Rapid diagnostics for bloodstream infections: A primer for infection preventionists

American Journal of Infection Control

Volumn 46, Issue 9, 2018, Pages 1060-1068

  Edmiston, Charles E ^a   Garcia, Robert ^b   Barnden, Marsha ^c   DeBaun, Barbara ^d   Johnson, Helen Boehm ^e  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^b STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Adventist Health CA Medical Found   (United States)

^d Cynosure Inc   (United States)

^e Freelance Medical Editor   (United States)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial stewardship; Antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Bloodstream infections; Rapid diagnostics; Rapid molecular diagnostics

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFAZOLIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BLOOD CULTURE; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DNA EXTRACTION; DRUG EFFICACY; FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; KNOWLEDGE; MATRIX ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; MICROBIOLOGY; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SEPSIS; SEPTIC SHOCK; MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION; PROCEDURES; TIME FACTOR;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; HUMANS; MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; SEPSIS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 85045314301     PISSN: 01966553     EISSN: 15273296     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2018.02.022     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Caliendo, A.M., Gilbert, D.N., Ginocchio, C.C., Hanson, K.E., May, L., Quinn, T.C., et al. Better tests, better care: improved diagnostics for infectious diseases. for the; Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) Clin Infect Dis 57:S3 (2013), S139–S170.
2. Bauer, K.A., Perez, K.K., Forrest, G.N., Goff, D.A., Review of rapid diagnostic tests used by antimicrobial stewardship programs. Clin Infect Dis S3 (2014), S134–S145.
3. Maurer, F.P., Christner, M., Hentschke, M., Rohde, H., Advances in rapid identification and susceptibility testing of bacteria in the clinical microbiology laboratory: implications for patient care and antimicrobial stewardship programs. Infect Dis Rep, 9, 2017, 6839.
4. Kim, U.J., Kim, H.K., An, J.H., Cho, S.K., Park, K.H., Jang, H.C., Update on the epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter infections. Chonnam Med J 50 (2014), 37–44.
5. Thaden, J.T., Lewis, S.S., Hazen, K.C., Huslage, K., Fowler, V.G., Moehring, R.W., et al. Rising rates of carbapenem-resistant enterobaceriaceae in community hospitals: a mixed-methods review of epidemiology and microbiology practices in a network of community hospitals in the southeastern United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 35 (2014), 978–983.
6. Jarvis, W.R., Jarvis, A.A., Chinn, R.Y., National prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in inpatients at United States health care facilities, 2010. Am J Infect Control 40 (2012), 194–200.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Antibiotic/Antimicrobial resistance. Available from www.cdc.gov/drugresistance. (Accessed 3 October 2017)
8. Bassetti, M., Righi, E., Carnelutti, A., Bloodstream infections in the Intensive Care Unit. Virulence 7 (2016), 267–279.
9. Zilahi, G., Artigas, A., Martin-Loeches, I., What's new in multidrug-resistant pathogens in the ICU?. Ann Intensive Care, 6, 2016, 96.
10. Tabah, A., Koulenti, D., Laupland, K., Misset, B., Valles, J., de Carvalho, F.B., et al. Characteristics and determinants of outcome of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in intensive care units: the EUROBACT. Int Cohort Study 38 (2012), 1930–1945.
11. Afshari, A., Schrenzel, J., Ieven, M., Harbarth, S., Bench-to-bedside review: rapid molecular diagnostics for bloodstream infection—a new frontier?. Crit Care, 16, 2012, 222.
12. Scerbo, M.H., Kaplan, H.B., Dua, A., Litwin, D.B., Ambrose, C.G., Moore, L.J., et al. Beyond blood culture and Gram stain analysis: a review of molecular techniques for the early detection of bacteremia in surgical patients. Surg Infect 17 (2016), 294–302.
13. Bartlett, J.G., Bartlett's Game Changers in Infectious Diseases. Available from http://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/gcid2012#9, 2012. (Accessed 10 October 2017)
14. Wright, S.B., Ostrowsky, B., Fishman, N., Expanding roles of healthcare epidemiology and infection control in spite of limited resources and compensation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31 (2010), 127–132.
15. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Labs, infection preventionists need to work together to facilitate rapid response to healthcare-associated infections, survey says. Available from https://apic.org/For-Media/News-Releases/Article?id=2a68eeac-47c5-425e-ae71-31569a187cc4. (Accessed 2 October 2017)
16. Spencer, M., Uetwiller-Geiger, D., Sanguinet, J., Boehm Johnson, H., Graham, D., Infection preventionists and laboratorians: case studies on successful collaboration. Am J Infect Control 44 (2016), 964–968.
17. Elliott, G., Postelnick, M., Martin, D., Barr, V., Malczynski, M., Aljefri, D., et al. Impact of Accelerate Pheno (System (AXDX) on time to antimicrobial stewardship intervention (ASTEW-I). patients with Gram-negative bloodstream infections, 2017 San Diego, CA; ID Week.
18. Perez, K.K., Olsen, R.J., Musick, W.L., Cernoch, P.L., Davis, J.R., Peterson, L.E., et al. Integrating rapid diagnostics and antimicrobial stewardship improves outcomes in patients with antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteremia. J Infect 69 (2014), 216–225.
19. Perez, K.K., Olsen, R.J., Musick, W.L., Cernoch, P.L., Davis, J.R., Land, G.A., et al. Integrating rapid pathogen identification and antimicrobial stewardship significantly decreases hospital costs. Arch Pathol Lab Med 137 (2013), 1247–1254.
20. Timbrook, T.T., Morton, J.B., McConeghy, K.W., Caffrey, A.R., Mylonakis, E., LaPlante, K.L., The effect of molecular rapid diagnostic testing on clinical outcomes in bloodstream infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 64 (2017), 15–23.
21. Terp, S., Krishnadasan, A., Bowen, W., Joo, J., Furoy, D., Chan, J., et al. Introduction of rapid methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus polymerase chain reaction testing and antibiotic selection among hospitalized patients with purulent skin infections. Clin Infect Dis 58 (2014), e129–e132.
22. Singer, M., Deutschman, C.S., Seymour, C.W., Shankar-Hari, M., Annane, D., Bauer, M., et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315 (2016), 801–810.
23. Elixhauser, A., Friedman, B., Stranges, E., Statistical Brief #122: septicemia in U.S hospitals. for the; Agency for Healthcare research and Quality; Available from https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb122.pdf, 2009. (Accessed 1 October 2017)
24. Torio, C.M., Moore, B.J., Statistical Brief #204: National inpatient hospital costs: the most expensive conditions by payer. for the; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; Available from https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb204-Most-Expensive-Hospital-Conditions.pdf, 2013. (Accessed 24 October 2017)
25. Martinez, R.M., Wolk, D.M., Bloodstream infections. Microbiol Spectr, 4, 2016, 10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0031-2016.
26. Kumar, A., Roberts, D., Wood, K.E., Light, B., Parrillo, J.E., Sharma, S., et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 34 (2006), 1589–1596.
27. Ibrahim, E.H., Sherman, G., Ward, S., Fraser, V.J., Kollef, M.H., The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest 118 (2000), 146–155.
28. Kumar, A., Ellis, P., Arabi, Y., Roberts, D., Light, B., Parrillo, J.E., et al. Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 136 (2009), 1237–1248.
29. Tartof, S.Y., Rieg, G.K., Wei, R., Tseng, H.F., Jacobsen, S.J., Yu, K.C., A comprehensive assessment across the healthcare continuum: risk of hospital-associated Clostridium difficile infection due to outpatient and inpatient antibiotic exposure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 36 (2015), 1409–1416.
30. Zhang, D., Micek, S.T., Kollef, M.H., Time to appropriate antibiotic therapy is an independent determinant of postinfection ICU and hospital lengths of stay in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 43 (2015), 2133–2140.
31. Huang, A.M., Newton, D., Kunapuli, A., Gandhi, T.N., Washer, L.L., Isip, J., et al. Impact of rapid organism identification via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight combined with antimicrobial stewardship team intervention in adult patients with bacteremia and candidemia. Clin Infect Dis 57 (2013), 1237–1245.
32. Rhodes, A., Evans, L.E., Alhazzani, W., Levy, M.M., Antonelli, M., Ferrer, R., et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 45 (2017), 486–552.
33. Surviving Sepsis Campaign, Bundles. Available from http://www.survivingsepsis.org/Bundles/Pages/default.aspx, 2015. (Accessed 30 January 2018)
34. Jorgensen, J.H., Ferraro, M.J., Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices. Clin Infect Dis 49 (2009), 1749–1755.
