A systematic review and meta-analysis of human milk feeding and morbidity in very low birth weight infants

Nutrients

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2018, Pages

  Miller, Jacqueline ^a,b   Tonkin, Emma ^b   Damarell, Raechel A ^b   McPhee, Andrew J ^a,c   Suganuma, Machiko ^a   Suganuma, Hiroki ^a   Middleton, Philippa F ^a,d   Makrides, Maria ^a,d   Collins, Carmel T ^a,d  

^a SOUTH AUSTRALIAN HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^b FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c WOMEN S AND CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia; Donor human milk; Formula feeding; Human milk; Necrotising enterocolitis; Neurodevelopment; Preterm infant; Retinopathy of prematurity; Sepsis

Indexed keywords

BREAST FEEDING; BREAST MILK; COGNITION; HUMAN; LUNG DYSPLASIA; MENTAL DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT; META ANALYSIS; MORBIDITY; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PASTEURIZATION; PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT; RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; ARTIFICIAL MILK; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DIET THERAPY; ENTERIC FEEDING; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; INFANT; INFANT NUTRITION; MENTAL DISEASE; NEWBORN; NEWBORN SEPSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREMATURITY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

ENTERAL NUTRITION; ENTEROCOLITIS, NECROTIZING; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT FORMULA; INFANT NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; INFANT, EXTREMELY PREMATURE; INFANT, NEWBORN; INFANT, PREMATURE, DISEASES; INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MILK, HUMAN; NEONATAL SEPSIS; NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS; PREMATURE BIRTH; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 85048004062     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu10060707     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Agostoni, C., Buonocore, G., Carnielli, V.P., De Curtis, M., Darmaun, D., Decsi, T., Domellöf, M., Embleton, N.D., Fusch, C., Genzel-Boroviczeny, O., et al. Enteral nutrient supply for preterm infants: Commentary from the european society of paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition committee on nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2010, 50, 85-91.
2. Committee on Nutrition; Section on Brreastfeeding; Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Donor human milk for the high-risk infant: Preparation, safety, and usage options in the United States. Pediatrics 2017, 139, e20163044.
3. Arslanoglu, S., Corpeleijn, W., Moro, G., Braegger, C., Campoy, C., Colomb, V., Decsi, T., Domellof, M., Fewtrell, M., Hojsak, I., et al. Donor human milk for preterm infants: Current evidence and research directions. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2013, 57, 535-542.
4. Grovslien, A.H., Gronn, M. Donor milk banking and breastfeeding in Norway. J. Hum. Lact. 2009, 25, 206-210.
5. Lucas, A., Cole, T.J. Breast milk and neonatal necrotising enterocolitis. Lancet1990, 336, 1519-1523.
6. Lucas, A., Fewtrell, M.S., Morley, R., Lucas, P.J., Baker, B.A., Lister, G., Bishop, N.J. Randomized outcome trial of human milk fortification and developmental outcome in preterm infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996, 64, 142-151.
7. Lucas, A., Gore, S.M., Cole, T.J., Bamford, M.F., Dossetor, J.F., Barr, I., Dicarlo, L., Cork, S., Lucas, P.J. Multicentre trial on feeding low birthweight infants: Effects of diet on early growth. Arch. Dis. Child. 1984, 59, 722-730.
8. Lucas, A., Morley, R., Cole, T.J., Gore, S.M., Davis, J.A., Bamford, M.F.M., Dossetor, J.F.B. Early diet in preterm babies and developmental status in infancy. Arch. Dis. Child. 1989, 64, 1570-1578.
9. Lucas, A., Morley, R., Cole, T.J., Lister, G., Leeson-Payne, C. Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm. Lancet 1992, 339, 261-264.
10. Davies, D.P. Adequacy of expressed breast milk for early growth of preterm infants. Arch. Dis. Child. 1977, 52, 296-301.
