European security policy: The challenge of coherence

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 177-196

  Missiroli, Antonio ^a  

^a WEU Institute for Security Studies   (Mexico)

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EID: 84937341139     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1011471421125     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. The question of 'coherence' in European security policy has been an ongoing area of discussion in the European Foreign Affairs Review; see C. Tietje, 'The Concept of Coherence in the Treaty on European Union and the CFSP', (1997) 2 EFA Rev, pp. 211-233;
2. U. Schmalz, 'The Amsterdam Provisions on External Coherence: Bridging the Union's Foreign Policy Dualism?', (1998) 3 EFA Rev, pp. 421-442.
3. C. Patten, 'Projecting Stability' The World Today, vol. 56, no. 7, July 2000, pp. 17-19.
4. J. Peterson, 'Introduction: The European Union as a Global Actor' in J. Peterson and H. Sjursen (eds), A Common Foreign Policy for Europe? Competing Visions of the CFSP (London, Routledge, 1998), pp. 3-17.
5. S.J. Nuttall, European Foreign Policy (Oxford, Oxford UP, 2000), especially pp. 25 ss. European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) in 1998-1999 - have further complicated the picture. As a result, the three layers of the 'consistency' issue are still there but their respective implications are wider and trickier. In fact, although the external activities of the EC are now concentrated under Patten's authority, European foreign policy is now spread across three pillars and subject to the (still relatively undefined) supervision the Secretary General of the Council and High Representative for CFSP (SG/HR), Javier Solana.
6. The Commission alone currently has more than 120 delegations, permanent representations and offices in non-member countries (the first ever was opened in London, in 1954, by the ECSC), more than 50 of which have opened since 1989. See M. Bruter, 'Diplomacy Without a State: The External Delegations of the European Commission' (1999), VI, 2, Journal of European Public Policy, pp. 183-205.
7. The comparison with the US is partially misleading, but remains a recurrent (and to a certain extent useful) argumentative tool in the debate over European foreign policy goals: see, for example, F. Heisbourg (ed.), European Defence: Making it Work, (Chaillot Paper 42, WEU Institute for Security Studies, Paris, 2000);
8. G. Andréani, C. Bertram and C. Grant, Europe's Military Revolution (CER, London, 2001), which also deals with the 'consistency' issue (pp. 42 ss.).
9. See H.-G. Krenzler and H.C. Schneider, 'The Question of Consistency' in E. Regelsberger, P. de Schouteete and W. Wessels (eds), Foreign Policy of the European Union: From EPC to CFSP and Beyond (Boulder, Lynne Rienner, 1997), pp. 133-151;
10. For a comprehensive overview, see in particular S. Duke, Consistency as an Issue in EU External Activities, (EIPA Working Paper, 99/W/06).
11. For the 'condominium'-model see P.C. Schmitter, 'Imagining the Future of the Euro-Polity with the Help of New Concepts' in G. Marks, P.C. Schmitter and W. Streeck (eds), Governance in the European Union (London, Sage, 1996), pp. 121-150.
12. On the notion of 'Brusselsisation', see D.J. Allen, 'The European Rescue of European National Policy?' in C.J. Hill (ed.), The Actors in Europe's Foreign Policy (London, Routledge, 1996), pp. 288-304;
13. D.J. Allen, '“Who Speaks for Europe?” - The Search for an Effective and Coherent External Policy' in J. Peterson and H. Sjursen (eds), A Common Foreign Policy for Europe?, quot. fn.2, pp. 41-58.
14. On 'multi-level' governance, see J. Peterson, 'Decision-Making in the European Union: Towards a Framework for Analysis', (1995), II, 1, Journal of European Public Policy, pp. 69-93;
15. J. Peterson and E. Bomberg, Decision-Making in the European Union (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1999).
16. For an overview of its changing contents and scope, see T. Terriff et al., Security Studies Today (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1999).
17. See D. Spence, 'Foreign Ministries in National and European Context', in B. Hocking (ed.), Foreign Ministries: Change and Adaptation (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1999), pp. 247-268.
18. For the original notion of 'civilian power' see F. Duchêne, 'The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence' in M. Kohnstamm and W. Hager (eds), A Nation Writ Large? Foreign-Policy Problems before the European Community (London, Macmillan, 1973), pp. 1-21.
19. For more recent variations on the same theme, see R. Rosencrance, 'The European Union: A New Type of International Actor' in J. Zielonka (ed.), Paradoxes of European Foreign Policy (The Hague, Kluwer, 1998), pp. 15-24;
20. st Century: The World's Scandinavia', (1997), 8, Irish Studies in International Affairs, pp. 21-34.
21. cf. J.S. Nye jr., Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History (New York, Harper & Collins, 1993);
22. M.S. Lund, Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy (Washington D.C., US Institute for Peace Press, 1996);
23. I.W. Zartman and L. Rasmussen (eds), Peacemaking in International Conflict (Washington D.C., US Institute for Peace Press, 1997).
24. For an overview see P. Cross and G. Rasamoelina (eds), Conflict Prevention Policy of the European Union: Recent Engagements, Future Instruments (SWP-CPN Yearbook 1998/1999, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1999);
25. M. Lund and G. Rasamoelina (eds), The Impact of Conflict Prevention Policy: Cases, Measures, Assessments (SWP-CPN Yearbook 1999/2000, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2000).
26. The 'Communication' can be found on .
27. See M.E. Smith, 'Diplomacy by Decree: The Legalization of EU Foreign Policy', (2001), IXL, 1, Journal of Common Market Studies, pp. 79-104.
28. can now be found i.a. in M. Rutten (comp.), From St. Malo to Nice - European Defence: Core Documents (Chaillot Paper 47, Paris, WEU Institute for Security Studies, 2001).
29. Similarly, EPC had developed through customary law before being incorporated into the SEA and acquiring formally recognized procedures: see R. Dehousse and J.H.H. Weiler, 'EPC and the Single Act: From Soft Law to Hard Law?' in M. Holland (ed.), The Future of European Political Cooperation: Essays on Theory and Practice (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1991), pp. 121-142.
30. cf. P. Norman, 'Solana Hits at EU Strategies', Financial Times, 23 January 2001, p. 2;
31. L. Zecchini, 'Javier Solana dresse un bilan accablant des stratégies communes', Le Monde, 24 January 2001, p. 3.
32. For a stringent case-study, see H. Haukkala and S. Medvedev (eds), The EU Common Strategy on Russia: Learning the Grammar of CFSP (Helsinki-Berlin, FIIA-IEP, 2001).
33. The reference is to K.W. Deutsch, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton N.J., Princeton University Press, 1957).
34. For an interesting reappraisal see E. Adler, and M.T. Barnett (eds), Security Communities (Cambridge (Mass.), Cambridge University, 1998).