Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions on Growth, Non-diarrheal Morbidity and Mortality in Children Residing in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review

Indian Pediatrics

Volumn 55, Issue 5, 2018, Pages 381-393

  Gera, Tarun ^a   Shah, Dheeraj ^b   Sachdev, Harshpal Singh ^c  

^a SL Jain Hospital   (India)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^c SITARAM BHARTIA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Growth; Morbidity; Mortality; Respiratory infections; WASH interventions

Indexed keywords

WATER;

ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; ARM CIRCUMFERENCE; BODY GROWTH; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; CHILD; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CONJUNCTIVITIS; COUGHING; EARLY INTERVENTION; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; HAND WASHING; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROMOTION; HELMINTHIASIS; HUMAN; HYGIENE; INFECTION RISK; INFLUENZA; LOW INCOME COUNTRY; LOW RISK POPULATION; MALNUTRITION; MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY RATE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREVALENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL ATTENDANCE; STUNTING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNDERWEIGHT; WASTING SYNDROME; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT; ADOLESCENT; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; GROWTH DISORDER; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; NEWBORN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SANITATION; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; WATER QUALITY;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD MORTALITY; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; GROWTH DISORDERS; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; HYGIENE; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALNUTRITION; SANITATION; WATER QUALITY;

EID: 85050716871     PISSN: 00196061     EISSN: 09747559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13312-018-1279-3     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. World Health Organisation (WHO)/United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Global water supply and sanitation assessment 2000 report. Geneva: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, WHO/UNICEF, 2000
2. Clasen TF, Bostoen K, Schmidt WP, Boisson S, Fung ICH, Jenkins MW, et al. Interventions to improve disposal of human excreta for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;6:CD007180
3. Fewtrell L, Kauffman B, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford JM. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:42–52
4. Curtis V, Cairncross S. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: A systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:275–81
5. Schmidt WP, Cairncross S. Household water treatment in poor populations: is there enough evidence for scaling up now? Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43:986–92
6. Dangour AD, Watson L, Cumming O, Boisson S, Che Y, Velleman Y, et al. Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD009382
7. Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011
8. Cochrane Community. Editorial and Publishing Policy Resource: Review Manager (RevMan). Available from: http://community.cochrane.org/editorial-and-publishingpolicy-resource/information-technology/review-managerrevman. Accessed September 19, 2017
9. Gradepro. GRADE's software for Summary of Findings Tables, Health Technology Assessment and Guidelines. Available from: https://gradepro.org/. Accessed September 19, 2017
10. Abdou A, Munoz BE, Nassirou B, Kadri B, Moussa F, Baarè I, et al. How much is not enough? A community randomized trial of a Water and Health Education programme for Trachoma and Ocular C. trachomatis infection in Niger. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:98–104
11. Ahmed NU, Zeitlin MF, Beiser AS, Super CM, Gershoff SN, Ahmed MA. Assessment of the impact of a hygiene intervention on environmental sanitation, childhood diarrhoea, and the growth of children in rural Bangladesh. Food Nutr Bull. 1994;15:40–52
12. Ahmed NU, Zeitlin MF, Beiser AS, Super CM, Gershoff SN. A longitudinal study of the impact of behavioural change intervention on cleanliness, diarrhoeal morbidity and growth of children inrural Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med. 1993;37:159–71
13. Belizario Jr VY, Liwanag HJC, Naig JRA, Chua PLC, Madamba MI, Dahildahil RO. Parasitological and nutritional status of school-age and preschool-age children in four villages in Southern Leyte, Philippines: Lessons for monitoring the outcome of Community-Led Total Sanitation. Acta Tropica. 2015;141:16–24
14. Boisson S, Kiyombo M, Sthreshley L, Tumba S, Makambo J, Clasen T. Field assessment of a novel household-based water filtration device: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial in the democratic republic of congo. PloS One. 2010;5:e12613
15. Boisson S, Stevenson M, Shapiro L, Kumar V, Singh LP, Ward D, et al. Effect of household-based drinking water chlorination on diarrhoea among children under five in Orissa, India: A double-blind randomised placebocontrolled trial. PloS Med. 2013;10:e1001497
