Daily consumption of chocolate rich in flavonoids decreases cellular genotoxicity and improves biochemical parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism

Molecules

Volumn 23, Issue 9, 2018, Pages

  Leyva Soto, Aldo ^a   Chavez Santoscoy, Rocio Alejandra ^a   Lara Jacobo, Linda Ramona ^b   Chavez Santoscoy, Ana Vianey ^c   Gonzalez Cobian, Lina Natalia ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA   (Mexico)

^b CENTRE EAU TERRE ENVIRONNEMENT   (Canada)

^c Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio   (United States)

Author keywords

Dark chocolate; Flavonoids; Genotoxicity; Glucose metabolism; Lipid metabolism

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; FLAVONOID; GLUCOSE; MUTAGENIC AGENT; PHENOL DERIVATIVE;

CELL NUCLEUS; CHOCOLATE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOLOGY; DRUG EFFECT; EPITHELIUM CELL; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; MALE; METABOLISM; MOUTH MUCOSA; PATHOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; STATISTICAL MODEL; YOUNG ADULT;

ANTIOXIDANTS; CELL NUCLEUS; CHOCOLATE; EPITHELIAL CELLS; FEMALE; FLAVONOIDS; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; LIPID METABOLISM; MALE; MOUTH MUCOSA; MUTAGENS; PHENOLS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85052661604     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14203049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092220     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. World Health Organization. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. 2011. Available online: http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/ (accessed on 28 August 2011).
2. Esser, N.; Legrand-Poels, S.; Piette, J.; Scheen, A.J.; Paquot, N. Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2014, 105, 141–150. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3. Torres, N.; Torre-Villalvazo, I.; Tovar, A.R. Regulation of lipid metabolism by soy protein and its implication in diseases mediated by lipid disorders. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2006, 17, 365–373. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. O’Donnell, C.J.; Elosua, R. Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Insights from Framingham Heart Study. Rev. Española Cardiol. 2008, 61, 299–310. [CrossRef]
5. McGillicuddy, F.C.; Roche, H.M. Nutritional status, genetic susceptibility, and insulin resistance–important precedents to atherosclerosis. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2018, 56, 1173–1184. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
6. Torres, N.T.; Palacios-Gonzalez, B.; Noriega-Lopez, L.; Tovar-Palacio, A.R. Glycaemic index, insulinemic index and glycaemic load of soya drinks with low and high levels of carbohydrates. Rev. Investig. Clin. 2006, 58, 487–497.
7. Ginsberg, H.N. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J. Clin. Investig. 2000, 106, 453–458. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
8. Surujdeo-Maharaj, S.; Sreenivasan, T.N.; Motilal, L.A.; Umaharan, P. Black pod and other phytophthora induced diseases of cacao: History, biology, and control. In Cacao Diseases; Bailey, B., Meinhardt, L., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 213–266. ISBN 978-3-319-24789-2.
9. Grassi, D.; Socci, V.; Tempesta, D.; Ferri, C.; De Gennaro, L.; Desideri, G.; Ferrara, M. Flavanol-rich chocolate acutely improves arterial function and working memory performance counteracting the effects of sleep deprivation in healthy individuals. J. Hypertens. 2016, 34, 1298–1308. [CrossRef]
10. Flammer, A.J.; Sudano, I.; Wolfrum, M.; Thomas, R.; Enseleit, F.; Périat, D.; Kaiser, P.; Hirt, A.; Hermann, M.; Serafini, M.; et al. Cardiovascular effects of flavanol-rich chocolate in patients with heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 2012, 33, 2172–2180. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Stahl, L.; Miller, K.B.; Apgar, J.; Sweigart, D.S.; Stuart, D.A.; McHale, N.; Ou, B.; Kondo, M.; Hurst, W.J. Preservation of cocoa antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, flavan-3-ols, and procyanidin content in foods prepared with cocoa powder. J. Food Sci. 2009, 74, C456–C461. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Langer, S.; Marshall, L.J.; Day, A.J.; Morgan, M.R.A. Flavanols and methylxanthines in commercially available dark chocolate: A study of the correlation with nonfat cocoa solids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 8435–8441. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Coussens, L.M.; Werb, Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002, 420, 860–867. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Gupta, P.K. Toxicological testing: Genesis. In Fundamentals of Toxicology: Essential Concepts and Applications; Erin Hill-Parks, Ed.; Elsevier Inc.: Bareilly, India, 2016; pp. 111–122, ISBN 978-0-12-805426-0.