11. Narayanan, I., Prakash, K., Murthy, N.S., Gujral, V.V. Randomised controlled trial of effect of raw and holder pasteurised human milk and of formula supplements on incidence of neonatal infection. Lancet 1984, 2, 1111-1113.
12. Behrman, R.E., Tyson, J.E., Lasky, R.E., Mize, C.E., Richards, C.J., Blair-Smith, N., Whyte, R., Beer, A.E. Growth, metabolic response, and development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed banked human milk or enriched formula. I. Neonatal findings. J. Pediatr. 1983, 103, 95-104.
13. Gross, S.J. Growth and biochemical response of preterm infants fed human milk of modified infant formula. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983, 308, 237-241.
14. Narayanan, I., Prakash, K., Bala, S., Verma, R.K., Gujral, V.V. Partial supplementation with expressed breast-milk for prevention of infection in low-birth-weight infants. Lancet 1980, 2, 561-563.
15. Anderson, J.W., Johnstone, B.M., Remley, D.T. Breast-feeding and cognitive development: A meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 70, 525-535.
16. Boyd, C.A., Quigley, M.A., Brocklehurst, P. Donor breast milk versus infant formula for preterm infants: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007, 92, F169-F175.
17. Quigley, M., McGuire, W. Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, CD002971.
18. Owen, L.S., Manley, B.J., Davis, P.G., Doyle, L.W. The evolution of modern respiratory care for preterm infants. Lancet 2017, 389, 1649-1659.
19. Australian Government Department of Health. Donor Human Milk Banking in Australia—Issues and Background Paper. Commonwealth of Australia, 2014. Available online:http://www.health.gov.au/breastfeeding (accessed on 14 February 2018).
20. Stock, K., Griesmaier, E., Brunner, B., Neubauer, V., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U., Trawoger, R. Pasteurization of breastmilk decreases the rate of postnatally acquired cytomegalovirus infections, but shows a nonsignificant trend to an increased rate of necrotizing enterocolitis in very preterm infants—A preliminary study. Breastfeed. Med. 2015, 10, 113-117.
21. Assad, M., Elliott, M.J., Abraham, J.H. Decreased cost and improved feeding tolerance in VLBW infants fed an exclusive human milk diet. J. Perinatol. 2016, 36, 216-220.
22. Tanaka, K., Kon, N., Ohkawa, N., Yoshikawa, N., Shimizu, T. Does breastfeeding in the neonatal period influence the cognitive function of very-low-birth-weight infants at 5 years of age? Brain Dev. 2009, 31, 288-293.
23. Verd, S., Porta, R., Botet, F., Gutierrez, A., Ginovart, G., Barbero, A.H., Ciurana, A., Plata, I.I. Hospital outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after introduction of donor milk to supplement mother’s milk. Breastfeed. Med. 2015, 10, 150-155.
24. Miller, J., Collins, C.T., Suganuma, H., Suganuma, M., Keir, A., Middleton, P.F., Makrides, M., Damarell, R.A., Tonkin, E., McPhee, A. A Systematic Review of Human Milk Feeding and morbidity in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Infants. PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. CRD42017077316. Available online: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42017077316 (accessed on 19 September 2017).
25. Covidence Systematic Review Software, Veritas Health Innovation Melbourne, Australia. Available online: www.covidence.org (accessed on 9 June 2017).
26. Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC). What Study Designs Should be Included in an EPOC Review and What Should They be Called? EPOC Resources for Review Authors. 2017. Available online: http://epoc.cochrane.org/resources/epoc-resources-review-authors (accessed on 12 July 2017).
27. Higgins, J.P.T., Churchill, R., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M.S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.2.0 (updated June 2017), Cochrane, 2017. Available online: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook(accessed on 15 September 2017).
28. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. CASP Cohort Study Checklist. 2017. Available online: https://casp-uk.net/casp-tools-checklists/ (accessed on 21 June 2017).