16. Bowen A, Ma H, Ou J, Billhimer W, Long T, Mintz E, et al. A cluster randomized trial evaluating the effect of a hand washing-promotion program in Chinese primary schools. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76:1166–73
17. Bowen A, Agboatwalla M, Luby S, Tobery T, Ayers T, Hoekstra RM. Association between intensive hand washing promotion and child development in Karachi, Pakistan: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166:1037–44
18. Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer W, Keswick B, et al. Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:479–89
19. Caruso BA, Freeman MC, Garn JV, Driebelbis R, Saboori S, Muga R, et al. Assessing the impact of a school-based latrine cleaning and hand washing program on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: A cluster-randomized trial. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19:1185–97
20. Christensen G, Dentz HN, Pickering AJ, Bourdier T, Arnold BF, Colford JM, et al. Pilot cluster randomized controlled trials to evaluate adoption of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions and their combination in rural Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015;92:437–47
21. Boisson S, Sosai P, Ray S, Routray P, Torondel B, Schmidt W, et al. Promoting latrine construction and use in rural villages practicing open defecation: Process evaluation in connection with a randomised controlled trial in Orissa, India. BMC Research Notes 2014;7:486
22. Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Ensink J, Jenkins M, Freeman M, et al. Assessing the health impact of improved rural sanitation: Designing and carrying out a cluster randomized, controlled trial in Orissa, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87(Suppl 1):231
23. Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, et al. Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: A cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 2014;2: e645–53
24. Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Jenkins M, Freeman M. The effectiveness of a rural sanitation on health and Orissa, India: A cluster-randomized, controlled trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(Suppl 1):215
25. Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J. Solar disinfection of water reduces diarrhoeal disease: an update. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81:337–8
26. Correa JC, Pinto D, Salas LA, Camacho JC, Rondón M, Quintero J. A cluster-randomized controlled trial of hand rubs for prevention of infectious diseases among children in Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2012;31:476–484
27. Crump JA, Oteino PO, Slutsker L, Keswick BH, Rosen DH, Hoekstra RM, et al. Household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant for preventing diarrhoea in areas with turbid source water in rural western Kenya: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2005;331:478–81
28. Dumba R, Kaddu JB, Wabwire-Mangen F. Design and implementation of participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) as a strategy to control soiltransmitted helminth infections in Luweero, Uganda. African Health Sci. 2013;13:512–7
29. du Preez M, Conroy R, Ligondo S, Hennessy J, Elmore-Meegan M, Soita A, et al. Randomized intervention study of solar disinfection of drinking water in the prevention of dysentery in Kenyan children aged under 5 Years. Environ Sci Tech. 2011;45:9315–23
30. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, Bah M, Dibba SM, Faal HB, et al. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: Cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1093–8
31. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Walraven GEL, Dibba SM, Lowe KO, Bailey RL. The Flies and Eyes Project Design and methods of a cluster-randomised intervention study to confirm the importance of flies as trachoma vectors in The Gambia and to test a sustainable method of fly control using pit latrines. Opthalmic Epidemiology. 2002;9:105–17
32. Ercumen A, Naser AM, Unicomb L, ArnoldBF, Colford Jr. JM, Luby SP. Effects of source-versus household contamination of tubewell water on child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0121907
33. Fenn B, Bulti AT, Nduna T, Duffield A, Watson F. An evaluation of an operations research project to reduce childhood stunting in a food-insecure area in Ethiopia. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15:1746–54
34. Dreibelbis R, Freeman MC, Greene LE, Saboori S, Rheingans R. Reductions in diarrhea and clinic visits for diarrhea among children under the age of five associated with a school-based water supply, sanitation and hygiene intervention in western Kenya: A cluster-randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87(suppl 1):382
35. Freeman M, Clasen T, Dreibelbis R, Greene L, Saboori S, Rheingans R. The impact of improved school water, sanitation and hygiene access on pupil diarrhea: A cluster randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87(Suppl 1):428
36. Freeman MC, Clasen T, Brooker SJ, Akoko DO, Rheingans R. The impact of a school-based hygiene, water quality and sanitation intervention on soil-transmitted helminth reinfection: A cluster-randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:875–83