35. Lee, A., Mirrett, S., Reller, L.B., Weinstein, M.P., Detection of bloodstream infections in adults: how many blood cultures are needed?. J Clin Microbiol 45 (2007), 3546–3548.
36. Ikebe, T., Hirasawa, A., Suzuki, R., Isobe, J., Tanaka, D., Katsukawa, C., et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility survey of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated in japan from patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 (2005), 788–790.
37. Peterson, L.R., Penicillins for treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia: does in vitro resistance really matter?. Clin Infect Dis 42 (2006), 224–233.
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Group B Strep (GBS): Surveillance. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/groupbstrep/surveillance.html, 2016. (Accessed 30 January 2018)
39. University of California Health System, Antimicrobial susceptibility summary. Available from http://www.asp.mednet.ucla.edu/file/3852207/AMIC_2014_Final.pdf, 2014. (Accessed 24 October 2017)
40. de Cardenas, J.N.B., Su, Y., Rodriguez, A., Hewitt, C., Tang, L., Garner, C.D., et al. Evaluation of rapid phenotypic identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in a pediatric oncology center. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 89 (2017), 52–57.
41. Food and Drug Administration, Evaluation of automatic class III designation (De Novo) for Verigene (Gram positive blood culture nucleic acid test (BC-GP). Available from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/reviews/K113450.pdf, 2012. (Accessed 6 November 2017)
42. Bork, J.T., Leekha, S., Heil, E.L., Zhao, L., Badamas, R., Johnson, J.K., Rapid testing using the Verigene Gram-negative blood culture nucleic acid test in combination with antimicrobial stewardship intervention against Gram-negative bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59 (2015), 1588–1595.
43. Siu, G.K., Chen, J.H.K., Ng, T.K., Lee, R.A., Fung, K.S.C., To, S.W.C., et al. Performance evaluation of the Verigene Gram-positive and Gram-negative blood culture test for direct identification of bacteria and their resistance determinants from positive blood cultures in Hong Kong. PLoS One, 10, 2015 Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0139728 e0139728. (Accessed 6 November 2017)
44. Daikos, G.L., Petrikkos, P., Psichogiou, M., Kosmidis, C., Vryonis, E., Skoutelis, A., et al. Prospective observational study of the impact of VIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase on the outcome of patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 (2009), 1868–1873.
45. Pulido, M.R., Garcia-Quintanilla, M., Martin-Pena, R., Cisernos, J.M., McConell, M.J., Progress on the development of rapid methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. J Antimicrob Chemother 68 (2013), 2710–2717.
46. Anandan, S., Damodaran, S., Gopi, R., Bakthavatchalam, Y.D., Veerarghavan, B., Rapid Screening for Carbapenem Resistant Organisms: Current Results and Future Approaches. J Clin Diag Res 9 (2015), DM1–DM3.
47. Blanc, D.S., Basset, P., Nahimana-Tessemo, I., Jaton, K., Greub, G., Zanetti, G., High proportion of wrongly identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers by use of a rapid commercial PCR assay due to presence of staphylococcal cassette chromosome element lacking the mecA gene. J Clin Microbiol 49 (2011), 722–724.
48. Wolk, D.M., Dunne, M., New technologies in clinical microbiology. J Clin Microbiol 49:S9 (2011), S62–S67.
49. Kok, J., Thomas, L.C., Olma, T., Chen, S.C.A., Iredell, J.R., Identification of bacteria in blood culture broths using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization Sepsityper™ and time of flight mass spectrometry. PLoS ONE, 6, 2011 Available from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0023285 e23285. (Accessed 28 October 2017)
50. La Scola, B., Intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry-based approaches for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 11 (2011), 287–298.
51. Marschal, M., Bachmeier, J., Autenrieth, I., Oberhettinger, P., Willman, M., Peter, S., Evaluation of the Accelerate Pheno system for fast identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing from positive blood cultures in bloodstream infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 55 (2017), 2116–2126.
52. Infectious Disease Society of America, Diagnostics. Available from http://www.idsociety.org/Diagnostics/, 2017. (Accessed 30 January 2018)
53. Parta, M., Goebel, M., Thomas, J., Matloobi, M.P., Impact of an assay that enables rapid determination of Staphylococcus species and their drug susceptibility on the treatment of patients with positive blood cultures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31 (2010), 1043–1048.
