Open abdomen critical care management principles: Resuscitation, fluid balance, nutrition, and ventilator management

Trauma Surgery and Acute Care Open

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

  Chabot, Elizabeth ^a   Nirula, Ram ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85041585798     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23975776     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2016-000063     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Rezende-Neto J, Rice T, Abreu ES, Rotstein O, Rizoli S. Anatomical, physiological, and logistical indications for the open abdomen: a proposal for a new classification system. World J Emerg Surg 2016;11:28.
2. Roberts DJ, Ball CG, Feliciano DV, Moore EE, Ivatury RR, Lucas CE, Fabian TC, Zygun DA, Kirkpatrick AW, Stelfox HT. History of the innovation of damage control for management of trauma patients: 1902-2016. Ann Surg 2017;265:1034-44.
3. Burch JM, Ortiz VB, Richardson RJ, Martin RR, Mattox KL, Jordan GL. Abbreviated laparotomy and planned reoperation for critically injured patients. Ann Surg 1992;215:476-84.
4. Rotondo MF, Schwab CW, McGonigal MD, Phillips GR, Fruchterman TM, Kauder DR, Latenser BA, Angood PA. 'Damage control': an approach for improved survival in exsanguinating penetrating abdominal injury. J Trauma 1993;35:375-82.
5. Lee JC, Peitzman AB. Damage-control laparotomy. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006;12:346-50.
6. Cirocchi R, Montedori A, Farinella E, Bonacini I, Tagliabue L, Abraha I. Damagecontrol surgery for abdominal trauma. In: Cirocchi R, ed. Cochrane Database ofSystematic Reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley &Sons, Ltd, 2013:CD007438.
7. Diaz JJ, Cullinane DC, Dutton WD, Jerome R, Bagdonas R, Bilaniuk JW, Bilaniuk JO, Collier BR, Como JJ, Cumming J, et al. The management of the open abdomen in trauma and emergency general surgery: part 1-damage control. J Trauma 2010;68:1425-38.
8. Harvin JA, Wray CJ, Steward J, Lawless RA, McNutt MK, Love JD, Moore LJ, Wade CE, Cotton BA, Holcomb JB. Control the damage: morbidity and mortality after emergent trauma laparotomy. Am J Surg 2016;212:34-9.
9. Brenner M, Bochicchio G, Bochicchio K, Ilahi O, Rodriguez E, Henry S, Joshi M, Scalea T. Long-term impact of damage control laparotomy: a prospective study. Arch Surg 2011;146:395-9.
10. Cotton BA, Au BK, Nunez TC, Gunter OL, Robertson AM, Young PP. Predefined massive transfusion protocols are associated with a reduction in organ failure and postinjury complications. J Trauma 2009;66:41-9.
11. Cotton BA, Gunter OL, Isbell J, Au BK, Robertson AM, Morris JA, St Jacques P, Young PP. Damage control hematology: the impact of a trauma exsanguination protocol on survival and blood product utilization. J Trauma 2008;64:1177-83.
12. Cotton BA, Reddy N, Hatch QM, LeFebvre E, Wade CE, Kozar RA, Gill BS, Albarado R, McNutt MK, Holcomb JB. Damage control resuscitation is associated with a reduction in resuscitation volumes and improvement in survival in 390 damage control laparotomy patients. Ann Surg 2011;254:598-605.
13. Holcomb JB, Jenkins D, Rhee P, Johannigman J, Mahoney P, Mehta S, Cox ED, Gehrke MJ, Beilman GJ, Schreiber M, et al. Damage control resuscitation: directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma. J Trauma 2007;62:307-10.
14. Hodgetts TJ, Mahoney PF, Kirkman E. Damage control resuscitation. J R Army Med Corps 2007;153:299-300.
15. Lamb CM, MacGoey P, Navarro AP, Brooks AJ. Damage control surgery in the era of damage control resuscitation. Br J Anaesth 2014;113:242-9.
16. Malbrain ML, Cheatham ML, Kirkpatrick A, Sugrue M, Parr M, De Waele J, Balogh Z, Leppäniemi A, Olvera C, Ivatury R, et al. Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. I. Definitions. Intensive Care Med 2006;32:1722-32.
17. Cheatham ML, Malbrain ML, Kirkpatrick A, Sugrue M, Parr M, De Waele J, Balogh Z, Leppäniemi A, Olvera C, Ivatury R, et al. Results from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. II. Recommendations. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:951-62.
18. Cheatham ML, White MW, Sagraves SG, Johnson JL, Block EF. Abdominal perfusion pressure: a superior parameter in the assessment of intra-abdominal hypertension. J Trauma 2000;49:621-7.
19. Malbrain ML, Chiumello D, Pelosi P, Bihari D, Innes R, Ranieri VM, Del Turco M, Wilmer A, Brienza N, Malcangi V, et al. Incidence and prognosis of intraabdominal hypertension in a mixed population of critically ill patients: a multiple-center epidemiological study. Crit Care Med 2005;33:315-22.
20. Hakobyan RV, Mkhoyan GG. Epidural analgesia decreases intraabdominal pressure in postoperative patients with primary intra-abdominal hypertension. Acta Clin Belg 2008;63:86-92.
21. Corcos AC, Sherman HF. Percutaneous treatment of secondary abdominal compartment syndrome. J Trauma 2001;51:1062-4.
22. Parra MW, Al-Khayat H, Smith HG, Cheatham ML. Paracentesis for resuscitationinduced abdominal compartment syndrome: an alternative to decompressive laparotomy in the burn patient. J Trauma 2006;60:1119-21.
23. Cheatham ML, Safcsak K. Percutaneous catheter decompression in the treatment of elevated intraabdominal pressure. Chest 2011;140:1428-35.
24. Oda J, Ueyama M, Yamashita K, