A closer look at the changing transatlantic relationship

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 469-491

  Croci, Osvaldo ^a  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

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EID: 85050173752     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2003035     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. What is Article 5? at < www.nato.int/terrorism/five.htm>.
2. On the evolution of US policy toward Iraq in the 1990s, see Kenneth M. Pollack, The Threatening Storm: the case for invading Iraq (Random House, New York, 2002).
3. see Marta Dassù, 'How to Deal with Iraq: the European Perceptions'. Paper prepared for the CEPS/IISS European Security Forum, 9 September 2002, at .
4. The joint declaration of the 'Group of Eight' can be found at , while that of the 'Group of Vilnius' (Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia) is at . Chirac is reported to have commented on the initiative of the Group of Vilnius as follows: 'It is not well-brought up behaviour. They missed a good opportunity to shut up.'
5. See 'Fear of America', The Economist, 30 January 2003; 'Enough, Children', ibid., 27 February 2003;
6. Timothy Garton Ash, 'Anti-Europeanism in America', The New York Review of Books, 13 February 2003.
7. For the remarks by Patten and Cheney, see, 'Jaw-jaw, not war-war', Financial Times, 14 February 2002); 'Remarks by Vice-President Dick Cheney before the Council on Foreign Relations', New York Times, 15 February 2002.
8. This argument has been recently popularized by Robert Kagan, 'Power and Weakness' (2002) 113 Policy Review, at .
9. Henrik Larsen, 'Concepts of Security in the European Union after the Cold War' (2000) 54 Australian Journal of International Affairs, pp. 337-355.
10. see Richard N. Haas (ed.), Transatlantic Tension: the United States, Europe, and Problem Countries (Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC, 1999);
11. Steven Everts, Unilateral America, Lightweight Europe? Managing divergence in transatlantic foreign policy (Centre for European Reform Working Paper, London, 2001);
12. Philip H. Gordon, 'NATO after 11 September' (2001) 43/4 Survival, pp. 89-106;
13. Jolyon Howorth, 'CESDP after 11 September: from Short-Term Confusion to Long-Term Cohesion?' (2002) 15 EUSA Review, pp. 1-4.
14. cf. Malcom Chalmers, A Transatlantic New Deal: What Europe should pay to promote US engagement (The Foreign Policy Centre, London, 2000), p. 8 at .
15. Philip H. Gordon, The crisis in the Alliance (Iraq Memo #11, The Brooking Institutions, 24 February 2003), at .
16. Hubert Védrine, France in the age of globalization (Brookings Institution Press, Washington DC, 2001), p. 61.
17. Samuel P. Huntington, 'The Lonely Superpower' (1999) 78 2 Foreign Affairs, pp. 35-45.
18. G. John Ikenberry, After Victory:Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2000).
19. Stewart Patrick, 'Multilateralism and its Discontents: the Causes and Consequences of US Ambivalence' in Stewart Patrick and Shepard Forman (eds), Multilateralism & US Foreign Policy: Ambivalent Engagement (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 2002), pp. 1-44 at p. 11.
20. cf. John Van Oudenaren, 'What is “Multilateral”' (2003) 117 Policy Review, at .
21. Ruth Wedgwood, 'Unilateral action in a multilateral world' in Patrick and Forman (eds), Multilateralism & US Foreign Policy, note 15 above, pp. 167-189.
22. See James A. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989-1992 (G. P. Putnam and Sons, New York, 1995), and George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1998).
23. Mark A Pollack, 'Unilateral America, Multilateral Europe? US and EU support for Multilateralism in Historical Perspective' (Paper presented at the EUSA 8th Biennial International Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, 27-29 March 2003), p. 2.
24. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (eds), Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1971).
25. Stelios Stavridis, 'Militarising the EU: the Concept of “Civilian Power” revisited' (2001) 36/4 The International Spectator, pp. 43-50.
26. Robert Cooper, The Postmodern State and World Order (Foreign Policy Centre, London, 2000).
27. See Stefano Silvestri, 'Atlantic and European Defence after Kosovo' (1999) 34/3 The International Spectator, pp. 11-20.
28. See, for instance, Charles A. Kupchan, 'The End of the West' (2002) November The Atlantic Monthly, pp. 42-44;
29. Elizabeth Pond, 'The Greek Tragedy of NATO' (2003) 1 Internationale Politik: Transatlantic Edition, pp. 1-10.
30. Michael J. Mazarr, 'Acting Like a Leader' (2002) 44/4 Survival, pp. 107-119.
31. Albert O. Hirschman, The Rhetoric of Reaction: Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy (Belknap Press, Cambridge, 1991).
32. For France, see Jean-François Revel, L'obsession anti-américaine: son fonctionnement, ses causes, ses inconséquences (Plon, Paris, 2002);
