Guidelines of care for the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 78, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 560-578

  Alam, Murad ^a   Armstrong, April ^b   Baum, Christian ^c   Bordeaux, Jeremy S ^d   Brown, Marc ^e   Busam, Klaus J ^f   Eisen, Daniel B ^g   Iyengar, Vivek ^h   Lober, Clifford ⁱ   Margolis, David J ^j   Messina, Jane ^k,l   Miller, Alexander ^m   Miller, Stanley ⁿ   Mostow, Eliot ^o   Mowad, Christen ^p   Nehal, Kishwer ^f   Schmitt Burr, Kristi ^q   Sekulic, Aleksandar ^r   Storrs, Paul ^h   Teng, Joyce ^s   Yu, Siegrid ^t   Huang, Conway ^u   Boyer, Kevin ^v   Begolka, Wendy Smith ^v   Bichakjian, Christopher ^w   Kim, John Y S ^x   Kozlow, Jeffrey H ^y   Mittal, Bharat ^a   Moyer, Jeffrey ^z   Olenecki, Thomas ^aa   Rodgers, Phillip ^z   more..

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^d CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

^f MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^h Private Practice   (United States)

ⁱ Private Practice   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^l H LEE MOFFITT CANCER CENTER AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^m Private Practice   (United States)

ⁿ Private Practice   (United States)

^o NORTHEAST OHIO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^p Geisinger Medical Center   (United States)

^q Basal Cell Carcinoma Nevus Syndrome Life Support Network   (United States)

^r MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^s STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^t UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^u UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^v AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY   (United States)

^w UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^x NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^y UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^z UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^aa OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

biopsy; curettage; metastasis; phototherapy; radiotherapy; squamous cell carcinoma; staging; surgery; surveillance; topical therapy

Indexed keywords

FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; BIOPSY TECHNIQUE; CANCER GRADING; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER THERAPY; CLINICAL OUTCOME; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CRYOSURGERY; CURETTAGE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; LOW RISK PATIENT; MOHS MICROGRAPHIC SURGERY; MORBIDITY; PATIENT CARE; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOTHERAPY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SKIN CARCINOMA; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; TOPICAL TREATMENT; TUMOR BIOPSY; TUMOR CLASSIFICATION; TUMOR RECURRENCE; ULTRASOUND; UNITED STATES; EARLY CANCER DIAGNOSIS; PATHOLOGY; RADIOTHERAPY; SECOND CANCER; SECONDARY; SKIN SURGERY; SKIN TUMOR; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; DERMATOLOGIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; HUMANS; MOHS SURGERY; NEOPLASM GRADING; NEOPLASM STAGING; NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY; RADIOTHERAPY; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 85050717330     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: 10976787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.10.007     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Bichakjian C, Armstrong A, Baum C, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. Online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.10.006.
2. National Comprehensive Cancer Center. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology; squamous cell carcinoma (V1.2015). Available at: www.nccn.org. Accessed April 1, 2015.
3. National Comprehensive Cancer Center. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology; squamous cell carcinoma (V1.2017). Available at: www.nccn.org. Accessed October 3, 2016.
4. Motley, R., Kersey, P., Lawrence, C., Multiprofessional guidelines for the management of the patient with primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 146:1 (2002), 18–25.
5. Ebell, M.H., Siwek, J., Weiss, B.D., et al. Strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT): a patient-centered approach to grading evidence in the medical literature. J Am Board Fam Pract 17:1 (2004), 59–67.
6. American Academy of Dermatology. Administrative regulations; evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Available at: www.aad.org/Forms/Policies/Uploads/AR/AR%20-%20Evidence-Based%20Clinical%20Guideline.pdf. Accessed December 1, 2014.
7. Miller, D.L., Weinstock, M.A., Nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States: incidence. J Am Acad Dermatol 30:5 Pt 1 (1994), 774–778.
