Why institutions matter

Survival

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 81-95

  Andréani, Gilles ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0041037847     PISSN: 00396338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/survival/42.2.81     Document Type: Article

References (12)

1. 'Nato, Europe, Our Future Security', Speech to NATO fiftieth anniversary conference, 10 March 1999, available at www.number-10.gov.uk/ news.asp?NewsId=335&SectionId=32.
2. Speech to the RIIA conference, 'European Defence: The Way Ahead', Chatham House, London, 7 October 1999, available at www.mod.uk/news/ speeches/sofs/99-10-07.htm.
3. However, in 1954 it served as a vehicle for solving the crisis provoked by the French parliament's rejection of the European Defence Community, which would allow Germany's rearmament and membership of NATO. This compromise was brought about by the British government, conceivably the last major diplomatic success of the UK in the field of European security until the Blair initiative.
4. Inverted commas are in order, since the EU members which do not belong to NATO (Austria, Finland, Ireland and Sweden) have, as a matter of principle, renounced using the term as a result of their joining the Union. They now use various descriptions, such as 'non-allied' to signal their readiness to manifest a greater level of solidarity in the security and defence field to their fellow EU members.
5. Richard von Weizsäcker, Jean-Luc Dehaene, and David Simon, Implications institutionnelles de l'élargissement, 18 October 1999.
6. Déclaration franco-Britannique sur la défense européenne, item 2, 4 December 1998; available at www.ambafrance. org.uk/db.phtml?id=1950.
7. Ibid., item 3.
8. Ministers of defence were always unhappy with joint sessions on the WEU model; for the defence-planning and 'peer review' side of the ESDP to work, they have to feel that they own the process, and not merely contribute to meetings led by foreign ministers.
9. France has opted for a separate representative.
10. Supported by Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and Spain.
11. That might expose EU governments to criticism from eurosceptics who object to any prospect of the European Parliament meddling with defence.
12. Even the 'wise men's report', branded by some in Britain as prefiguring a 'European superstate', was essentially a careful middle-of-the-road proposal.