Enhancing pharmacists' role in developing countries to overcome the challenge of antimicrobial resistance: A narrative review

Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2018, Pages

  Sakeena, M H F ^a,b   Bennett, Alexandra A ^c   McLachlan, Andrew J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA   (Sri Lanka)

^b University of Sydney   (Australia)

^c NSW Therapeutic Advisory Group   (Australia)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Antimicrobial resistance; Developing country; Pharmacists; Pharmacy education; Pharmacy services

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; TRIMETHOPRIM;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DRUG COST; DRUG QUALITY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG USE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HUMAN; INAPPROPRIATE PRESCRIBING; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; PHARMACIST; PHARMACY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTOCOL COMPLIANCE; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; SURGICAL INFECTION; TREATMENT DURATION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION;

EID: 85046414066     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20472994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0351-z     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Marston HD, Dixon DM, Knisely JM, Palmore TN, Fauci AS. Antimicrobial resistance. JAMA. 2016;316(11):1193-204.
2. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations [ https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20-%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf. Accessed 27 Feb 2018.
3. Laxminarayan R, Chaudhury RR. Antibiotic resistance in India: drivers and opportunities for action. PLoS Med. 2016;13(3):e1001974.
4. Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, O'Brien TF. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005:5.
5. Lee C-R, Cho IH, Jeong BC, Lee SH. Strategies to Minimize Antibiotic Resistance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(9):4274-305.
6. WHO. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. 2015 [cited 2017 Jan 5]; Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/193736/1/9789241509763_eng.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 5 Jan 2017.
7. Williford SL, Johnson DF. Impact of pharmacist counseling on medication knowledge and compliance. Mil Med. 1995;160(11):561-4.
8. Smith RE, Olin BR. Wellness: pharmacy Education's role and responsibility. Am J Pharm Educ. 2010;74(4):69.
9. Magedanz L, Silliprandi EM, dos Santos RP. Impact of the pharmacist on a multidisciplinary team in an antimicrobial stewardship program: a quasi-experimental study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2012;34(2):290-4.
10. Booth JL, Mullen AB, Thomson DAM, Johnstone C, Galbraith SJ, Bryson SM, McGovern EM. Antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infection by community pharmacists: a cross-sectional study. Br J Gen Pract. 2013;63(609):e244-9.
11. Farley TM, Shelsky C, Powell S, Farris KB, Carter BL. Effect of clinical pharmacist intervention on medication discrepancies following hospital discharge. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36(2):430-7.
12. Awad A, Abahussain E. Health promotion and education activities of community pharmacists in Kuwait. Pharm World Sci. 2010;32(2):146-53.
13. Ogbo PU, Aina BA, Aderemi-Williams RI. Management of acute diarrhea in children by community pharmacists in Lagos, Nigeria. Pharm Pract. 2014;12(1):376.
14. Al-Niemat SI, Aljbouri TM, Goussous LS, Efaishat RA, Salah RK. Antibiotic prescribing patterns in outpatient emergency clinics at queen Rania Al Abdullah II Children's hospital, Jordan, 2013. Oman Med J. 2014;29(4):250-4.
15. Ab Rahman N, Teng CL, Sivasampu S. Antibiotic prescribing in public and private practice: a cross-sectional study in primary care clinics in Malaysia. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:208.
16. Shet A, Sundaresan S, Forsberg BC. Pharmacy-based dispensing of antimicrobial agents without prescription in India: appropriateness and cost burden in the private sector. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4(1):55.
17. Almaaytah A, Mukattash TL, Hajaj J. Dispensing of non-prescribed antibiotics in Jordan. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2015;9:1389-95.
18. Erku DA, Mekuria AB, Surur AS, Gebresillassie BM. Extent of dispensing prescription-only medications without a prescription in community drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a simulated-patient study. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2016;8:65-70.
19. Chang J, Ye D, Lv B, Jiang M, Zhu S, Yan K, Tian Y, Fang Y. Sale of antibiotics without a prescription at community pharmacies in urban China: a multicentre cross-sectional survey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(4):1235-42.