8. Karia, P.S., Han, J., Schmults, C.D., Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: estimated incidence of disease, nodal metastasis, and deaths from disease in the United States, 2012. J Am Acad Dermatol 68:6 (2013), 957–966.
9. Demers, A.A., Nugent, Z., Mihalcioiu, C., Wiseman, M.C., Kliewer, E.V., Trends of nonmelanoma skin cancer from 1960 through 2000 in a Canadian population. J Am Acad Dermatol 53:2 (2005), 320–328.
10. Nguyen, K.D., Han, J., Li, T., Qureshi, A.A., Invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma incidence in US health care workers. Arch Dermatol Res 306:6 (2014), 555–560.
11. Kim, C., Cheng, J., Colegio, O.R., Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in solid organ transplant recipients: emerging strategies for surveillance, staging, and treatment. Semin Oncol 43:3 (2016), 390–394.
12. Alam, M., Ratner, D., Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 344:13 (2001), 975–983.
13. Agbai, O.N., Buster, K., Sanchez, M., et al. Skin cancer and photoprotection in people of color: a review and recommendations for physicians and the public. J Am Acad Dermatol 70:4 (2014), 748–762.
14. Linos, E., Schroeder, S.A., Chren, M.M., Potential overdiagnosis of basal cell carcinoma in older patients with limited life expectancy. JAMA 312:10 (2014), 997–998.
15. Fosko, S.W., Counterpoint: Limited life expectancy, basal cell carcinoma, health care today, and unintended consequences. J Am Acad Dermatol 73:1 (2015), 162–164.
16. Rogers, H.W., Weinstock, M.A., Feldman, S.R., Coldiron, B.M., Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer (keratinocyte carcinomas) in the U.S. population, 2012. JAMA Dermatol 151:10 (2015), 1081–1086.
17. Greene, F.L., American Joint Committee on Cancer, American Cancer Society. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed., 2002, Springer, New York.
18. Edge, S.B., American Joint Committee on Cancer, American Cancer Society. AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook: From the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed., 2010, Springer, New York, NY.
19. Amin, M.B., Edge, S.B., Greene, F.L., et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed., 2016, Springer International Publishing, New York, NY.
20. Clark, J.R., Rumcheva, P., Veness, M.J., Analysis and comparison of the 7th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) nodal staging system for metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann Surg Oncol 19:13 (2012), 4252–4258.
21. Brunner, M., Veness, M.J., Ch'ng, S., Elliott, M., Clark, J.R., Distant metastases from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma—analysis of AJCC stage IV. Head Neck 35:1 (2013), 72–75.
22. Brunner, M., Ng, B.C., Veness, M.J., Clark, J.R., Comparison of the AJCC N staging system in mucosal and cutaneous squamous head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 124:7 (2014), 1598–1602.
23. Jambusaria-Pahlajani, A., Kanetsky, P.A., Karia, P.S., et al. Evaluation of AJCC tumor staging for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and a proposed alternative tumor staging system. JAMA Dermatol 149:4 (2013), 402–410.
24. Karia, P.S., Jambusaria-Pahlajani, A., Harrington, D.P., Murphy, G.F., Qureshi, A.A., Schmults, C.D., Evaluation of American Joint Committee on Cancer, International Union Against Cancer, and Brigham and Women's Hospital tumor staging for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 32:4 (2014), 327–334.
25. Schmitt, A.R., Brewer, J.D., Bordeaux, J.S., Baum, C.L., Staging for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma as a predictor of sentinel lymph node biopsy results: meta-analysis of American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria and a proposed alternative system. JAMA Dermatol 150:1 (2014), 19–24.
26. Roozeboom, M.H., Mosterd, K., Winnepenninckx, V.J., Nelemans, P.J., Kelleners-Smeets, N.W., Agreement between histological subtype on punch biopsy and surgical excision in primary basal cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 27:7 (2013), 894–898.
27. Haws, A.L., Rojano, R., Tahan, S.R., Phung, T.L., Accuracy of biopsy sampling for subtyping basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 66:1 (2012), 106–111.