33. Philippe Roger, L'Ennemi américain: Généalogie de l'antiaméricanisme français (Seuil, Paris, 2002).
34. For Greece, see Takis Michas, Unholy Alliance. Greece and Milosevic's Serbia in the Nineties (Texas A & M University, College Station, 2002), pp. 131-139.
35. On anti-Americanism in general, see Mark Hertsgaard, The Eagles' Shadow: Why America Fascinates and Infuriates the World (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2002).
36. See, for instance, Simon Serfaty, La France vue par les États-unis: réflexions sur la francophobie à Washington (Le Centre français sur les Etats-Unis, Paris, 2002).
37. Mordechai Richler, Dispatches from the Sporting Life (Alfred A. Knopf Canada, Toronto, 2002), p. 95.
38. see Osvaldo Croci, 'Language and Politics in Italy: from Moro to Berlusconi' (2001) 6 Journal of Modern Italian Studies, pp. 348-370.
39. Colbert King, 'A Course set by Congress', Washington Post, 8 March 2003.
40. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: a moral argument with historical illustrations (Basic Books, New York, 1977); John Rawls, The Laws of People (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1999).
41. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America at . Ben Lombardi, 'The “Bush Doctrine”: Anticipatory Self-Defence and the New US National Security Strategy' (2002) 37/4 The International Spectator (2002), 91-105;
42. Mikael E. Nabati, 'Anticipatory Self-Defense: The Terrorism Exception', Current History (May 2003), pp. 222-232.
43. Perry Anderson, 'Casuistries of Peace and War', London Review of Books, 6 March 2003; Robert Kagan, 'War and the Fickle Left', Washington Post, 24 December 2002.
44. See, for instance, Stanley R. Sloan, NATO, the European Union and the Atlantic Community: the Transatlantic Bargain Reconsidered (Rowman and Littlefield, Boulder, 2002), p. 1.
45. I wish to thank Lt. Col. Kent D. Johnson (Retired), Vice President of the Center for the National Security Interest, for many email exchanges on this issue.
46. .
47. Anne Deighton, 'The Military Security Pool: Towards a New Security Regime for Europe?' (2000) 35/4 The International Spectator, pp. 41-54;
48. Jolyon Howorth, 'Britain, France and the European Defence Initiative' (2000) 42/2 Survival, pp. 33-55.
49. .
50. For a collection of the core documents on the evolution of ESDP between St. Malo and Nice, see Maartje Rutten (compiled by), From St, Malo to Nice: European Defence: Core Documents (Institute for Security Studies, Paris Chaillot Paper 47, 2001) at . On developments concerning ESDP within the so-called 'European Convention', which is preparing the next IGC, see Marta Dassù and Antonio Missiroli, 'More Europe in Foreign and Security Policy: The Institutional Dimension of CFSP' (2002) 37/2 The International Spectator, pp. 79-88.
51. See, for instance, Elfriede Regelsberger and Wolfgang Wessels, 'The Evolution of the Common Foreign and Security Policy: a Case of an Imperfect Ratchet Fusion' in Amy Verdun and Osvaldo Croci (eds), Institutional and Policy-Making Challenges to the European Union in the Wake of Enlargement (Manchester University Press, Manchester, forthcoming).
52. Antonio Missiroli, 'European Security Policy: the Challenge of Coherence' (2001) 6 EFA Rev, pp. 177-96.
53. Gilles Andréani, Christoph Bertram and Charles Grant, Europe's Military Revolution (Centre for European Reform, London, 2001).
54. Figures quoted in Roy Ginsberg, 'European Security and Defence Policy: The State of the Play' (2003) 16/1 EUSA Review, pp. 1-4.
55. François Heisbourg, 'Europe's Strategic Ambitions: the Limits of Ambiguity' (2000) 42/2 Survival, pp. 5-15
56. and Gilles Andréani, 'Why Institutions Matter' (2000) 42/3 Survival, pp. 81-95.
57. John C. Hulsman, 'Cherry-Picking as the Future of the Transatlantic Alliance: The Reemergence of European Gaullism' in Sabina A.-M. Auger (ed.), The Transatlantic Relationship: Problems and Prospects (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington DC, 2003 - Proceedings of the Conference: 'Enlarging the Euro-Atlantic Space: Problems and Prospects for Northeastern and Southeastern Europe', Washington DC, December 19, 2002), pp. 59-66.
58. See Stanley R. Sloan, The United States and European Defence (Institute for Security Studies, Paris, Chaillot Paper 39, 2000) p. 18 at .
59. See also Charles Kupchan, 'In defence of European Defence: an American Perspective' (2000) 42/2 Survival, pp. 16-32
60. and Jan Zielonka, 'Transatlantic Relations Beyond the CFSP' (2000) 35/4 The International Spectator, pp. 27-40.
61. Kori Schake, Constructive Duplication: Reducing EU Reliance on US military assets (Centre for European Reform Working Paper. London, 2002), p. 6 at .
62. David S. Yost, 'The NATO Capabilities Gap and the European Union' (2000) 42/4 Survival, pp. 97-128.
63. Charles A. Kupchan and Clifford A. Kupchan, 'Concerts, Collective Security, and the Future of Europe' (1991) 16 International Security, pp. 114-161 at 120.
64. All these documents are at .