37. Freeman MC, Greene LE, Dreibelbis R, Saboori S, Muga R, Brumback B, Rheingans R. Assessing the impact of a school-based water treatment, hygiene and sanitation programme on pupil absence in Nyanza Province, Kenya: A cluster-randomized trial. Trop Med Int Health. 2012;17:380–91
38. Gungoren B, Latipov R, Regallet G, Musabaev E. Effect of hygiene promotion on the risk of reinfection rate of intestinal parasites in children in rural Uzbekistan. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101:564–9
39. Gyorkos TW, Maheu-Giroux M, Blouin B, Casapia M. Impact of health education on soil-transmitted helminth infections in schoolchildren of the peruvian amazon: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2397
40. Hammer J, Spears D. Village sanitation and children's human capital: Evidence from a randomized experiment by the Maharashtra government. Washington DC: World Bank, Sustainable Development Network, Water and Sanitation Program, 2013
41. Huda TN, Unicomb L, Johnston RB, Halder AK, Sharkar MAY, Luby SP. Interim evaluation of a large scale sanitation, hygiene and water improvement programme on childhood diarrhea and respiratory disease in rural Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75:604–11
42. Langford R, Lunn P, Panter-Brick C. Hand-Washing, Subclinical Infections, and Growth: A Longitudinal Evaluation of an Intervention in Nepali Slums. Am J Human Biol. 2011;23:621–9
43. Anonymous. Hand washing with soap reduces the risk of diarrhoea in children. Evidence-Based Healthcare & Public Health. 2004;8:383-4
44. Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR, Painter J, Billhimer W, Altaf A, et al. Effect of hand washing on child health: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:225–33
45. Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer WL, Hoekstra RM. Effect of intensive hand washing promotionon childhood diarrhea in high-risk communities in Pakistan: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:2547–54
46. Nnoaham KE. A handwashing intervention in a low income community in the developing world reduced disease incidence in children. Evidenc Based Med. 2006;11:88
47. Clasen TF. Efficacy of hand washing and nail clipping on parasitic infection. J Pediatr 2015;167:1170–1
48. Mahmud MA, Spigt M, Bezabih AM, Pavon IL, Dinant GJ, Velasco RB. Efficacy of hand washing with soap and nail clipping on intestinal parasitic infections in school-aged children: A factorial cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2015;12:e1001837
49. Morris J, Schneeberger C, Jaron P, Moke F, Juma J, Ochieng J, et al. Ceramic Water Filters and reducing the burden of diarrheal disease in infants-Western Kenya, 2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(Suppl 1):384
50. Nicholson JA, Naeeni M, Hoptroff M, Matheson JR, Roberts AJ, Taylor D, et al. An investigation of the effects of a hand washing intervention on health outcomes and school absence using a randomised trial in Indian urban communities. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19:284–92
51. Odagiri M, Schriewer A, Daniels ME, Wuertz S, Smith WA, Clasen T, et al. Human fecal and pathogen exposure pathways in rural Indian villages and the effect of increased latrine coverage. Water Res. 2016;100:232–44
52. Patil SR, Arnold BF, Salvatore AL, Briceno B, Ganguly S, Colford JM Jr, et al. The Effect of India's Total sanitation campaign on defecation behaviors and child health in rural Madhya Pradesh: A cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2014;11:e1001709
53. Peletz R, Simunyama M, Sarenje K, Baisley K, Filteau S, Kelly P, et al. Assessing water filtration and safe storage in households with young children of HIV-Positive mothers: A randomized, controlled trial in Zambia. PloS One. 2012;7:e46548
54. Pickering AJ, Davis J, Blum AG, Saclmanini J, Oyeir B, Okoth G, et al. Access to waterless hand sanitizer improves student hand hygiene behaviour in primary schools in Nairobi, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:411–18
55. Pickering AJ, Alzua ML, Djebbari H. Impact of a community-led total sanitation intervention on child health in rural Mali: evidence from a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(Suppl1):215
56. Pickering AJ, Djebbari H, Lopez C, Coulibaly M, Alzua ML. Effect of a community-led sanitation intervention on child diarrhoea and child growth in rural Mali: a clusterrandomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2015;3:e701–11
57. Quick RE, Venczel LV, Mintz ED, Soleto L, Aparicio J, Kelly P, et al. Diarrhoea prevention in Bolivia through point-of-use water treatment and safe storage: A promising new strategy. Epidemiol Infect. 1999;122:83–90
58. Rosen L, Manor O, Engelhard D, Brudy D, Rosen B, Peleg H, et al. Can a handwashing intervention make a difference? Results from a randomized controlled trial in Jerusalem preschools. Prev Med. 2006;42:27–32
59. Rosen L, Manor O, Engelhard D, Zucker D. Design of the jerusalem hand washing study: Meeting the challenges of a preschool-based public health intervention trial. Clin Trials. 2006;3:376–84
60. Schlesinger L, Weinberger J, Figueroa G, Secure T, González N, Mónckeberg F. Environmental sanitation: a nutrition intervention. In: Nutrition Intervention Strategies in National Development. Underwood Academy. Academic Press Inc. 1981:241