28. Mosterd, K., Thissen, M.R., van Marion, A.M., et al. Correlation between histologic findings on punch biopsy specimens and subsequent excision specimens in recurrent basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 64:2 (2011), 323–327.
29. Smith, L.C., Cox, N.H., Dawn, G., Shave biopsy without local anaesthetic to diagnose basal cell carcinoma and other skin tumours prior to definitive treatment: analysis of 109 lesions. Br J Dermatol 160:1 (2009), 180–182.
30. Russell, E.B., Carrington, P.R., Smoller, B.R., Basal cell carcinoma: a comparison of shave biopsy versus punch biopsy techniques in subtype diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 41:1 (1999), 69–71.
31. Kadouch, D.J., van Haersma de With, A., Limpens, J., et al. Is a punch biopsy reliable in subtyping basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review. Br J Dermatol 175:2 (2016), 401–403.
32. Westers-Attema, A., Joosten, V.M., Roozeboom, M.H., et al. Correlation between histological findings on punch biopsy specimens and subsequent excision specimens in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Derm Venereol 95:2 (2015), 181–185.
33. Kyrgidis, A., Tzellos, T.G., Kechagias, N., et al. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck: risk factors of overall and recurrence-free survival. Eur J Cancer 46:9 (2010), 1563–1572.
34. Hansen, C., Wilkinson, D., Hansen, M., Soyer, H.P., Factors contributing to incomplete excision of nonmelanoma skin cancer by Australian general practitioners. Arch Dermatol 145:11 (2009), 1253–1260.
35. Eroglu, A., Berberoglu, U., Berreroglu, S., Risk factors related to locoregional recurrence in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Surg Oncol 61:2 (1996), 124–130.
36. Talbot, S., Hitchcock, B., Incomplete primary excision of cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas in the Bay of Plenty. N Z Med J, 117(1192), 2004, U848.
37. Brougham, N.D., Dennett, E.R., Cameron, R., Tan, S.T., The incidence of metastasis from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and the impact of its risk factors. J Surg Oncol 106:7 (2012), 811–815.
38. Rieger, K.E., Linos, E., Egbert, B.M., Swetter, S.M., Recurrence rates associated with incompletely excised low-risk nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Cutan Pathol 37:1 (2010), 59–67.
39. Brantsch, K.D., Meisner, C., Schonfisch, B., et al. Analysis of risk factors determining prognosis of cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma: a prospective study. Lancet Oncol 9:8 (2008), 713–720.
40. Cherpelis, B.S., Marcusen, C., Lang, P.G., Prognostic factors for metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Dermatol Surg 28:3 (2002), 268–273.
41. Rowe, D.E., Carroll, R.J., Day, C.L. Jr., Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip. Implications for treatment modality selection. J Am Acad Dermatol 26:6 (1992), 976–990.
42. Schmults, C.D., Karia, P.S., Carter, J.B., Han, J., Qureshi, A.A., Factors predictive of recurrence and death from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a 10-year, single-institution cohort study. JAMA Dermatol 149:5 (2013), 541–547.
43. Thompson, A.K., Kelley, B.F., Prokop, L.J., Murad, M.H., Baum, C.L., Risk factors for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma recurrence, metastasis, and disease-specific death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 152:4 (2016), 419–428.
44. Moore, B.A., Weber, R.S., Prieto, V., et al. Lymph node metastases from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 115:9 (2005), 1561–1567.
45. Clayman, G.L., Lee, J.J., Holsinger, F.C., et al. Mortality risk from squamous cell skin cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:4 (2005), 759–765.
46. Brandt, M.G., Moore, C.C., Jordan, K., Randomized control trial of fluorescence-guided surgical excision of nonmelanotic cutaneous malignancies. J Otolaryngol 36:3 (2007), 148–155.
