed by vitamin B12 in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30(10), 3047–3052, 1996.
281. Lewis, T.A., M.J. Morra, and P.D. Brown, Comparative product analysis of carbon tetrachloride dehalogenation catalyzed by cobalt corrins in the presence of thiol or titanium(III) reducing agents, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30(1), 292–300, 1996.
282. Chiu, P.C. and M. Reinhard, Transformation of carbon tetrachloride by reduced vitamin B12 in aqueous cysteine solution, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30(6), 1882–1889, 1996.
283. Mowder, C., ARCADIS, personal communication.
284. Zou, S., H.D. Stensel, and J.H. Ferguson, Carbon tetrachloride degradation: effect of microbial growth substrate and vitamin B12 content, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(9), 1751–1757, 2000.
285. Suthersan, S.S., Natural and Enhanced Remediation Systems, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2001.
286. Suthersan, S.S. et al., Technical Protocol for Using Soluble Carbohydrates to Enhance Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, AFCEE, 2002.
287. Clarkson, R., ARCADIS, personal communication, 2003.
288. Schwarzenbach, R.P., P.M. Gschwend, and D.M. Imboden, Environmental Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2003.
289. Larson, R.A. and E.J. Weber, Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1994.
290. Semprini, L. et al., Anaerobic transformation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in a sand aquifer based on spatial chemical distributions, Water Resour. Res., 31(4), 1051–1062, 1995.
291. Newman, S.P. and P.J. Weingart, A Comprehensive Strategy of Hydrogeologic Modeling and Uncertainty Analysis for Nuclear Facilities, University of Arizona, Tucson, 2003.
292. Vrobleski, D., U.S. Geological Service, personal communication, 2003.
293. Debruin, W.P. et al., Complete biological reductive transformation of tetrachloroethene to ethane, J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58, 1996–2000, 1992.
294. Kampbell, D.H. et al., Dissolved oxygen and methane in water by a GC headspace equilibrium technique, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 36, 249–257, 1980.
295. Pirkle, R., Microseeps, personal communication, 2003.
296. ASTM, Standard Guide for Remediation of Groundwater by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites, Draft, Philadelphia, 1997.
297. Horst, J., ARCADIS, personal communication, 2003.
298. Hamond, H.F. and E.J. Fechner, Chemical Fate and Transport in the Environment, Academic Press, New York, 1994.
299. American Society of Microbiology, ASM News, September 2002, pp. 428–429.
300. Fennell, D., A. Carroll, J. Gossett, and S. Zinder, Assessment of indigenous reductive dechlorination potential at a TCE contaminated site using microcosms, polymerase chain reaction analysis, and site data, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(9), 1830–1839, 2001.
301. Flynn, S., F. Loeffler, and J. Tiedje, Microbial community changes associated with a shift from reductive dechlorination of PCE to reductive dechlorination of cis-DCE and VC, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(b), 1056–1061, 2000.
302. Hendrickson, E.R., J.A. Payne, R.M. Young, M.G. Starr, M.P. Perry, S. Fahnestock, D.E. Ellis, and R.C. Ebersole, Molecular analysis of Dehalococcoides 16S ribosomal DNA from chloroethene-contaminated sites throughout North America and Europe, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68(2): 485–495, 2002.
303. Voet, D. and J.G. Voet, Biochemistry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, NewYork, 1995.
304. Wiedermeier, T.H. et al., Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater, EPA/600/R-98/128, 1998.
305. Morse, J.J. et al., Draft Technical Protocol: A Treatability Test for Evaluating the Potential Applicability of the Reductive Anaerobic in Situ Treatment Technology (RABITT) to Remediate Chloroethenes, ESTCP, February 23, 1998.
306. ITRC, Technical and Regulatory Requirements for Enhanced in Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater, 1998.
307. Devlin, J.F. and D. Muller, Field and laboratory studies of carbon tetrachloride transformation in a sandy aquifer under sulfate reducing conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1021–1027, 1999.
308. Drzyzza, O. and J.C. Gottschal, Tetrochloroethene dehalorespiration and growth of Desulfitobacterium frappieri TCEI in strict dependence on the activity of Desulfovibrio fructosivorans, J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 642–649, 2002.
309. Bushmann, J. et al., Iron porphyrin and cysteine mediated reduction of ten polyhalo-genated methanes in homogeneous aqueous solution: product analyses and mechanistic considerations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(7), 1015–1020, 1999.
310. 4 amendments stimulate extensive anaerobic PCB dechlorination, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(21), 3360–3365, 1998.
311. Butler, E.C. and K.F. Hayes, Kinetics of the transformations of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene by iron sulfide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(12), 2021–2027, 1999.
312. Bigham, W.E., Mixing equations in short laboratory columns, J. Soc. Pet. Eng., 14, 91–99, 1974.
313. ITRC Work Group, DNAPL Source Reduction: Facing the Challenge, 2002.
314. Hinchee, R.E. (Moderator), DNAPL Source Zone Remediation, Panel Discussion, SERDP/ESTCP Partners in Environmental Technology Conference, November 29, 2001, Washington, D.C.
315. Domenico, P.A., An analytical model for multidimensional transport of a decaying contaminant species, J. Hydrol., 91(1–2), 49–58, 1987.
316. Rivett, M.O., S. Feestra, and J.A. Cherry, A controlled field experiment on groundwater contamination by a multicomponent DNAPL: creation of the emplaced source and overview of dissolved plume development, J. Contam. Hydrol., 49, 111–149, 2001.
317. Julian, H.E., J.M. Boggs, C. Zheng, and C.E. Feehley, Numerical simulation of a natural gradient tracer experiment for the natural attenuation study: flow and physical transport, Ground Water, 39(4), 534–545, 2001.
