How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis

Psychological Science

Volumn 29, Issue 8, 2018, Pages 1358-1369

  Ritchie, Stuart J ^a   Tucker Drob, Elliot M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

education; intelligence; meta analysis; open data; quasiexperimental

Indexed keywords

ACHIEVEMENT; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; AGED; CHILD; COGNITION; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE TEST; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; META ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ACHIEVEMENT; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CHILD; COGNITION; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85049002384     PISSN: 09567976     EISSN: 14679280     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0956797618774253     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Ackerman P. L., (2017). Adult intelligence: The construct and the criterion problem. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12, 987–998
2. Allensworth E. M., Moore P. T., Sartain L., de la Torre M., (2017). The educational benefits of attending higher performing schools: Evidence from Chicago high schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 39, 175–197
3. Bailey D., Duncan G. J., Odgers C. L., Yu W., (2017). Persistence and fadeout in the impacts of child and adolescent interventions. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 10, 7–39
4. Baltes P. B., Reinert G., (1969). Cohort effects in cognitive development of children as revealed by cross-sectional sequences. Developmental Psychology, 1, 169–177
5. Becker M., Lüdtke O., Trautwein U., Köller O., Baumert J., (2012). The differential effects of school tracking on psychometric intelligence: Do academic-track schools make students smarter? Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 682–699
6. Brinch C. N., Galloway T. A., (2012). Schooling in adolescence raises IQ scores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 109, 425–430
7. Cahan S., Cohen N., (1989). Age versus schooling effects on intelligence development. Child Development, 60, 1239–1249
8. Calvin C. M., Batty G. D., Der G., Brett C. E., Taylor A., Pattie A... Deary I. J., (2017). Childhood intelligence in relation to major causes of death in 68 year follow-up: Prospective population study. British Medical Journal, 357, Article j2708. doi:10.1136/bmj.j2708
9. Ceci S. J., (1991). How much does schooling influence general intelligence and its cognitive components? A reassessment of the evidence. Developmental Psychology, 27, 703–722
10. Cheung M. W.-L., (2008). A model for integrating fixed-, random-, and mixed-effects meta-analyses into structural equation modeling. Psychological Methods, 13, 182–202
11. Cliffordson C., (2010). Methodological issues in investigations of the relative effects of schooling and age on school performance: The between-grade regression discontinuity design applied to Swedish TIMSS 1995 data. Educational Research and Evaluation, 16, 39–52
12. Clouston S. A., Kuh D., Herd P., Elliott J., Richards M., Hofer S. M., (2012). Benefits of educational attainment on adult fluid cognition: International evidence from three birth cohorts. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41, 1729–1736
13. Davies N. M., Dickson M., Davey Smith G., van den Berg G. J., Windmeijer F., (2018). The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 117–125
14. Deary I. J., Johnson W., (2010). Intelligence and education: Causal perceptions drive analytic processes and therefore conclusions. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 1362–1369
15. Deary I. J., Strand S., Smith P., Fernandes C., (2007). Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence, 35, 13–21
16. Downey D. B., von Hippel P. T., Broh B. A., (2004). Are schools the great equalizer? School and non-school sources of inequality in cognitive skills. American Sociological Review, 69, 613–635
17. Elliott J., Shepherd P., (2006). Cohort profile: 1970 British Birth Cohort (BCS70). International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 836–843
18. Gale C. R., Batty G. D., Osborn D. P., Tynelius P., Whitley E., Rasmussen F., (2012). Association of mental disorders in early adulthood and later psychiatric hospital admissions and mortality in a cohort study of more than 1 million men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 823–831
19. Gustaffson J.-E., (2001). Schooling and intelligence: Effects of track of study on level and profile of cognitive abilities. International Education Journal, 2, 166–186
20. Hansen K. T., Heckman J. J., Mullen K. J., (2004). The effect of schooling and ability on achievement test scores. Journal of Econometrics, 121, 39–98
21. Jensen A. R., (1989). Raising IQ without increasing g? A review of The Milwaukee Project: Preventing mental retardation in children at risk. Developmental Review, 9, 234–258
22. Kohn M. L., Schooler C., (1973). Occupational experience and psychological functioning: An assessment of reciprocal effects. American Sociological Review, 38, 97–118
23. Kuncel N. R., Hezlett S. A., (2010). Fact and fiction in cognitive ability testing for admissions and hiring decisions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 339–345
24. Morgan S. L., Winship C., (2015). Counterfactuals and causal inference (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press
25. Muthén L. K., Muthén B. O., (2014). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Author
26. Protzko J., (2015). The environment in raising early intelligence: A meta-analysis of the fadeout effect. Intelligence, 53, 202–210
27. Protzko J., (2016). Does the raising IQ-raising g distinction explain the fadeout effect? Intelligence, 56, 65–71
28. Ritchie S. J., Bates T. C., Deary I. J., (2015). Is education associated with improvements in general cognitive ability, or in specific skills? Developmental Psychology, 51, 573–582
29. Ritchie S. J., Bates T. C., Der G., Starr J. M., Deary I. J., (2013). Education is associated with higher later life IQ scores, but not with faster cognitive processing speed. Psychology and Aging, 28, 515–521
30. Ritchie S. J., Bates T. C., Plomin R., (2015). Does learning to read improve intelligence? A longitudinal multivariate analysis in identical twins from age 7 to 16. Child Development, 86, 23–36
31. Roth B., Becker N., Romeyke S., Schäfer S., Domnick F., Spinath F. M., (2015). Intelligence and school grades: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 53, 118–137
32. Schmidt F. L., Oh I.-S, Shaffer J. A., (2016). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 100 years of research findings (Fox School of Business Research Paper). Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2853669
33. Simonsohn U., Simmons J. P., Nelson L. D., (2015). Better P-curves: Making P-curve analysis more robust to errors, fraud, and ambitious P-hacking, a reply to Ulrich and Miller (2015). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, 1146–1152
34. Snow R. E., (1996). Aptitude development and education. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2, 536–560
35. Stanley T. D., Doucouliagos H., (2014). Meta-regression approximations to reduce publication selection bias. Research Synthesis Methods, 5, 60–78
36. Stanovich K. E., (1986). Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21, 360–407
37. Stanovich K. E., (1993). Does reading make you smarter? Literacy and the development of verbal intelligence. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 24, 133–180
38. Strenze T., (2007). Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research. Intelligence, 35, 401–426
39. Watkins M. W., Styck K. M., (2017). A cross-lagged panel analysis of psychometric intelligence and achievement in reading and math. Journal of Intelligence, 5(3), Article 31. doi:10.3390/jintelligence5030031
40. Winship C., Korenman S., (1997). Does staying in school make you smarter? The effect of education on IQ in the bell curve. In Devlin B., Fienberg S. E., Resnick D. P., Roeder K., (Eds.), Intelligence, genes, and success (pp. 215–234). New York, NY: Springer
41. Wrulich M., Brunner M., Stadler G., Schalke D., Keller U., Martin R., (2014). Forty years on: Childhood intelligence predicts health in middle adulthood. Health Psychology, 33, 292–296