Extent of dispensing prescription-only medications without a prescription in community drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A simulated-patient study

Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety

Volumn 8, Issue , 2016, Pages 65-70

  Erku, Daniel Asfaw ^a   Mekuria, Abebe Basazn ^a   Surur, Abdrrahman Shemsu ^a   Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR   (Ethiopia)

Author keywords

Community pharmacy; Dispensing malpractice; Ethiopia; Simulated study

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; CAPTOPRIL; GLIBENCLAMIDE; OMEPRAZOLE; SILDENAFIL;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMMUNITY DRUG RETAIL OUTLET; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH; DRUG CAPSULE; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; ETHIOPIA; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PHARMACY; PRESCRIPTION; STUDY DESIGN; TABLET; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION;

EID: 84992412629     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11791365     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/DHPS.S106948     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Gilbert L. To diagnose, prescribe and dispense: whose right is it? The ongoing struggle between pharmacy and medicine in South Africa. Curr Sociol. 2001;49(3):97-118.
2. Drug Administration and Control Authority. Good Dispensing Practice Manual. Addis Ababa: Drug Administration and Control Authority; 2005.
3. Wiedenmayer K, Summers RS, Mackie CA, Gous AGS, Everard M [webpage on the Internet]. Developing Pharmacy Practice: A Focus on Patient Care Handbook -2006 Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. Available from http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHO_PSM_PAR_2006.5.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2016.
4. Junzoh W. Effect of separation of medical dispensary services. JCER Res Rep. 2004;36:1-3.
5. Taylor K, Harding G. Pharmacy Practice. 2nd ed. London: Taylor and Francis Inc; 2005.
6. Winfield AJ, Richards RME. Pharmaceutical Practice. 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livengstone; 2000.
7. Waterfield J. Community Pharmacy Handbook. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2008.
8. Chua SS, Ramachandran CD, Paraidathathu TT. Response of community pharmacists to the presentation of back pain: a simulated patient study. Int J Pharm Pract. 2006;14:171-178.
9. Hussain A, Ibrahim MIM. Management of diarrhea cases by community pharmacists in 3 cities of Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;8:635-640.
10. Ogbo PU, Aina BA, Aderemi-Williams RI. Management of acute diarrhea in children by community pharmacists in Lagos, Nigeria. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2014;12(1):376.
11. Wafula F. Availability and dispensing practices for antimalarials and antimicrobials in western Kenyan pharmacies. Pharm Reg Affairs. 2013;2(1):1-8.
12. Abdulhak AAB, Altannir MA, Almansor MA, et al. Non-prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:538.
13. Dameh M, Norris P, Green J. New Zealand pharmacists’ experiences, practices and views regarding antibiotic use without prescription. J Prim Health Care. 2012;4(2):131-140.
14. Morgan DJ, Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Perencevich EN, Weisenberg S. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:692-701.
15. Abula T, Ashagrie G. Assessment of drug utilization from prescribers and dispensers perspectives in selected town of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2003;3:231-237.
16. Abula T, Worku A, Thomas K. Assessment of the dispensing practices of drug retail outlets in selected towns, North-west Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 2006;44(2):145-150.
17. Addis Ababa City Council [webpage on the Internet]. Available from: http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/about_us/regional states/addis_ababa_city_council.htm. Accessed January 13, 2015
18. Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia) [webpage on the Internet]. Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions at Wereda Level from 2014 -2017. Addis Ababa: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency; 2013. Available from: http://www.csa.gov.et/images/general/news/pop_pro_wer_2014-2017_final. Accessed May 27, 2016.
19. Food, Medicine & Health Care Administration & Control Authority of Ethiopia (FMHACA). FMHACA List of Pharmaceutical Industries, Retail Outlets, Importers and Wholesalers in Ethiopia (Personal Communication, 18 Aug 2015). Addis Ababa: Food, Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority; 2015.
20. Dua V, Kunin CM, White LV. The use of antimicrobial drugs in Nagpur, India. A window on medical care in a developing country. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38(5):717-724.
21. Anita S, Suba S, Birger CF. Pharmacy-based dispensing of antimicrobial agents without prescription in India: appropriateness and cost burden in the private sector. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4:55.
22. Watson MC, Skelton JR, Bond CM, et al. Simulated patients in the community pharmacy setting: using simulated patients to measure practice in the community pharmacy setting. Pharm World Sci. 2004;26(1): 32-37.
23. Watson MC, Norris P, Granas AG. A systematic review of the use of simulated patients and pharmacy practice research. Int J Pharm Pract. 2006; 14:83-93.
24. Al-Mohamadi A, Badr A, Mahfouz LB, Samargandi D, Al-Ahdal A. Dispensing medications without prescription at Saudi community pharmacy: extent and perception. Saudi Pharm J. 2013;21(1): 13-18.
25. Hammad J, Qusa H, Elessi K, Aljeesh Y. The dispensing practice of the over the counter drugs in the Gaza strip. IUG J Nat Eng Stud. 2012;20:31-39.
26. Steil C. Managing diabetes: special patient groups: role of the C.D.E. US Pharm. 1989;14(suppl):5-6,8,10.
27. EFMHACA. List of Medicines for Drug Shop. 4th ed. Addis Ababa: EFMHACA; 2012.
28. Koda-Kimble MA, Young LY, Alldredge BK, et al. Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical Use of Drugs. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2009.
29. Chalker J, Ratanawijitrasin S, Chuc NT, Petzold M, Tomson G. Effectiveness of a multi-component intervention on dispensing practices at private pharmacies in Vietnam and Thailand-a randomized controlled trial. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(1):131-141.
30. Kagashe GAB, Minzi O, Matowe L. An assessment of dispensing practices in private pharmacies in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Int J Pharm Pract. 2011;19(1):30-35.
31. Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Koliofoti ID, Koutroumpa IC, Giannakakis IA, Ioannidis JP. Pathways for inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics for rhinosinusitis: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(1): 76-82.
32. Volpato DE, de Souza BV, Dalla Rosa LG, Melo LH, Daudt CA, Deboni L. Use of antibiotics without medical prescription. Braz J Infect Dis. 2005;9(4):288-291.
33. Llor C, Cots JM. The sale of antibiotics without prescription in pharmacies in Catalonia, Spain. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(10):1345-1349.
34. Bartoloni A, Cutts F, Leoni S, et al. Patterns of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance among healthy children in Bolivia. Trop Med Int Health. 1998;3(2):116-123.
35. Larsson M, Kronvall G, Chuc NT, et al. Antibiotic medication and bacterial resistance to antibiotics: a survey of children in a Vietnamese community. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5(10):711-721.
36. García-Cobos S, Campos J, Cercenado E, et al. Antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzae decreased, except for beta-lactamase-negative amoxicillin-resistant isolates, in parallel with community antibiotic consumption in Spain from 1997 to 2007. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(8):2760-2766.
37. Kotwani A, Wattal C, Joshi PC, Holloway K. Irrational use of antibiotics and role of the pharmacist: an insight from a qualitative study in New Delhi, India. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012;37(3):308-312.
38. McManus P, Hammond L, Whicker SD, et al. Antibiotic use in the Australian community, 1990-1995. Med J Aust. 1997;167(3):124-127.