29. Review Manager (RevMan) (Computer Program). Version 5.3. Copenhagen. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014. Available online: http://community.cochrane.org/help/tools-and-software/revman-5/revman-5-download (accessed on 4 October 2017).
30. GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool (Software). McMaster University, 2015. (Developed by Evidence Prime, Inc.). Available online: Gradepro.org (accessed on 3 March 2018).
31. Schünemann, H., Brożek, J., Guyatt, G., Oxman, A. (Eds.) GRADE Handbook for Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations. Updated October 2013. The GRADE Working Group, 2013. Available online: Guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook (accessed on 21 June 2017).
32. Corpeleijn, W.E., De Waard, M., Christmann, V., Van Goudoever, J.B., Jansen-Van Der Weide, M.C., Kooi, E.M.W., Koper, J.F., Kouwenhoven, S.M.P., Lafeber, H.N., Mank, E., et al. Effect of donor milk on severe infections and mortality in very low-birth-weight infants: The early nutrition study randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2016, 170, 654-661.
33. Cossey, V., Vanhole, C., Eerdekens, A., Rayyan, M., Fieuws, S., Schuermans, A. Pasteurization of mother’s own milk for preterm infants does not reduce the incidence of late-onset sepsis. Neonatology 2013, 103, 170-176.
34. Cristofalo, E.A., Schanler, R.J., Blanco, C.L., Sullivan, S., Trawoeger, R., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U., Dudell, G., Rechtman, D.J., Lee, M.L., Lucas, A., et al. Randomized trial of exclusive human milk versus preterm formula diets in extremely premature infants. J. Pediatr. 2013, 163, 1592-1595.
35. O’Connor, D.L., Gibbins, S., Kiss, A., Bando, N., Brennan-Donnan, J., Ng, E., Campbell, D.M., Vaz, S., Fusch, C., Asztalos, E., et al. Effect of supplemental donor human milk compared with preterm formula on neurodevelopment of very low-birth-weight infants at 18 months: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA2016, 316, 1897-1905.
36. Schanler, R.J., Lau, C., Hurst, N.M., Smith, E.O. Randomized trial of donor human milk versus preterm formula as substitutes for mothers’ own milk in the feeding of extremely premature infants. Pediatrics 2005, 116, 400-406.
37. Sullivan, S., Schanler, R.J., Kim, J.H., Patel, A.L., Trawoger, R., Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U., Chan, G.M., Blanco, C.L., Abrams, S., Cotten, C.M., et al. An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products. J. Pediatr. 2010, 156, 562-567.
38. Manea, A., Boia, M., Iacob, D., Dima, M., Iacob, R.E. Benefits of early enteral nutrition in extremely low birth weight infants. Singap. Med. J. 2016, 57, 616-618.
39. Belfort, M.B., Anderson, P.J., Nowak, V.A., Lee, K.J., Molesworth, C., Thompson, D.K., Doyle, L.W., Inder, T.E. Breast milk feeding, brain development, and neurocognitive outcomes: A 7-year longitudinal study in infants born at less than 30 weeks’ gestation. J. Pediatr. 2016, 177, 133-139.
40. Blaymore-Bier, J.A., Oliver, T., Ferguson, A.E., Vohr, B.R. Human milk improves cognitive and motor development of premature infants during infancy. J. Hum. Lact. 2002, 18, 361-367.
41. Chowning, R., Radmacher, P., Lewis, S., Serke, L., Pettit, N., Adamkin, D.H. A retrospective analysis of the effect of human milk on prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and postnatal growth. J. Perinatol. 2016, 36, 221-224.
42. Colacci, M., Murthy, K., Deregnier, R.A.O., Khan, J.Y., Robinson, D.T. Growth and development in extremely low birth weight infants after the introduction of exclusive human milk feedings. Am. J. Perinatol. 2017, 34, 130-137.
43. Colaizy, T.T., Carlson, S., Saftlas, A.F., Morriss, F.H., Jr. Growth in VLBW infants fed predominantly fortified maternal and donor human milk diets: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2012, 12, 124.