47. Campoli, M., Brodland, D.G., Zitelli, J., A prospective evaluation of the clinical, histologic, and therapeutic variables associated with incidental perineural invasion in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 70:4 (2014), 630–636.
48. Lott, D.G., Manz, R., Koch, C., Lorenz, R.R., Aggressive behavior of nonmelanotic skin cancers in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 90:6 (2010), 683–687.
49. Carter, J.B., Johnson, M.M., Chua, T.L., Karia, P.S., Schmults, C.D., Outcomes of primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with perineural invasion: an 11-year cohort study. JAMA Dermatol 149:1 (2013), 35–41.
50. Ross, A.S., Whalen, F.M., Elenitsas, R., Xu, X., Troxel, A.B., Schmults, C.D., Diameter of involved nerves predicts outcomes in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with perineural invasion: an investigator-blinded retrospective cohort study. Dermatol Surg 35:12 (2009), 1859–1866.
51. Veness, M.J., Morgan, G.J., Palme, C.E., Gebski, V., Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to lymph nodes: combined treatment should be considered best practice. Laryngoscope 115:5 (2005), 870–875.
52. Ross, A.S., Schmults, C.D., Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review of the English literature. Dermatol Surg 32:11 (2006), 1309–1321.
53. Navarrete-Dechent, C., Veness, M.J., Droppelmann, N., Uribe, P., High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and the emerging role of sentinel lymph node biopsy: a literature review. J Am Acad Dermatol 73:1 (2015), 127–137.
54. Lansbury, L., Bath-Hextall, F., Perkins, W., Stanton, W., Leonardi-Bee, J., Interventions for non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: systematic review and pooled analysis of observational studies. BMJ, 347, 2013, f6153.
55. Chren, M.M., Sahay, A.P., Bertenthal, D.S., Sen, S., Landefeld, C.S., Quality-of-life outcomes of treatments for cutaneous basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 127:6 (2007), 1351–1357.
56. Brodland, D.G., Zitelli, J.A., Surgical margins for excision of primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 27:2 Pt 1 (1992), 241–248.
57. Leibovitch, I., Huilgol, S.C., Selva, D., Hill, D., Richards, S., Paver, R., Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma treated with Mohs micrographic surgery in Australia I. Experience over 10 years. J Am Acad Dermatol 53:2 (2005), 253–260.
58. van Loo, E., Mosterd, K., Krekels, G.A., et al. Surgical excision versus Mohs' micrographic surgery for basal cell carcinoma of the face: a randomised clinical trial with 10 year follow-up. Eur J Cancer 50:17 (2014), 3011–3020.
59. Mohs, F.E., Chemosurgery: a microscopically controlled method of cancer excision. Arch Surg 42:2 (1941), 279–295.
60. Mohs, F.E., Chemosurgical treatment of cancer of the nose; a microscopically controlled method. Arch Surg 53 (1946), 327–344.
61. Tromovitch, T.A., Stegeman, S.J., Microscopically controlled excision of skin tumors. Arch Dermatol 110:2 (1974), 231–232.
62. Tromovitch, T.A., Stegman, S.J., Microscopie-controlled excision of cutaneous tumors: chemosurgery, fresh tissue technique. Cancer 41:2 (1978), 653–658.
63. Connolly, S.M., Baker, D.R., Coldiron, B.M., et al. AAD/ACMS/ASDSA/ASMS 2012 appropriate use criteria for Mohs micrographic surgery: a report of the American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Mohs Surgery, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery Association, and the American Society for Mohs Surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 67:4 (2012), 531–550.
64. Lawrence, N., Cottel, W.I., Squamous cell carcinoma of skin with perineural invasion. J Am Acad Dermatol 31:1 (1994), 30–33.
65. Goepfert, H., Dichtel, W.J., Medina, J.E., Lindberg, R.D., Luna, M.D., Perineural invasion in squamous cell skin carcinoma of the head and neck. Am J Surg 148:4 (1984), 542–547.