318. Fetter, C.W., Applied Hydrogeology, Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus, OH, 1988.
319. Schwille, F., Dense Chlorinated Solvents in Porous and Fractured Media (English language edition, translated by James F. Pankow), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1988.
320. Scow, K.M. and C.R. Johnson, Effect of sorption on biodegradation of soil pollutants, Adv. Agron., 58, 1–56, 1997.
321. U.S. EPA, Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Background Document, EPA/540/R95/128, May 1996.
322. U.S. EPA, Superfund Chemical Data Matrix, EPA/540/R-96/028, June 1996.
323. Montgomery, J.H. and L.M. Welkom, Groundwater Chemicals Desk Reference (2 volumes), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1990.
324. Luthy, R.G., G.A. Aiken, M.L. Brusseau, S.D. Cunningham, P.M. Gschwend, J.J. Pignatello, M. Reinhard, S.J. Traina, W.J. Weber, Jr., and J.C. Westall, Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31(12), 3341–3347, 1997.
325. Chen, W., A.T. Kan, C.J. Newell, E. Moore, and M.B. Tomson, More realistic cleanup standards with dual-equilibrium desorption, Ground Water, 40(2), 153–164, 2002.
326. Bauman, T., S. Muller, and R. Niessner, Migration of dissolved heavy metal compounds and PCP in the presence of colloids through a heterogeneous calcareous gravel and a homogeneous quartz sand — pilot scale experiments, Water Res., 36, 1213–1223, 2002.
327. Compere, F., G. Porel, and F. Delay, Transport and retention of clay particles in saturated porous media. Influence of ionic strength and pore velocity, J. Contam. Hydrol., 49, 1–21, 2001.
328. Ryan, J.N. and M. Elimelech, Colloid mobilization and transport in groundwater, Coll. Surf. A, 107, 1–56, 1996.
329. ITRC Draft DNAPL Bioremediation Report, as of Feb. 2004. Interstate Technology Regulatory Council.
330. Wymore, R., Northwind, Inc., personal communication.
331. Vidal, A., ARCADIS, personal communication.
332. Champ, D.R., J. Gulens, and R.E. Jackson, Oxidation–reduction sequences in ground water flow systems, Can. J. Earth Sci., 16, 12–23, 1979.
333. Ross, A.B., W.G. Mallard, W.P. Helman, G.V. Buxton, R.E. Huie, and P. Neta, NDRL-NIST Solution Kinetics Database — Version 3. Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, Notre Dame, IN, and NIST Standard Reference Data, Gaithersburg, MD, 1998.
334. Weast, R.C., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 50th ed., The Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, OH, 1969.
335. Kotz, J.C. and P. Treichel, Jr., Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, 3rd ed., Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth, TX, 1996.
336. Nyer, E.K., P.L. Palmer, E.P. Carman, G. Boettcher, J.M. Bedessem, F. Lenzo, T.L. Crossman, G.L. Rorech, and D.F. Kidd, In Situ Treatment Technology, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 2001.
337. Conrad, S.H., R.J. Glass, and W.J. Peplinski, Bench-scale visualization of DNAPL remediation processes in analog heterogeneous aquifers: surfactant floods and in situ oxidation using permanganate, J. Contam. Hydrol., 58, 13–49, 2002.
338. Gates-Anderson, D.D. and R.L. Siegrist, Comparison of potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide as chemical oxidants for organically contaminated soils, J. Environ. Eng., 127(4), 337–347, 2001.
339. Seol, Y. and F.W. Schwartz, Phase-transfer catalysis applied to the oxidation of non-aqueous phase trichloroethylene by potassium permanganate, J. Contam. Hydrol., 44, 185–201.
340. Shirin, S., E. Buncel, and G.W. van Loon, The use of -cyclodextrin to enhance the aqueous solubility of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene and their removal from soil organic matter: effect of substituents, Can. J. Chem., 81, 45–52, 2003.
341. Yan, Y.E. and F. Schwartz, Kinetics and mechanisms for TCE oxidation by permanganate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34 (12), 2535–2541, 2000.
342. Droste, E.X., A.M. Lee, P.M. Dinardo, G.E. Hoag, and P.V. Chheda, Observed enhanced reductive dechlorination after in situ chemical oxidation pilot test. Proc. Third Internat. Conf. Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds Monterey, CA, May 2002, 2002.
343. Chamorro, E., A. Marco, and S. Esplugas, Use of Fenton reagent to improve organic chemical biodegradability, Water Res., 35(4), 1047–1051, 2001.
344. Kao, C.M. and M.J. Wu, Enhanced TCDD degradation by Fenton’s reagent preoxidation, J. Haz. Mat., 74(3), 197–211, 2000.
345. Barcelona, M.J. and T.R. Holm, Oxidation–reduction capacities of aquifer solids, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25(9), 1565–1572, 1991.
346. Fruchter, J.S., C.R. Cole, M.D. Williams, V.R. Vermeul, J.E. Amonette, J.E. Szecsody, J.D. Istok, and M.D. Humphrey, Creation of a subsurface permeable treatment zone for aqueous chromate contamination using in situ redox manipulation, Ground Water Monit. R., 20(2), 66–77, 2000.
347. Furakawa, Y., J.W. Kim, J. Watkins, and R.T. Wilkin, Formation of ferrihydrite and associated iron corrosion products in permeable reactive barriers of zero-valent iron, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(24), 5469–5475, 2002.
348. Blowes, D.W., C.J. Ptacek, S.G. Benner, C.W.T. McRae, T.A. Bennett, and R.W. Puls, Treatment of inorganic contaminants using permeable reactive barriers, J. Contam. Hydrol., 45, 123–137, 2000.