Metabolically Healthy Obesity, Transition to Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 71, Issue 17, 2018, Pages 1857-1865

  Mongraw Chaffin, Morgana ^a   Foster, Meredith C ^b   Anderson, Cheryl A M ^c,d,e   Burke, Gregory L ^a   Haq, Nowreen ^f   Kalyani, Rita R ^g   Ouyang, Pamela ^g   Sibley, Christopher T ^h   Tracy, Russell ⁱ   Woodward, Mark ^e,j,k   Vaidya, Dhananjay ^e  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b DUKE NUS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Singapore)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^e JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h Great Point Health   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^k UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

more..

Author keywords

cardiovascular disease; epidemiology; metabolic syndrome; metabolically healthy obesity; mortality; obesity

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALL CAUSE MORTALITY; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 85045479716     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: 15583597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.055     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Kim, D.D., Basu, A., Estimating the medical care costs of obesity in the United States: systematic review, meta-analysis, and empirical analysis. Value Health 19 (2016), 602–613.
2. Primeau, V., Coderre, L., Karelis, A.D., et al. Characterizing the profile of obese patients who are metabolically healthy. Int J Obes 35 (2011), 971–981.
3. Brochu, M., Tchernof, A., Dionne, I.J., et al. What are the physical characteristics associated with a normal metabolic profile despite a high level of obesity in postmenopausal women?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001), 1020–1025.
4. Karelis, A.D., Faraj, M., Bastard, J.P., et al. The metabolically healthy but obese individual presents a favorable inflammation profile. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005), 4145–4150.
5. Hwang, Y.-C., Hayashi, T., Fujimoto, W.Y., et al. Visceral abdominal fat accumulation predicts the conversion of metabolically healthy obese subjects to an unhealthy phenotype. Int J Obes 39 (2015), 1365–1370.
6. Camhi, S.M., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Differences in body composition between metabolically healthy obese and metabolically abnormal obese adults. Int J Obes 38 (2014), 1142–1145.
7. Eckel, N., Meidtner, K., Kalle-Uhlmann, T., Stefan, N., Schulze, M.B., Metabolically healthy obesity and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardio 23 (2016), 956–966.
8. Fan, J., Song, Y., Chen, Y., Hui, R., Zhang, W., Combined effect of obesity and cardio-metabolic abnormality on the risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cardiol 168 (2013), 4761–4768.
9. Kramer, C.K., Zinman, B., Retnakaran, R., Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 159 (2013), 758–769.
10. Caleyachetty, R., Thomas, G.N., Toulis, K.A., et al. Metabolically healthy obese and incident cardiovascular disease events among 3.5 million men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol 70 (2017), 1429–1437.
11. Appleton, S.L., Seaborn, C.J., Visvanathan, R., et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease outcomes in the metabolically healthy obese phenotype: a cohort study. Diabetes Care 36 (2013), 2388–2394.
12. Arnlov, J., Sundstrom, J., Ingelsson, E., Lind, L., Impact of BMI and the metabolic syndrome on the risk of diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetes Care 34 (2011), 61–65.
13. Kaur, A., Johnston, D.G., Godsland, I.F., Does metabolic health in overweight and obesity persist? Individual variation and cardiovascular mortality over two decades. Eur J Endocrinol 175 (2016), 133–143.
14. Kim, N.H., Seo, J.A., Cho, H., et al. Risk of the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in metabolically healthy obese people: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Medicine, 95, 2016, e3384.
15. Kuk, J.L., Ardern, C.I., Are metabolically normal but obese individuals at lower risk for all-cause mortality?. Diabetes Care 32 (2009), 2297–2299.
16. Mongraw-Chaffin, M., Foster, M.C., Kalyani, R.R., et al. Obesity severity and duration are associated with incident metabolic syndrome: evidence against metabolically healthy obesity from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101 (2016), 4117–4124.
17. Zheng, R., Zhou, D., Zhu, Y., The long-term prognosis of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality for metabolically healthy obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 70 (2016), 1024–1031.
18. Karelis, A.D., Metabolically healthy but obese individuals. Lancet 372 (2008), 1281–1283.
19. Bild, D.E., Bluemke, D.A., Burke, G.L., et al. Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol 156 (2002), 871–881.
20. Alberti, K.G., Eckel, R.H., Grundy, S.M., et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120 (2009), 1640–1645.
21. Lakoski, S.G., Greenland, P., Wong, N.D., et al. Coronary artery calcium scores and risk for cardiovascular events in women classified as “low risk” based on Framingham risk score: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med 167 (2007), 2437–2442.
22. Tingley D, Yamamoto T, Hirose K, Keele L, Imai K. mediation: STATA package for causal mediation analysis. 2011. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mediation/vignettes/mediation.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2018.
23. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. 2009, StataCorp LP, College Station, TX.
24. Palaniappan, L., Carnethon, M.R., Wang, Y., et al. Predictors of the incident metabolic syndrome in adults: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 27 (2004), 788–793.
25. Liese, A.D., Mayer-Davis, E.J., Tyroler, H.A., et al. Development of the multiple metabolic syndrome in the ARIC cohort: joint contribution of insulin, BMI, and WHR. Atherosclerosis risk in communities. Ann Epidemiol 7 (1997), 407–416.
26. Lavie, C.J., Milani, R.V., Ventura, H.O., Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. J Am Coll Cardiol 53 (2009), 1925–1932.
27. Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration (BMI Mediated Effects), Lu, Y., Hajifathalian, K., et al. Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1.8 million participants. Lancet 383 (2014), 970–983.
28. Dhana, K., Koolhaas, C.M., van Rossum, E.F., et al. Metabolically healthy obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly population. PloS One, 11, 2016, e0154273.
29. Ortega, F.B., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Sui, X., Blair, S.N., Lavie, C.J., Role of fitness in the metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: a review and update. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 58 (2015), 76–86.
30. Ortega, F.B., Lavie, C.J., Blair, S.N., Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 118 (2016), 1752–1770.
31. Lavie, C.J., De Schutter, A., Parto, P., et al. Obesity and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and prognosis-the obesity paradox updated. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 58 (2016), 537–547.
32. Lavie, C.J., McAuley, P.A., Church, T.S., Milani, R.V., Blair, S.N., Obesity and cardiovascular diseases: implications regarding fitness, fatness, and severity in the obesity paradox. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 1345–1354.