44. Dicky, O., Ehlinger, V., Montjaux, N., Gremmo-Feger, G., Sizun, J., Roze, J.C., Arnaud, C., Casper, C. The EPIPAGE 2 Nutrition Study Group; The EPINUTRI Study Group. Policy of feeding very preterm infants with their mother’s own fresh expressed milk was associated with a reduced risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Acta Paediatr. 2017, 106, 755-762.
45. Eidelman, A.I., Feldman, R. Positive effect of human milk on neurobehavioral and cognitive development of premature infants. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2004, 554, 359-364.
46. Feldman, R., Eidelman, A.I. Direct and indirect effects of breast milk on the neurobehavioral and cognitive development of premature infants. Dev. Psychobiol. 2003, 43, 109-119.
47. Furman, L., Taylor, G., Minich, N., Hack, M. The effect of maternal milk on neonatal morbidity of very low-birth-weight infants. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med.2003, 157, 66-71.
48. Furman, L., Wilson-Costelo, D., Friedman, H., Taylor, H.G., Minich, N., Hack, M. The effect of neonatal maternal milk feeding on the neurodevelopmental outcome of very low birth weight infants. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 2004, 25, 247-253.
49. Ginovart, G., Gich, I., Verd, S. Human milk feeding protects very low-birth-weight infants from retinopathy of prematurity: A pre-post cohort analysis. J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016, 29, 3790-3795.
50. Heller, C.D., O’Shea, M., Yao, Q., Langer, J., Ehrenkranz, R.A., Phelps, D.L., Poole, W.K., Stoll, B., Duara, S., Oh, W., et al. Human milk intake and retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2007, 120, 1-9.
51. Huston, R.K., Markell, A.M., McCulley, E.A., Pathak, M., Rogers, S.P., Sweeney, S.L., Dolphin, N.G., Gardiner, S.K. Decreasing necrotizing enterocolitis and gastrointestinal bleeding in the neonatal intensive care unit: The role of donor human milk and exclusive human milk diets in infants ≤1500 g birth weight. Infant Child Adolesc. Nutr. 2014, 6, 86-93.
52. Hylander, M.A., Strobino, D.M., Dhanireddy, R. Human milk feedings and infection among very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 1998, 102, E38.
53. Hylander, M.A., Strobino, D.M., Pezzullo, J.C., Dhanireddy, R. Association of human milk feedings with a reduction in retinopathy of prematurity among very low birthweight infants. J. Perinatol. 2001, 21, 356-362.
54. Jacobi-Polishook, T., Collins, C.T., Sullivan, T.R., Simmer, K., Gillman, M.W., Gibson, R.A., Makrides, M., Belfort, M.B. Human milk intake in preterm infants and neurodevelopment at 18 months corrected age. Pediatr. Res. 2016, 80, 486-492.
55. Maayan-Metzger, A., Avivi, S., Schushan-Eisen, I., Kuint, J. Human milk versus formula feeding among preterm infants: Short-term outcomes. Am. J. Perinatol.2012, 29, 121-126.
56. Madore, L.S., Bora, S., Erdei, C., Jumani, T., Dengos, A.R., Sen, S. Effects of donor breastmilk feeding on growth and early neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants: An observational study. Clin. Ther. 2017, 39, 1210-1220.
57. Vohr, B.R., Poindexter, B.B., Dusick, A.M., McKinley, L.T., Higgins, R.D., Langer, J.C., Poole, W.K. Persistent beneficial effects of breast milk ingested in the neonatal intensive care unit on outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants at 30 months of age. Pediatrics 2007, 120, e953-e959.
58. Manzoni, P., Stolfi, I., Pedicino, R., Vagnarelli, F., Mosca, F., Pugni, L., Bollani, L., Pozzi, M., Gomez, K., Tzialla, C., et al. Human milk feeding prevents retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm VLBW neonates. Early Hum. Dev.2013, 89, S64-S68.