15. Arif, M.; Islam, M.R.; Waise, T.M.Z.; Hassan, F.; Mondal, S.I.; Kabir, Y. DNA damage and plasma antioxidant indices in Bangladeshi type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab. 2010, 36, 51–57. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Erol, A. Systemic DNA damage response and metabolic syndrome as a premalignant state. Curr. Mol. Med. 2010, 10, 321–334. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. World Health Organization. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) Analysis Guide. 2018. Available online: https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/paq/q078.html (accessed on 24 April 2018).
18. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Body mass index—BMI. 2018. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html (accessed on 24 April 2018).
19. Lee, K.W.; Kim, Y.J.; Lee, H.J.; Lee, C.Y. Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 7292–7295. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Ioannone, F.; Sacchetti, G.; Serafini, M. Effect of dark chocolate extracts on phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced oxidative burst in leukocytes isolated by normo-weight and overweight/obese subjects. Front. Nutr. 2017, 4, 23. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
21. Palacios-González, B.; Zarain-Herzberg, A.; Flores-Galicia, I.; Noriega, L.G.; Alemán-Escondrillas, G.; Zariñan, T.; Ulloa-Aguirre, A.; Torres, N.; Tovar, A.R. Genistein stimulates fatty acid oxidation in a leptin receptor-independent manner through the JAK2-mediated phosphorylation and activation of AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014, 1841, 132–140. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Chavez-Santoscoy, R.C.; Gutierrez-Uribe, J.A.; Granados, O.; Torre-Villalvazo, I.; Serna-Saldivar, S.O.; Torres, N.; Palacios-González, B.; Tovar, A.R. Flavonoids and saponins extracted from black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed coats modulate lipid metabolism and biliary cholesterol secretion in C57BL/6 mice. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 112, 886–899. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
23. Function, H.D.L.; Millar, C.L.; Duclos, Q.; Blesso, C.N. Effects of dietary flavonoids on reverse cholesterol transport, HDL metabolism, and HDL function. Adv. Nutr. 2017, 8, 226–239.
24. Alkerwi, A.; Sauvageot, N.; Crichton, G.E.; Elias, M.F.; Stranges, S. Daily chocolate consumption is inversely associated with insulin resistance and liver enzymes in the observation of cardiovascular risk factors in luxembourg study. Br. J. Nutr. 2016, 115, 1661–1668. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
25. Ramos, S.; Rodríguez-Ramiro, I.; Martín, M.A.; Goya, L.; Bravo, L. Dietary flavanols exert different effects on antioxidant defenses and apoptosis/proliferation in Caco-2 and SW480 colon cancer cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 2011, 25, 1771–1781. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Rull, G.; Mohd-Zain, Z.N.; Shiel, J.; Lundberg, M.H.; Collier, D.J.; Johnston, A.; Warner, T.D.; Corder, R. Effects of high flavanol dark chocolate on cardiovascular function and platelet aggregation. Vascul. Pharmacol. 2015, 71, 70–78. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Müllner, E.; Brath, H.; Nersesyan, A.; Nitz, M.; Petschnig, A.; Wallner, M.; Knasmüller, S.; Wagner, K.H. Nuclear anomalies in exfoliated buccal cells in healthy and diabetic individuals and the impact of a dietary intervention. Mutagenesis 2014, 29, 1–6. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Demirbag, R.; Yilmaz, R.; Gur, M.; Celik, H.; Guzel, S.; Selek, S.; Kocyigit, A. DNA damage in metabolic syndrome and its association with antioxidative and oxidative measurements. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2006, 60, 1187–1193. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Jain, N.; Naseem, I.; Ahmad, J. Evaluation of DNA damage and metabolic syndrome parameters in diabetic rabbits supplemented with antioxidants. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009, 23, 197–205. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
30. Damasceno, D.C.; Sinzato, Y.K.; Bueno, A.; Dallaqua, B.; Lima, P.H.; Calderon, I.M.P.; Rudge, M.V.C.; Campos, K.E. Metabolic profile and genotoxicity in obese rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Obesity 2013, 21, 1596–1601. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
31. Luca, V.S.; Miron, A.; Aprotosoaie, A.C. The antigenotoxic potential of dietary flavonoids. Phytochem. Rev. 2016, 15, 591–625. [CrossRef]
32. Chakrabarti, M.; Ghosh, I.; Jana, A.; Ghosh, M.; Mukherjee, A. Genotoxicity of antiobesity drug orlistat and effect of caffeine intervention: An in vitro study. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2017, 40, 339–343. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Serafini, M.; Peluso, I.; Raguzzini, A. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2010, 69, 273–278. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. Pimentel, F.A.; Nitzke, J.A.; Klipel, C.B.; De Jong, E.V. Chocolate and red wine–A comparison between flavonoids content. Food Chem. 2010, 120, 109–112. [CrossRef]