54. Bauer, K.A., West, J.E., Balada-Llasat, J.M., Pancholi, P., Stevenson, K.B., Goff, D.A., et al. An antimicrobial stewardship program's impact with rapid polymerase chain reaction methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus/S.aureus blood culture test in patients with S. aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 51 (2010), 1074–1080.
55. Patel, T.S., Kaakeh, R., Nagel, J.L., Cost analysis of implementing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry plus real-time antimicrobial stewardship intervention for blood stream infections. J Clin Microbiol 55 (2017), 60–67.
56. Donner, L.M., Campbell, W.S., Lyden, E., Van Schooneveld, T.C., Assessment of rapid-blood-culture-identification result interpretation and antibiotic prescribing practices. J Clin Microbiol 55 (2017), 1496–1507.
57. Burnham, J.P., Wallace, M.A., Fuller, B.M., Burnham, C.A.D., Kollef, M., Clinical impact of expedited pathogen identification and susceptibility testing for Gram-negative bacteremia and candidemia using the Accelerate Pheno (system. San Diego, CA, 2017 ID Week.
58. Sofjan, A.K., Casey, B.O., Xu, B.A., Amadio, J., Restrepo, A., Alam, M.J., et al. Accelerate PhenoTest (BC kit vs. conventional methods for identification and antimicrobial testing of Gram-positive bloodstream isolates: potential implications for antimicrobial stewardship. Ann Pharmacother, 2018 106002801876548.
59. Ma, G.K., Brensinger, C.M., Wu, Q., Lewis, J.D., Increasing incidence of multiply recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in the United States: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 167 (2017), 152–158.
60. Krutova, M., Matejkova, J., Drevinek, P., Kuijiper, E.J., Nyc, O., Increasing incidence of Clostridium difficile ribotype 001 associated with severe course of the infection and previous fluoroquinolone use in the Czech Republic, 2015. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 36 (2017), 2251–2258.
61. Barlam, T.F., Cosgrove, S.E., Abbo, L.M., Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis 62 (2016), e51–e77.
62. Stevens, V., Dumyati, G., Fine, L.S., Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 53 (2011), 42–48.
63. Climo, M.W., Israel, D.S., Wong, E.S., Williams, D., Coudron, P., Markowitz, S.M., Hospital-wide restriction of clindamycin: effect on the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and cost. Ann Intern Med 128 (1998), 989–995.
64. Carling, P., Fung, T., Killion, A., Terrin, N., Barza, M., Favorable impact of a multidisciplinary antibiotic management program conducted during 7 years. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24 (2003), 699–706.
65. Price, J., Cheek, E., Lippett, S., Cubbon, M., Gerding, D.N., Sambol, S., et al. Impact of an intervention to control Clostridium difficile infection on hospital- and community-onset disease; an interrupted time series analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 16 (2010), 1297–1302.
66. Valiquette, L., Cossette, B., Garant, M.P., Diab, H., Pepin, J., Impact of a reduction in the use of high-risk antibiotics on the course of an epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated disease caused by the hypervirulent NAP1/027 strain. Clin Infect Dis 45:Suppl 2 (2007), S112–S121.
67. Feazel, L.M., Malhotra, A., Perencevich, E.N., Kaboli, P., Diekema, D.J., Schweizer, M.L., Effect of antibiotic stewardship programmes on Clostridium difficile incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 69 (2014), 1748–1754.
68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/healthcare/implementation/core-elements.html. (Accessed 24 February 2017)
69. The Joint Commission, New antimicrobial stewardship standard. Available from https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/6/New_Antimicrobial_Stewardship_Standard.pdf, 2017. (Accessed 8 October 2017)
70. Spellberg, B., Bartlett, J.G., Gilbert, D.N., How to pitch an antibiotic stewardship program to the hospital C-suite. Open Forum Infect Dis, 3, 2016, ofw210.
71. Dik, J.W., Poelman, R., Friedrich, A., Panday, P.N., Lo-Ten-Foe, J.R., van Assen, S., et al. An integrated stewardship model: antimicrobial, infection prevention, and diagnostic (AID). Future Microbiol 11 (2015), 93–102.