66. Ebede, T.L., Lee, E.H., Dusza, S.W., Busam, K.J., Nehal, K.S., Clinical value of paraffin sections in association with Mohs micrographic surgery for nonmelanoma skin cancers. Dermatol Surg 38:10 (2012), 1631–1638.
67. American Academy of Dermatology. Appropriate uses of paraffin sections in association with Mohs micrographic surgery. 2014; Available at: https://www.aad.org/Forms/Policies/Uploads/PS/PS%20Appropriate%20Uses%20of%20Paraffin%20Sections%20in%20Association%20with%20Mohs%20Mircographic%20Surgery.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2017.
68. Goldman, G., The current status of curettage and electrodesiccation. Dermatol Clin 20:3 (2002), 569–578 ix.
69. Rodriguez-Vigil, T., Vazquez-Lopez, F., Perez-Oliva, N., Recurrence rates of primary basal cell carcinoma in facial risk areas treated with curettage and electrodesiccation. J Am Acad Dermatol 56:1 (2007), 91–95.
70. Ashby, M.A., Smith, J., Ainslie, J., McEwan, L., Treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer at a large Australian center. Cancer 63:9 (1989), 1863–1871.
71. Hernandez-Machin, B., Borrego, L., Gil-Garcia, M., Hernandez, B.H., Office-based radiation therapy for cutaneous carcinoma: evaluation of 710 treatments. Int J Dermatol 46:5 (2007), 453–459.
72. Grossi Marconi, D., da Costa Resende, B., Rauber, E., et al. Head and neck non-melanoma skin cancer treated by superficial x-ray therapy: an analysis of 1021 cases. PLoS One, 11(7), 2016, e0156544.
73. Finizio, L., Vidali, C., Calacione, R., Beorchia, A., Trevisan, G., What is the current role of radiation therapy in the treatment of skin carcinomas?. Tumori 88:1 (2002), 48–52.
74. Schulte, K.W., Lippold, A., Auras, C., et al. Soft x-ray therapy for cutaneous basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 53:6 (2005), 993–1001.
75. Cognetta, A.B., Howard, B.M., Heaton, H.P., Stoddard, E.R., Hong, H.G., Green, W.H., Superficial x-ray in the treatment of basal and squamous cell carcinomas: a viable option in select patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 67:6 (2012), 1235–1241.
76. Bhatnagar, A., Nonmelanoma skin cancer treated with electronic brachytherapy: results at 1 year. Brachytherapy 12:2 (2013), 134–140.
77. Paravati, A.J., Hawkins, P.G., Martin, A.N., et al. Clinical and cosmetic outcomes in patients treated with high-dose-rate electronic brachytherapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Pract Radiat Oncol 5:6 (2015), e659–664.
78. Tiodorovic-Zivkovic, D., Zalaudek, I., Longo, C., De Pace, B., Albertini, G., Argenziano, G., Successful treatment of two invasive squamous cell carcinomas with topical 5% imiquimod cream in elderly patients. Eur J Dermatol 22:4 (2012), 579–580.
79. Dirschka, T., Schmitz, L., Bartha, A., Clinical and histological resolution of invasive squamous cell carcinoma by topical imiquimod 3.75%: a case report. Eur J Dermatol 26:4 (2016), 408–409.
80. Roozeboom, M.H., Aardoom, M.A., Nelemans, P.J., et al. Fractionated 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy after partial debulking versus surgical excision for nodular basal cell carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial with at least 5-year follow-up. J Am Acad Dermatol 69:2 (2013), 280–287.
81. Roozeboom, M.H., Arits, A.H., Mosterd, K., et al. Three-year follow-up results of photodynamic therapy vs. imiquimod vs. fluorouracil for treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: a single-blind, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial. J Invest Dermatol 136:8 (2016), 1568–1574.
82. Roozeboom, M.H., Arits, A.H., Nelemans, P.J., Kelleners-Smeets, N.W., Overall treatment success after treatment of primary superficial basal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials. Br J Dermatol 167:4 (2012), 733–756.
