Self-esteem and threats to self: Implications for self-construals and interpersonal perceptions

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 81, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 1103-1118

  Vohs, Kathleen D ^a   Heatherton, Todd F ^b  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; FEMALE; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; PERSONALITY; RANDOMIZATION; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY;

ADULT; FEEDBACK; FEMALE; HOSTILITY; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; PERSONALITY; RANDOM ALLOCATION; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY;

EID: 85047685770     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1103     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Aberson, C. L. (1999). Low self-esteem and ingroup bias. Social Behavior and Personality, 27, 17-27.
2. Arvey, R. D. (1979). Unfair discrimination in the employment interview: Legal and psychological aspects. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 736-765.
3. Baldwin, M. W., & Sinclair, L. (1996). Self-esteem and "If. . .then" contingencies of interpersonal acceptance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1130-1141.
4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
5. Baumeister, R. F. (1982). Self-esteem, self-presentation, and future interaction: A dilemma of reputation. Journal of Personality, 50, 29-45.
6. Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 680-740). Boston: Mcgraw-Hill.
7. Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1993). When ego threats lead to self-regulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 141-156.
8. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
9. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33.
10. Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57, 547-579.
11. Beauregard, K. S., & Dunning, D. (1998). Turning up the contrast: Self-enhancement motives prompt egocentric contrast effects in social judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 606-621.
12. Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1993). Self-esteem and self-serving biases in reactions to positive and negative events: An integrative review. In R. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 55-85). New York: Plenum.
13. Brockner, J., & Chen, Y. R. (1996). The moderating roles of self-esteem and self-construal in reaction to a threat to the self: Evidence from the Peoples Republic of China and the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 603-615.
14. Brockner, J., & Lloyd, K. (1986). Self-esteem and likability: Separating fact from fantasy. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 496-508.
15. Brown, J. D. (1986). Evaluations of self and others: Self-enhancement biases in social judgment. Social Cognition, 4, 353-376.
16. Brown, J. D., Collins, R. L., & Schmidt, G. W. (1988). Self-esteem and direct versus indirect forms of self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 445-453.
17. Brown, J. D., & Gallagher, F. M. (1992). Coming to terms with failure: Private self-enhancement and public self-effacement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 3-22.
18. Campbell, J. D. (1990). Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 538-549.
19. Choi, I., & Nisbett, R. E. (2000). Cultural psychology of surprise: Holistic theories and recognition of contradiction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 890-905.
20. Cialdini, R. B., Finch, J. F., & DeNicholas, K. D. (1990). Strategic self-presentation: The indirect route. In M. J. Cody & M. L. McLaughlin (Eds.), Monographs in social psychology of language, 2 (pp. 194-206). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
21. Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644-663.
22. Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 58, 60-67.
23. Cross, S. E., & Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 5-37.
24. Davison, M. L., & Sharma, A. R. (1990). Parametric statistics and levels of measurement: Factorial designs and multiple regression. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 394-400.
25. Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.
26. Dodgson, P. G., & Wood, J. V. (1998). Self-esteem and the cognitive accessibility of strengths and weaknesses after failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 178-197.
27. Endo, Y., Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (2000). Culture and positive illusions in close relationships: How my relationships are better than yours. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1571-1586.
28. Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 31-44.
29. Fleming, J. S., & Courtney, B. E. (1984). The dimensionality of self-esteem: Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 404-421.
30. Friedman, H. S. (1976). Effects of self-esteem and expected duration of interaction on liking for a highly rewarding partner. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 686-690.
31. Gardner, W. L., Gabriel, S., & Lee, A. Y. (1999). "I" value freedom but "we" value relationships: Self-construal priming mirrors cultural differences in judgment. Psychological Science, 10, 321-326.
32. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Love and work: An attachment-theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 270-280.
33. Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-910.
34. Heatherton, T. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2000a). Interpersonal evaluations following threats to self: Role of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 725-736.
35. Heatherton, T. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2000b). Self-esteem. In E. F. Borgatta & R. J. V. Montgomery (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sociology (2nd ed., pp. 2511-2518). New York: Macmillan.
36. Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1995). Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more vulnerable than the East? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 595-607.
37. Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1997a). The cultural construction of self-enhancement: An examination of group-serving biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1268-1283.
38. Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1997b). Culture, dissonance, and self-affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 389-400.
39. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.
40. Heine, S. J., Takata, T., & Lehman, D. R. (2000). Beyond self-presentation: Evidence for self-criticism among Japanese. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 71-78.
41. Janis, I. L., & Field, P. (1959). Sex differences and personality factors related to persuasibility. In C. Hovland & I. Janis (Eds.), Personality and persuasibility (pp. 55-68, 300-302). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
42. John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1993). Determinants of interjudge agreement on personality traits: The Big Five domains, observability, evaluativeness, and the unique perspective of the self. Journal of Personality, 61, 521-551.
43. Kerlinger, F. N. (1973). Foundations of behavioral research (2nd ed.). New York: Holt.
44. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. M., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1245-1267.
45. Kitayama, S., Takagi, H., & Matsumoto, H. (1995). Causal attribution of success and failure: Cultural psychology of the Japanese self. Japanese Psychological Review, 38, 247-280.
46. Kondo, D. K. (1990). Crafting selves: Power, gender, and discourses of identity in a Japanese workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
47. Krosnick, J. A., & Alwin, D. F. (1988). A test of the form-resistant correlation hypothesis: Ratings, rankings, and the measurement of values. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 526-538.
48. Kuhn, M. H., & McPartland, T. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19, 58-76.
49. Kwan, V. S. Y., Bond, M. H., & Singelis, T. M. (1997). Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1038-1051.
50. Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 1-62). New York: Academic Press.
51. Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 518-530.
52. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
53. McFarlin, D. B., Baumeister, R. F., & Blascovich, J. (1984). On knowing when to quit: Task failure, self-esteem, advice, and nonproductive persistence. Journal of Personality, 52, 138-155.
54. Mednick, S. A. (1968). The Remote Associates Test. Journal of Creative Behavior, 2, 213-214.
55. Nezlek, J. B., Kowalski, R. M., Leary, M. R., Belvins, T., & Holgate, S. (1997). Personality moderators of reactions to interpersonal reactions: Depression and trait self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1235-1244.
56. Oetzel, J. G. (1998a). Culturally homogeneous and heterogeneous groups: Explaining communication processes through individualism-collectivism and self-construal. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 135-161.
57. Oetzel, J. G. (1998b). The effects of self-construals and ethnicity on self-reported conflict styles. Communication Reports, 11, 133-144.
58. Oishi, S., Wyer, R. S., Jr., & Colcombe, S. J. (2000). Cultural variation in the use of current life satisfaction to predict the future. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 434-445.
59. Rudich, E. A., & Vallacher, R. R. (1999). To belong or to self-enhance? Motivational bases for choosing interaction partners. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1387-1404.
60. Rusbult, C. E., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (1996). Interdependence processes. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 564-596). New York: Guilford Press.
61. Schimel, J., Arndt, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Greenberg, J. (2001). Being accepted for who we are: Evidence that social validation of the intrinsic self reduces general defensiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 35-52.
62. Schneider, D. J., & Turkat, D. (1975). Self-presentation following success or failure: Defensive self-esteem models. Journal of Personality, 43, 127-135.
63. Schütz, A., & Tice, D. M. (1997). Associative and competitive indirect self-enhancement in close relationships moderated by trait self-esteem. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 257-273.
64. Sedikides, C., Campbell, K. W., Reeder, G., & Elliot, A. T. (1998). The self-serving bias in relational context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 378-386.
65. Shedler, J., Mayman, M., & Manis, M. (1993). The illusion of mental health. American Psychologist, 48, 1117-1131.
66. Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591.
67. Singelis, T. M., Bond, M. H., Sharkey, W. F., & Lai, C. S. Y. (1999). Unpackaging culture's influence on self-esteem and embarrassability: The role of self-construals. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 315-341.
68. Smith, S. M., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Personality moderators of mood congruency effects on cognition: The role of self-esteem and negative mood regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1092-1107.
69. Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 261-302). New York: Academic Press.
70. Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 482-493.
71. Swann, W. B., Jr. (1996). Self-traps: The elusive quest for higher self-esteem. New York: Freeman.
72. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
73. Takata, T. (1987). Self-depreciative tendencies in self-evaluation through social comparison. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 27-36.
74. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
75. Trafimow, D., Triandis, H. C., & Goto, S. G. (1991). Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 649-655.
76. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
77. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
78. Vohs, K. D., Ciarocco, N. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Interpersonal functioning uses self-regulatory resources. Unpublished manuscript. Case Western Reserve University.
79. Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2001). Effects of success and failure on interpersonal perceptions of people with high and low self-esteem. Unpublished manuscript, Dartmouth College.
80. Vohs, K. D., Heatherton, T. F., & Herrin, M. (2001). Disordered eating and the transition to college: A prospective study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29, 280-288.