20. Walia K, Ohri VC, Mathai D. Antimicrobial stewardship Programme of I: antimicrobial stewardship programme (AMSP) practices in India. Indian J Med Res. 2015;142(2):130-8.
21. Padget M, Guillemot D, Delarocque-Astagneau E. Measuring antibiotic consumption in low-income countries: a systematic review and integrative approach. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48(1):27-32.
22. Miller R, Goodman C. Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: a systematic review. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(7):940-53.
23. Fang Y, Yang S, Feng B, Ni Y, Zhang K. Pharmacists' perception of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacy: a questionnaire survey in Northwest China. Health Soc Care Community. 2011;19(2):189-97.
24. Hashmi FK, Hassali MA, Khalid A, Saleem F, Aljadhey H, Babar ZUD, Bashaar M. A qualitative study exploring perceptions and attitudes of community pharmacists about extended pharmacy services in Lahore,Pakistan. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):500.
25. Sancar M, Okuyan B, Apikoglu-Rabus S, Izzettin FV. Opinion and knowledge towards pharmaceutical care of the pharmacists participated in clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care continuing education program. Turkish J Pharmaceutical Sci. 2013;10(2):245-54.
26. Kho BP, Hassali MA, Lim CJ, Saleem F. A qualitative study exploring professional pharmacy services offered by community pharmacies in the state of Sarawak, Malaysia. J Pharm Health Serv Res. 2017;8(3):201-8.
27. Bilal AI, Tilahun Z, Gebretekle GB, Ayalneh B, Hailemeskel B, Engidawork E. Current status, challenges and the way forward for clinical pharmacy service in Ethiopian public hospitals. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):359.
28. Salim AM, Elhada AH, Elgizoli B. Exploring clinical pharmacists' perception of their impact on healthcare in Khartoum state, Sudan. J Res Pharm Pract. 2016;5(4):272-8.
29. Farina SS, Romano-Lieber NS. Pharmaceutical care in pharmacies: is there a changing process? Saúde e Sociedade. 2009;18:7-18.
30. AbuRuz S, Al-Ghazawi M, Snyder A. Pharmaceutical care in a community-based practice setting in Jordan: where are we now with our attitudes and perceived barriers? Int J Pharm Pract. 2012;20(2):71-9.
31. Katoue MG, Awad AI, Schwinghammer TL, Kombian SB. Pharmaceutical care in Kuwait: hospital pharmacists' perspectives. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36(6):1170-8.
32. El Hajj MS, Al-Saeed HS, Khaja M. Qatar pharmacists' understanding, attitudes, practice and perceived barriers related to providing pharmaceutical care. Int J Clin Pharm. 2016;38(2):330-43.
33. Brink AJ, Messina AP, Feldman C, Richards GA, Becker PJ, Goff DA, Bauer KA, Nathwani D, van den Bergh D. Antimicrobial stewardship across 47 south African hospitals: an implementation study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(9):1017-25.
34. Zhou Y, Ma LY, Zhao X, Tian SH, Sun LY, Cui YM. Impact of pharmacist intervention on antibiotic use and prophylactic antibiotic use in urology clean operations. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2015;40(4):404-8.
35. Shen J, Sun Q, Zhou X, Wei Y, Qi Y, Zhu J, Yan T. Pharmacist interventions on antibiotic use in inpatients with respiratory tract infections in a Chinese hospital. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33(6):929-33.
36. Ellis K, Rubal-Peace G, Chang V, Liang E, Wong N, Campbell S. Antimicrobial stewardship for a geriatric behavioral health population. Antibiotics. 2016;5(1):8.
37. Okada N, Fushitani S, Azuma M, Nakamura S, Nakamura T, Teraoka K, Watanabe H, Abe M, Kawazoe K, Ishizawa K. Clinical evaluation of pharmacist interventions in patients treated with anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus agents in a hematological Ward. Biol Pharm Bull. 2016;39(2):295-300.
38. Northey A, McGuren T, Stupans I. Patients' antibiotic knowledge: a trial assessing the impact of verbal education. Int J Pharm Pract. 2015;23(2):158-60.