83. Wang, H., Xu, Y., Shi, J., Gao, X., Geng, L., Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 31:1 (2015), 44–53.
84. Foley, P., Freeman, M., Menter, A., et al. Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate for primary nodular basal cell carcinoma: results of two randomized studies. Int J Dermatol 48:11 (2009), 1236–1245.
85. Berroeta, L., Clark, C., Dawe, R.S., Ibbotson, S.H., Fleming, C.J., A randomized study of minimal curettage followed by topical photodynamic therapy compared with surgical excision for low-risk nodular basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 157:2 (2007), 401–403.
86. Rhodes, L.E., de Rie, M.A., Leifsdottir, R., et al. Five-year follow-up of a randomized, prospective trial of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy vs surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 143:9 (2007), 1131–1136.
87. Kuijpers, D.I., Thissen, M.R., Thissen, C.A., Neumann, M.H., Similar effectiveness of methyl aminolevulinate and 5-aminolevulinate in topical photodynamic therapy for nodular basal cell carcinoma. J Drugs Dermatol 5:7 (2006), 642–645.
88. Soler, A.M., Angell-Petersen, E., Warloe, T., et al. Photodynamic therapy of superficial basal cell carcinoma with 5-aminolevulinic acid with dimethylsulfoxide and ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid: a comparison of two light sources. Photochem Photobiol 71:6 (2000), 724–729.
89. Osiecka, B., Jurczyszyn, K., Ziolkowski, P., The application of Levulan-based photodynamic therapy with imiquimod in the treatment of recurrent basal cell carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 18:2 (2012), PI5–PI9.
90. de Vijlder, H.C., Sterenborg, H.J., Neumann, H.A., Robinson, D.J., de Haas, E.R., Light fractionation significantly improves the response of superficial basal cell carcinoma to aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy: five-year follow-up of a randomized, prospective trial. Acta Derm Venereol 92:6 (2012), 641–647.
91. Arits, A.H., Mosterd, K., Essers, B.A., et al. Photodynamic therapy versus topical imiquimod versus topical fluorouracil for treatment of superficial basal-cell carcinoma: a single blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 14:7 (2013), 647–654.
92. Jambusaria-Pahlajani, A., Ortman, S., Schmults, C.D., Liang, C., Sequential curettage, 5-fluorouracil, and photodynamic therapy for field cancerization of the scalp and face in solid organ transplant recipients. Dermatol Surg 42:Suppl 1 (2016), S66–72.
93. Wang, Y., Yang, Y., Yang, Y., Lu, Y., Surgery combined with topical photodynamic therapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 14 (2016), 170–172.
94. Kwiek, B., Schwartz, R.A., Keratoacanthoma (KA): an update and review. J Am Acad Dermatol 74:6 (2016), 1220–1233.
95. Locke, J., Karimpour, S., Young, G., Lockett, M.A., Perez, C.A., Radiotherapy for epithelial skin cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51:3 (2001), 748–755.
96. Mendenhall, W.M., Amdur, R.J., Hinerman, R.W., Cognetta, A.B., Mendenhall, N.P., Radiotherapy for cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 119:10 (2009), 1994–1999.
97. American Academy of Dermatology. Position statement on superficial radiation therapy for basal cell carcinoma (bcc) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) https://www.aad.org/Forms/Policies/Uploads/PS/PS-Superficial%20Radiation%20Therapy.pdf. Accessed November 5, 2016.
98. American Academy of Dermatology. Position statement on electronic surface brachytherapy for basal cell carcinoma (bcc) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). https://www.aad.org/Forms/Policies/Uploads/PS/PS%20-%20Electronic%20Surface%20Brachytherapy.pdf. Accessed November 5, 2016.
99. Kwan, W., Wilson, D., Moravan, V., Radiotherapy for locally advanced basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60:2 (2004), 406–411.
100. Jennings, L., Schmults, C.D., Management of high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 3:4 (2010), 39–48.