61. Shafique S, Jalal CS, Jolly SP, Shikder H, Sellen D, Zlotkin S. Prevention of linear growth faltering among low birth weight infants in rural Bangladesh: A community-based cluster randomized trial. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;63:1127–28
62. Shafique S, Jalal CS, Jolly SP, Shikder H, Sellen DW, Zlotkin S. Effects of water-based hand sanitizers and micronutrient powders along with nutrition and hygiene education to prevent infections and linear growth faltering among low birth weight infants in Bangladesh. Faseb J. 2013;27
63. Shafique S, Sellen DW, Lou W, Jalal CS, Jolly SP, Zlotkin SH. Mineral-and vitamin-enhanced micronutrient powder reduces stunting in full-term low-birth-weight infants receiving nutrition, health, and hygiene education: a 2 3 2 factorial, cluster-randomized trial in Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103:1357–69
64. Shafique S, Shikder H, Jolly, SP, Jalal CSB, Sellen DW, Zlotkin SH. Reducing infectious morbidity and accelerating linear growth among low birth weight infants with hand sanitizers and nutrition and hygiene education in rural Bangladesh. Faseb J. 2012;26
65. Slayton RB, Murphy JL, Morris J, Faith SH, Oremo J, Odhiambo A, et al. A cluster randomized controlled evaluation of the health impact of a novel anti microbial hand towel on the health of children under 2 years old in rural communities in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94:437–44
66. Stanton BF, Clemens JD, Khair T. Educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behavior to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh: impact on nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48:1166–72
67. Stanton BF, Clemens JD. An educational intervention for altering water sanitation behaviors to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol. 1987;125:292–301
68. Gebre T, Ayele B, Zerihun B, House J, Stoller N, Zhou Z, et al. Latrine Promotion for Trachoma: Assessment of Mortality from a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:518–23
69. Stoller N, Gebre T, Ayele B, Zerihun M, Assefa Y, Habte D, et al. Efficacy of latrine promotion on emergence of infection with ocular Chlamydia trachomatis after mass antibiotic treatment: A cluster-randomized trial. Int Health. 2011;3:75–84
70. Talaat M, Afifi S, Dueger E, El-Ashry N, Marfin A, Kandeel A, et al. Effects of hand hygiene campaigns on incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza and absenteeism in schoolchildren, Cairo, Egypt. Energ Infect Dis. 2011;17:619–25
71. West S, Munoz B, Lynch M, Kayongoya A, Chilangawa Z, Mmbaga BBO, et al. Impact of face-washing on trachoma in Kongwa, Tanzania. Lancet 1995;345:155–8
72. Arnold BF, Null C, Luby SP, Unicomb L, Stewart CP, Dewey KG, et al. Cluster randomised controlled trials of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene and nutritional interventions in rural Bangladesh and Kenya: The WASH Benefits study design and rationale. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e003476
73. Brown J, Cumming O, Bartram J, Cairncross S, Ensink J, Holcomb D, et al. A controlled, before-and-after trial of an urban sanitation intervention to reduce enteric infections in children: research protocol for the Maputo Sanitation (MapSan) study, Mozambique. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e008215
74. The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial Team. The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial: Rationale, design, and methods. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:S685-702
75. Jung S, Doh Y, Bizuneh DB, Beyene H, Seyong J, Kwon H, et al. The effects of improved sanitation on diarrheal prevalence, incidence, and duration in children under five in the SNNPR State, Ethiopia: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17:204–13
76. Nery SV, Campbell S, Llewllyn S, Andrews R, Gray D, Traub R, et al. Impact of WASH and Albendazole distribution on infection with soil transmitted helminths in Timor-Leste: initial results of a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91:179
77. Nery SV, McCarthy JS, Traub R, Andrews RM, Black J, Gray D, et al. A cluster-randomised controlled trial integrating a community-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme, with mass distribution of albendazole to reduce intestinal parasites in Timor-Leste: the WASH for WORMS research protocol. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e009293
78. Overgaard HJ, Alexander N, Mátiz MI, Jaramillo JF, Olano VA. Diarrhea and dengue control in rural primary schools in Colombia: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2012;13:182
79. Overgaard, Mátiz MI, Jaramillo JF, Olano VA, Vargas SV, et al. Integrating dengue and diarrhea control in rural schools in Colombia: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87(suppl 1):83–4
80. Cumming O, Cairncross S. Can water, sanitation and hygiene help eliminate stunting? Current evidence and policy implications. Maternal Child Nutr. 2016;12(suppl 1):91–105
81. Aiello AE, Coulborn RM, Perez V, Larson EL. Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2008;98:1372–81
82. Rabie T, Curtis V. Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:258–67
83. Pruss A, Mariotti SP. Preventing trachoma through environmental sanitation: a review of the evidence base. Bull WHO. 2000;78:258–66