39. Yen YH, Chen HY, Wuan-Jin L, Lin YM, Shen WC, Cheng KJ. Clinical and economic impact of a pharmacist-managed i.V.-to-p.O. conversion service for levofloxacin in Taiwan. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;50(2):136-41.
40. Dunn K, O'Reilly A, Silke B, Rogers T, Bergin C. Implementing a pharmacist-led sequential antimicrobial therapy strategy: a controlled before-and-after study. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33(2):208-14.
41. Grill E, Weber A, Lohmann S, Vetter-Kerkhoff C, Strobl R, Jauch K-W. Effects of pharmaceutical counselling on antimicrobial use in surgical wards: intervention study with historical control group. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(7):739-46.
42. Hersberger KE, Botomino A, Sarkar R, Tschudi P, Bucher HC, Briel M. Prescribed medications and pharmacy interventions for acute respiratory tract infections in Swiss primary care. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2009;34(4):387-95.
43. Azhar S, Hassali MA, Ibrahim MIM, Ahmad M, Masood I, Shafie AA. The role of pharmacists in developing countries: the current scenario in Pakistan. Hum Resour Health. 2009;7(1):54.
44. Basak SC, Sathyanarayana D. Pharmacy education in India. Am J Pharm Educ. 2010;74(4):68.
45. Fang Y, Yang S, Zhou S, Jiang M, Liu J. Community pharmacy practice in China: past, present and future. Int J Clin Pharm. 2013;35(4):520-8.
46. Parthasarathi G, Ramesh M, Nyfort-Hansen K, Nagavi BG. Clinical pharmacy in a south Indian teaching hospital. Ann Pharmacother. 2002;36(5):927-32.
47. Basak SC, van Mil JWF, Sathyanarayana D. The changing roles of pharmacists in community pharmacies: perception of reality in India. Pharm World Sci. 2009;31(6):612-8.
48. Alanazi A, Alfadl A, Hussain A. Pharmaceutical care in the community pharmacies of Saudi Arabia: present status and possibilities for improvement. Saudi J Med Med Sci. 2016;4(1):9-14.
49. Anderson S. The state of the world's pharmacy: a portrait of the pharmacy profession. J Interprof Care. 2002;16(4):391-404.
50. Tumkur A, Muragundi PM, Shetty R, Naik A. Pharmaceutical care: need of the hour in India. J Young Pharm. 2012;4(4):282-6.
51. Khdour MR, Kidney JC, Smyth BM, McElnay JC. Clinical pharmacy-led disease and medicine management programme for patients with COPD. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;68(4):588-98.
52. Schimmelfing JT, Brookhart AL, Fountain KM, Goode JK. Pharmacist intervention in patient selection of nonprescription and self-care products. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2017;57(1):86-9. e81
53. Marra C, Johnston K, Santschi V, Tsuyuki RT. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacist care for managing hypertension in Canada. Can Pharm J (Ott). 2017;150(3):184-97.
54. Krass I, Armour CL, Mitchell B, Brillant M, Dienaar R, Hughes J, Lau P, Peterson G, Stewart K, Taylor S, et al. The pharmacy diabetes care program: assessment of a community pharmacy diabetes service model in Australia. Diabet Med. 2007;24(6):677-83.
55. García-Cárdenas V, Sabater-Hernández D, Kenny P, Martínez-Martínez F, Faus MJ, Benrimoj SI. Effect of a pharmacist intervention on asthma control. A cluster randomised trial. Respir Med. 2013;107(9):1346-55.
56. Hawksworth C, Wright C. Clinical pharmacy interventions by community pharmacists during the dispensing process. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;47(6):695-700.
57. Stewart DW, Brown SD, Clavier CW, Wyatt J. Active-learning processes used in US pharmacy education. Am J Pharm Educ. 2011;75(4):68.
58. Kaboli PJ, Hoth AB, McClimon BJ, Schnipper JL. Clinical pharmacists and inpatient medical care: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(9):955-64.
59. Cabello-Muriel A, Gascon-Canovas JJ, Urbieta-Sanz E, Iniesta-Navalon C. Effectiveness of pharmacist intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36(5):896-903.
