Benefits of educational attainment on adult fluid cognition: International evidence from three birth cohorts

International Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1729-1736

  Clouston, Sean A P ^a,b   Kuh, Diana ^b   Herd, Pamela ^c   Elliott, Jane ^d   Richards, Marcus ^b   Hofer, Scott M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^b MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adolescent cognition; Class reproduction; Cognitive health; Cognitive selection; Educational benefits; Life course

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; ADULT; COGNITION; COHORT ANALYSIS; EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT; HEALTH IMPACT; HIGHER EDUCATION; LEAST SQUARES METHOD; MENTAL HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS;

ADULT FLUID COGNITION; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COHORT ANALYSIS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOCIAL CLASS;

ADOLESCENT; COGNITION; COHORT STUDIES; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 84872134881     PISSN: 03005771     EISSN: 14643685     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys148     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Deary I, Johnson W. Intelligence and education: causal perceptions drive analytic processes and therefore conclusions. Int J Epidemiol 2010;39:1362-69.
2. De Graaf N, De Graaf P, Kraaykamp G. Parental cultural capital and educational attainment in the Netherlands: a refinement of the cultural capital perspective. Sociol Educ 2000;73:92-111.
3. Deary I, Strand S, Smith P, Fernandes C. Intelligence and educational achievement. Intelligence 2007;35:13-21.
4. Feinstein L. Inequality in the early cognitive development of British children in the 1970 cohort. Economica 2003;70: 73-97.
5. Tucker-Drob EM, Rhemtulla M, Harden KP, Turkheimer E, Fask D. Emergence of a gene x socioeconomic status interaction on infant mental ability between 10 months and 2 years. Psychol Sci 2011;22: 125-33.
6. Richards M, Sacker A. Is education causal? Yes. Int J Epidemiol 2011;40:516-18.
7. Hatch SL, Feinstein L, Link BG, Wadsworth MEJ, Richards M. The continuing benefits of education: adult education and midlife cognitive ability in the British 1946 birth cohort. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2007;62: S404-14.
8. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia 2009;47: 2015-28.
9. Kuh D, Pierce M, Adams J et al. Cohort Profile: updating the cohort profile for the MRC National Survey of Health and Development: a new clinic-based data collection for ageing research. Int J Epidemiol 2011;40:e1-9.
10. Welshman J. Time, Money and Social Science: the British Birth Cohort Surveys of 1946 and 1958. Soc Hist Med 2011; 25:175-92.
11. Power C, Elliott J. Cohort Profile: 1958 British birth cohort (National Child Development Study). Int J Epidemiol 2006;35:34.
12. Sewell WH, Hauser RM, Springer KW, Hauser TS. As we age: a review of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, 1957-2001. Res Soc Stratif Mobil 2003;20:3-111.
13. Morgan SL, Winship C. Counterfactuals and Causal Inference: Methods and Principles for Social Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
14. Rubin DB. Bayesian inference for causal effects: the role of randomization. Ann Stat 1978;6:34-58.
15. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 1983;70:41.
16. Rubin DB. The design versus the analysis of observational studies for causal effects: parallels with the design of randomized trials. Stat Med 2007;26:20-36.
17. Robins JM. Association, causation, and marginal structural models. Synthese 1999;121:151-79.
18. Vanderweele TJ, Robins JM. Empirical and counterfactual conditions for sufficient cause interactions. Biometrika 2008;95:49.
19. Robins J, Richardson T, Spirtes P. On Identification and Inference for Direct Effects. Washington: University of Washington, 2009.
20. Heckman JJ. Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science 2006;312:1900-02.
21. Brown M, Dodgeon B. NCDS Cognitive Assessments at Age 50: Initial Results. CLS Working Paper 2010/1. London: Centre for Longitudinal Studies, 2010.
22. Singh-Manoux A, Kivimaki M, Glymour MM et al. Timing of onset of cognitive decline: results from Whitehall II prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012;344:d7622.
23. Thorvaldsson V, Hofer S, Berg S, Skoog I, Sacuiu S, Johansson B. Onset of terminal decline in cognitive abilities in individuals without dementia. Neurology 2008;71: 882-87.
24. WHO. Life Expectancy. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2011.
25. Heckman J, Stixrud J, Urzua S. The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior. J Labor Econ 2006;24:411-82.
26. Cunha F, Heckman JJ, Schennach SM. Estimating the technology of cognitive and noncognitive skill formation. Econometrica 2010;78:883-931.
27. Jerrim J, Vignoles A. The use and misuse of statistics in understanding social mobility: regression to the mean and the cognitive development of high ability children from disadvantaged homes. London: DoQS Sciences, Institute of Education, 2011.
28. Tucker-Drob EM, Rhemtulla M, Harden KP, Turkheimer E, Fask D. Emergence of a gene x socioeconomic status interaction on infant mental ability between months and 2 years. Psychol Sci 2011;22:125-33.
29. Glymour MM, Kawachi I, Jencks CS, Berkman LF. Does childhood schooling affect old age memory or mental status? Using state schooling laws as natural experiments. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008;62: 532-37.
30. Richards M, Sacker A. Lifetime antecedents of cognitive reserve. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2003;25:614-24.
31. Richards M, Power C, Sacker A. Paths to literacy and numeracy problems: evidence from two British birth cohorts. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009;63:239-44.
32. Psacharopoulos G, Patrinos H. Returns to investment in education: a further update. Educ Econ 2004;12:111-34.
33. Psacharopoulos G. Returns to investment in education: a global update. World Dev 1994;22:1325-43.
34. Link B, Phelan J. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav 1995;80-94.
35. Phelan J, Link BG, Tehranifar P. Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications. J Health Soc Behav 2010; 51(Suppl 1):S28-40.
36. Marmot M, Wilkinson R. Social Determinants of Health. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 2006.
37. Mirowsky J, Ross CE. Education, Social Status, and Health. Hawthorne, NY, USA: Aldine, 2003.
38. Becker G. Human Capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
39. Keeley B. Human Capital: How What You Know Shapes Your Life. Danvers, MA, USA: OECD Publishing, 2007.
40. Heckman JJ, Moon SH, Pinto R, Savelyev PA, Yavitz A. The rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program. J Public Econ 2010;94:114-28.
41. Lynch J, Kaplan G, Salonen J. Why do poor people behave poorly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse. Soc Sci Med 1997;44:809-19.
42. Entwisle D, Alexander K. Summer setback: race, poverty, school composition, and mathematics achievement in the first two years of school. Am Sociol Rev 1992;57:72-84.
43. Cooper H, Nye B, Charlton K, Lindsay J, Greathouse S. The effects of summer vacation on achievement test scores: a narrative and meta-analytic review. Rev Educ Res 1996;66:227-68.
44. Downey DB, von Hippel PT, Broh BA. Are schools the great equalizer? Cognitive inequality during the summer months and the school year. Am Sociol Rev 2004;69: 613-35.
45. Jaeggi SM, Buschkuehl M, Jonides J, Perrig WJ. Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:6829-33.
46. Sewell WH, Hauser RM. Education, Occupation, and Earnings: Achievement in the Early Career. New York: Academic Press, 1975.