59. Montjaux-Regis, N., Cristini, C., Arnaud, C., Glorieux, I., Vanpee, M., Casper, C. Improved growth of preterm infants receiving mother’s own raw milk compared with pasteurized donor milk. Acta Paediatr. 2011, 100, 1548-1554.
60. O’Connor, D.L., Jacobs, J., Hall, R., Adamkin, D., Auestad, N., Castillo, M., Connor, W.E., Connor, S.L., Fitzgerald, K., Groh-Wargo, S., et al. Growth and development of premature infants fed predominantly human milk, predominantly premature infant formula, or a combination of human milk and premature formula. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2003, 37, 437-446.
61. Parker, L.A., Krueger, C., Sullivan, S., Kelechi, T., Mueller, M. Effect of breast milk on hospital costs and length of stay among very low-birth-weight infants in the NICU. Adv. Neonatal Care 2012, 12, 254-259.
62. Pinelli, J., Saigal, S., Atkinson, S.A. Effect of breastmilk consumption on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 6 and 12 months of age in VLBW infants. Adv. Neonatal Care 2003, 3, 76-87.
63. Schanler, R.J., Shulman, R.J., Lau, C. Feeding strategies for premature infants: Beneficial outcomes of feeding fortified human milk versus preterm formula. Pediatrics 1999, 103, 150-1157.
64. Sisk, P.M., Lambeth, T.M., Rojas, M.A., Lightbourne, T., Barahona, M., Anthony, E., Auringer, S.T. Necrotizing enterocolitis and growth in preterm infants fed predominantly maternal milk, pasteurized donor milk, or preterm formula: A retrospective study. Am. J. Perinatol. 2017, 34, 676-683.
65. Sisk, P.M., Lovelady, C.A., Dillard, R.G., Gruber, K.J., O’Shea, T.M. Early human milk feeding is associated with a lower risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. J. Perinatol. 2007, 27, 428-433.
66. Spiegler, J., Preus, M., Gebauer, C., Bendiks, M., Herting, E., Gopel, W., On Behalf of the German Neonatal Network. Does breastmilk influence the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia? J. Pediatr. 2016, 169, 76-80.e4.
67. Were, F.N., Bwibo, N.O. Two year neurological outcomes of very low birth weight infants. East Afr. Med. J. 2006, 83, 243-249.
68. Vohr, B.R., Poindexter, B.B., Dusick, A.M., McKinley, L.T., Wright, L.L., Langer, J.C., Poole, W.K. Beneficial effects of breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit on the developmental outcome of extremely low birth weight infants at 18 months of age. Pediatrics 2006, 118, e115-e123.
69. Alshaikh, B., Kostecky, L., Blachly, N., Yee, W. Effect of a quality improvement project to use exclusive mother’s own milk on rate of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Breastfeed. Med. 2015, 10, 355-361.
70. Bishop, C.E., Vasquez, M.M., Petershack, J.A., Blanco, C.L. Pasteurized donor human milk for VLBW infants: The effect on necrotizing enterocolitis and related factors. J. Neonatal-Perinat. Med. 2010, 3, 87-93.
71. Hair, A.B., Peluso, A.M., Hawthorne, K.M., Perez, J., Smith, D.P., Khan, J.Y., O’Donnell, A., Powers, R.J., Lee, M.L., Abrams, S.A. Beyond necrotizing enterocolitis prevention: Improving outcomes with an exclusive human milk-based diet. Breastfeed. Med. 2016, 11, 70-74.
72. Herrmann, K., Carroll, K. An exclusively human milk diet reduces necrotizing enterocolitis. Breastfeed. Med. 2014, 9, 184-190.