60. Tilly-Gratton A, Lamontagne A, Blais L, Bacon SL, Ernst P, Grad R, Lavoie KL, McKinney ML, Desplats E, Ducharme FM. Physician agreement regarding the expansion of pharmacist professional activities in the management of patients with asthma. Int J Pharm Pract. 2017;25(5):335-42.
61. Hall JJ, Katz SJ, Cor MK. Patient satisfaction with pharmacist-led collaborative follow-up Care in an Ambulatory Rheumatology Clinic. Musculoskeletal Care. 2017;15(3):186-95.
62. Proper JS, Wong A, Plath AE, Grant KA, Just DW, Dulhunty JM. Impact of clinical pharmacists in the emergency department of an Australian public hospital: a before and after study. Emerg Med Australas. 2015;27(3):232-8.
63. Buurma H, De Smet PAGM, Leufkens HGM, Egberts ACG. Evaluation of the clinical value of pharmacists' modifications of prescription errors. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;58(5):503-11.
64. van Grootheest AC, de Jong-van den Berg LT. The role of hospital and community pharmacists in pharmacovigilance. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2005;1(1):126-33.
65. Woolf R, Locke A, Potts C. Pharmacist prescribing within an integrated health system in Washington. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016;73(18):1416-624.
66. Emmerton LM, Smith L, LeMay KS, Krass I, Saini B, Bosnic-Anticevich SZ, Reddel HK, Burton DL, Stewart K, Armour CL. Experiences of community pharmacists involved in the delivery of a specialist asthma service in Australia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:164.
67. Keeys C, Kalejaiye B, Skinner M, Eimen M, Neufer J, Sidbury G, Buster N, Vincent J. Pharmacist-managed inpatient discharge medication reconciliation: a combined onsite and telepharmacy model. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2014;71(24):2159-66.
68. Milone AS, Philbrick AM, Harris IM, Fallert CJ. Medication reconciliation by clinical pharmacists in an outpatient family medicine clinic. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2014;54(2):181-7.
69. Eisenhower C. Impact of pharmacist-conducted medication reconciliation at discharge on readmissions of elderly patients with COPD. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(2):203-8.
70. Castelino RL, Bajorek BV, Chen TF. Retrospective evaluation of home medicines review by pharmacists in older Australian patients using the medication appropriateness index. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(12):1922-9.
71. Zermansky AG, Petty DR, Raynor DK, Freemantle N, Vail A, Lowe CJ. Randomised controlled trial of clinical medication review by a pharmacist of elderly patients receiving repeat prescriptions in general practice. Br Med J. 2001;323(7325):1340.
72. Schuessler TJ, Ruisinger JF, Hare SE, Prohaska ES, Melton BL. Patient satisfaction with pharmacist-led chronic disease state management programs. J Pharm Pract. 2016;29(5):484-9.
73. Awalom MT, Kidane ME, Abraha BW. Physicians' views on the professional roles of pharmacists in patient care in Eritrea. Int J Clin Pharm. 2013;35(5):841-6.
74. Laubscher T, Evans C, Blackburn D, Taylor J, McKay S. Collaboration between family physicians and community pharmacists to enhance adherence to chronic medications: opinions of Saskatchewan family physicians. Can Fam Physician. 2009;55(12):e69-75.
75. Khan MU, Arief M, Ahmad A, Malik S, Gogoi LJ, Kalita M, Saleem F, Hassali MAA. A cross-sectional survey on the attitudes and interests of rural population towards expanded pharmacist prescribing in India. Int J Clin Pharm. 2017;39(2):473-7.
76. Sansgiry SS, Bhansali AH, Mhatre SK, Sawant RV. Influence of patient perceived relationship with pharmacist and physician and its association with beliefs in medicine. J Pharm Health Serv Res. 2017;8(2):123-30.
77. Altowaijri A, Phillips CJ, Fitzsimmons D. A systematic review of the clinical and economic effectiveness of clinical pharmacist intervention in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. J Manag Care Pharm. 2013;19(5):408-16.
78. Huttner B, Harbarth S, Nathwani D. Success stories of implementation of antimicrobial stewardship: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(10):954-62.