101. Cooper, J.Z., Brown, M.D., Special concern about squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp in organ transplant recipients. Arch Dermatol 142:6 (2006), 755–758.
102. Givi, B., Andersen, P.E., Diggs, B.S., Wax, M.K., Gross, N.D., Outcome of patients treated surgically for lymph node metastases from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 33:7 (2011), 999–1004.
103. Wang, J.T., Palme, C.E., Wang, A.Y., Morgan, G.J., Gebski, V., Veness, M.J., In patients with metastatic cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to cervical lymph nodes, the extent of neck dissection does not influence outcome. J Laryngol Otol 127:Suppl 1 (2013), S2–S7.
104. Guthrie, T.H. Jr., Porubsky, E.S., Luxenberg, M.N., Shah, K.J., Wurtz, K.L., Watson, P.R., Cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin: results in 28 patients including 13 patients receiving multimodality therapy. J Clin Oncol 8:2 (1990), 342–346.
105. Shin, D.M., Glisson, B.S., Khuri, F.R., et al. Phase II and biologic study of interferon alfa, retinoic acid, and cisplatin in advanced squamous skin cancer. J Clin Oncol 20:2 (2002), 364–370.
106. Maubec, E., Petrow, P., Scheer-Senyarich, I., et al. Phase II study of cetuximab as first-line single-drug therapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Clin Oncol 29:25 (2011), 3419–3426.
107. Foote, M.C., McGrath, M., Guminski, A., et al. Phase II study of single-agent panitumumab in patients with incurable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 25:10 (2014), 2047–2052.
108. Vermorken, J.B., Stohlmacher-Williams, J., Davidenko, I., et al. Cisplatin and fluorouracil with or without panitumumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SPECTRUM): an open-label phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 14:8 (2013), 697–710.
109. O'Neill, J.O., Edwards, L.B., Taylor, D.O., Mycophenolate mofetil and risk of developing malignancy after orthotopic heart transplantation: analysis of the transplant registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transpl 25:10 (2006), 1186–1191.
110. Euvrard, S., Morelon, E., Rostaing, L., et al. Sirolimus and secondary skin-cancer prevention in kidney transplantation. N Engl J Med 367:4 (2012), 329–339.
111. Asgari, M.M., Arron, S.T., Warton, E.M., Quesenberry, C.P. Jr., Weisshaar, D., Sirolimus use and risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs). J Am Acad Dermatol 73:3 (2015), 444–450.
112. Wheless, L., Black, J., Alberg, A.J., Nonmelanoma skin cancer and the risk of second primary cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:7 (2010), 1686–1695.
113. Wehner, M.R., Linos, E., Parvataneni, R., Stuart, S.E., Boscardin, W.J., Chren, M.M., Timing of subsequent new tumors in patients who present with basal cell carcinoma or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol 151:4 (2015), 382–388.
114. Song, F., Qureshi, A.A., Giovannucci, E.L., et al. Risk of a second primary cancer after non-melanoma skin cancer in white men and women: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med, 10(4), 2013, e1001433.
115. Rees, J.R., Zens, M.S., Gui, J., Celaya, M.O., Riddle, B.L., Karagas, M.R., Non melanoma skin cancer and subsequent cancer risk. PLoS One, 9(6), 2014, e99674.
116. Robinson, J.K., Wayne, J.D., Martini, M.C., Hultgren, B.A., Mallett, K.A., Turrisi, R., Early detection of new melanomas by patients with melanoma and their partners using a structured skin self-examination skills training intervention: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol 152:9 (2016), 979–985.
117. van der Pols, J.C., Williams, G.M., Pandeya, N., Logan, V., Green, A.C., Prolonged prevention of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin by regular sunscreen use. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:12 (2006), 2546–2548.
118. Green, A.C., Williams, G.M., Logan, V., Strutton, G.M., Reduced melanoma after regular sunscreen use: randomized trial follow-up. J Clin Oncol 29:3 (2011), 257–263.