73. Kreissl, A., Sauerzapf, E., Repa, A., Binder, C., Thanhaeuser, M., Jilma, B., Ristl, R., Berger, A., Haiden, N. Starting enteral nutrition with preterm single donor milk instead of formula affects time to full enteral feeding in very low birth weight infants. Acta Paediatr. 2017, 106, 1460-1467.
74. Bensouda, B., Tarazi, S.E., Ali, N., Mandel, R., Sant’Anna, G.M. Episodes of apnea, desaturation and bradycardia and the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: A case-control study. J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013, 26, 52-55.
75. Fonseca, L.T., Senna, D.C., Silveira, R.C., Procianoy, R.S. Association between breast milk and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A single center observational study. Am. J. Perinatol. 2017, 34, 264-269.
76. Giuliani, F., Prandi, G., Coscia, A., Cresi, F., Di Nicola, P., Raia, M., Sabatino, G., Occhi, L., Bertino, E. Donor human milk versus mother’s own milk in preterm VLBWIs: A case control study. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents 2012, 26, 19-24.
77. Henderson, G., Craig, S., Brocklehurst, P., McGuire, W. Enteral feeding regimens and necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: A multicentre case-control study. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009, 94, F120-F123.
78. Johnson, T.J., Patel, A.L., Bigger, H.R., Engstrom, J.L., Meier, P.P. Cost savings of human milk as a strategy to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Neonatology 2015, 107, 271-276.
79. Kimak, K.S., De Castro Antunes, M.M., Braga, T.D., Brandt, K.G., De Carvalho Lima, M. Influence of enteral nutrition on occurrences of necrotizing enterocolitis in very-low-birth-weight infants. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr.2015, 61, 445-450.
80. Okamoto, T., Shirai, M., Kokubo, M., Takahashi, S., Kajino, M., Takase, M., Sakata, H., Oki, J. Human milk reduces the risk of retinal detachment in extremely low-birthweight infants. Pediatr. Int. 2007, 49, 894-897.
81. Porcelli, P.J., Weaver, R.G. The influence of early postnatal nutrition on retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants. Early Hum. Dev. 2010, 86, 391-396.
82. Patel, A.L., Johnson, T.J., Engstrom, J.L., Fogg, L.F., Jegier, B.J., Bigger, H.R., Meier, P.P. Impact of early human milk on sepsis and health-care costs in very low birth weight infants. J. Perinatol. 2013, 33, 514-519.
83. Patel, A.L., Johnson, T.J., Robin, B., Bigger, H.R., Buchanan, A., Christian, E., Nandhan, V., Shroff, A., Schoeny, M., Engstrom, J.L., et al. Influence of own mother’s milk on bronchopulmonary dysplasia and costs. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2017, 102, F256-F261.
84. The Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. An international classification of retinopathy of prematurity. Arch. Ophthalmol.1984, 102, 1130-1134.
85. Cacho, N.T., Parker, L.A., Neu, J. Necrotizing enterocolitis and human milk feeding: A systematic review. Clin. Perinatol. 2017, 44, 49-67.
86. Lechner, B.E., Vohr, B.R. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed human milk: A systematic review. Clin. Perinatol. 2017, 44, 69-83.
87. De Silva, A., Jones, P.W., Spencer, S.A. Does human milk reduce infection rates in preterm infants? A systematic review. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed.2004, 89, F509-F513.
88. Villamor-Martinez, E., Pierro, M., Cavallaro, G., Mosca, F., Kramer, B.W., Villamor, E. Donor human milk protects against bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2018, 10, 238.
89. Zhou, J., Shukla, V.V., John, D., Chen, C. Human milk feeding as a protective factor for retinopathy of prematurity: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2015, 136, e1576-e1586.
90. Corpeleijn, W.E., Kouwenhoven, S.M., Paap, M.C., van Vliet, I., Scheerder, I., Muizer, Y., Helder, O.K., van Goudoever, J.B., Vermeulen, M.J. Intake of own mother’s milk during the first days of life is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants during the first 60 days of life. Neonatology 2012, 102, 276-281.