79. Goff DA, Kullar R, Goldstein EJC, Gilchrist M, Nathwani D, Cheng AC, Cairns KA, Escandón-Vargas K, Villegas MV, Brink A, et al. A global call from five countries to collaborate in antibiotic stewardship: united we succeed, divided we might fail. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(2):56-63.
80. von Gunten V, Reymond JP, Beney J. Clinical and economic outcomes of pharmaceutical services related to antibiotic use: a literature review. Pharm World Sci. 2007;29(3):146-63.
81. MacLaren R, Bond CA, Martin SJ, Fike D. Clinical and economic outcomes of involving pharmacists in the direct care of critically ill patients with infections. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(12):3184-9.
82. Holmes AH, Sharland M. The Chennai declaration: India's landmark national commitment to antibiotic stewardship demonstrates that 'truth alone triumphs. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(7):1453-4.
83. Sharma M, Damlin AL, Sharma A, Lundborg CS. Antibiotic prescribing in medical intensive care units - a comparison between two private sector hospitals in Central India. Infect Dis. 2015;47(5):302-9.
84. Islam MS, Farah SS. Misleading promotion of drugs in Bangladesh: evidence from drug promotional brochures distributed to general practioners by the pharmaceutical companies. J Public Health. 2007;29(2):212-3.
85. Parthasarathi G, Ramesh M, Kumar JK, Madaki S. Assessment of drug-related problems and clinical Pharmacists' interventions in an Indian teaching hospital. J Pharm Pract Res. 2003;33(4):272-4.
86. Dyar OJ, Beovic B, Vlahovic-Palcevski V, Verheij T, Pulcini C. How can we improve antibiotic prescribing in primary care? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14(4):403-13.
87. Azhar S, Hassali M, Ibrahim M. Doctors' perception and expectations of the role of the pharmacist in Punjab, Pakistan. Trop J Pharm Res. 2010;9(3):205-22.
88. Coombes I, Coombes J, Dawson A. Clinical pharmacy in Sri Lanka: translating training into practice. J Pharm Pract Res. 2015;45(4):392-3.
89. Coombes ID, Fernando G, Wickramaratne DBM, Peters NB, Lynch C, Lum E, Coombes JA. Collaborating to develop clinical pharmacy teaching in Sri Lanka. Pharm Education. 2013;13:2013.
90. Khan HMS, Butt H, Shah NH. PHP124 - exposure to potential drug-drug interactions in teaching hospital of South Punjab, Pakistan. Value Health. 2014;17(7):A425.
91. Lingenfelter E, Drapkin Z, Fritz K, Youngquist S, Madsen T, Fix M. ED pharmacist monitoring of provider antibiotic selection aids appropriate treatment for outpatient UTI. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(8):1600-1603.
92. LaRochelle JM, Ghaly M, Creel AM. Clinical pharmacy faculty interventions in a pediatric intensive care unit. J Investig Med. 2011;59(2):422-3.
93. Roque F, Teixeira-Rodrigues A, Breitenfeld L, Pineiro-Lamas M, Figueiras A, Herdeiro MT. Decreasing antibiotic use through a joint intervention targeting physicians and pharmacists. Future Microbiol. 2016;11:877-86.
94. Arya V, Pinto S, Singer J. Understanding awareness of pharmacist-led medication therapy management among primary care physicians in new York City, part II: findings and implications. J Med Pract Manage. 2013;29(3):187-94.
95. Gupta A. Antimicrobial stewardship: think global, act local. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;21:74-5.
96. Leguelinel-Blache G, Dubois F, Bouvet S, Roux-Marson C, Arnaud F, Castelli C, Ray V, Kinowski JM, Sotto A. Improving Patient's primary medication adherence: the value of pharmaceutical counseling. Medicine. 2015;94(41):e1805.
97. Brink AJ, Messina AP, Feldman C, Richards GA, van den Bergh D. From guidelines to practice: A pharmacist-driven prospective audit and feedback improvement model for peri-operative antibiotic prophylaxis in 34 South African hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(4):1227-234.