119. Weinstock, M.A., Bingham, S.F., Digiovanna, J.J., et al. Tretinoin and the prevention of keratinocyte carcinoma (basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin): a veterans affairs randomized chemoprevention trial. J Invest Dermatol 132:6 (2012), 1583–1590.
120. Weinstock, M.A., Bingham, S.F., Lew, R.A., et al. Topical tretinoin therapy and all-cause mortality. Arch Dermatol 145:1 (2009), 18–24.
121. Kadakia, K.C., Barton, D.L., Loprinzi, C.L., et al. Randomized controlled trial of acitretin versus placebo in patients at high-risk for basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study 969251). Cancer 118:8 (2012), 2128–2137.
122. Chen, K., Craig, J.C., Shumack, S., Oral retinoids for the prevention of skin cancers in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Dermatol 152:3 (2005), 518–523.
123. Bavinck, J.N., Tieben, L.M., Van der Woude, F.J., et al. Prevention of skin cancer and reduction of keratotic skin lesions during acitretin therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Oncol 13:8 (1995), 1933–1938.
124. Tangrea, J.A., Edwards, B.K., Taylor, P.R., et al. Long-term therapy with low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of basal cell carcinoma: a multicenter clinical trial. Isotretinoin-Basal Cell Carcinoma Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:5 (1992), 328–332.
125. Levine, N., Moon, T.E., Cartmel, B., et al. Trial of retinol and isotretinoin in skin cancer prevention: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Southwest Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:11 (1997), 957–961.
126. Chen, A.C., Martin, A.J., Choy, B., et al. A phase 3 randomized trial of nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention. N Engl J Med 373:17 (2015), 1618–1626.
127. Elmets, C.A., Viner, J.L., Pentland, A.P., et al. Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer with celecoxib: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:24 (2010), 1835–1844.
128. Clark, L.C., Combs, G.F. Jr., Turnbull, B.W., et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA 276:24 (1996), 1957–1963.
129. Duffield-Lillico, A.J., Slate, E.H., Reid, M.E., et al. Selenium supplementation and secondary prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:19 (2003), 1477–1481.
130. Greenberg, E.R., Baron, J.A., Stukel, T.A., et al. A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin. The Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 323:12 (1990), 789–795.
131. Chen, J., Ruczinski, I., Jorgensen, T.J., et al. Nonmelanoma skin cancer and risk for subsequent malignancy. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:17 (2008), 1215–1222.
132. Marcil, I., Stern, R.S., Risk of developing a subsequent nonmelanoma skin cancer in patients with a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a critical review of the literature and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol 136:12 (2000), 1524–1530.
133. Geng, A., Weinstock, M.A., Hall, R., et al. Tolerability of high-dose topical tretinoin: the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial. Br J Dermatol 161:4 (2009), 918–924.
134. Tangrea, J.A., Adrianza, E., Helsel, W.E., et al. Clinical and laboratory adverse effects associated with long-term, low-dose isotretinoin: incidence and risk factors. The Isotretinoin-Basal Cell Carcinomas Study Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2:4 (1993), 375–380.
135. Moon, T.E., Levine, N., Cartmel, B., et al. Effect of retinol in preventing squamous cell skin cancer in moderate-risk subjects: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Southwest Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:11 (1997), 949–956.
136. Tang, J.Y., Aszterbaum, M., Athar, M., et al. Basal cell carcinoma chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in genetically predisposed PTCH1+/− humans and mice. Cancer Prev Res (phila) 3:1 (2010), 25–34.
137. Kreul, S.M., Havighurst, T., Kim, K., et al. A phase III skin cancer chemoprevention study of DFMO: long-term follow-up of skin cancer events and toxicity. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 5:12 (2012), 1368–1374.
138. Bailey, H.H., Kim, K., Verma, A.K., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 skin cancer prevention study of {alpha}-difluoromethylornithine in subjects with previous history of skin cancer. Cancer Prev Res (phila) 3:1 (2010), 35–47.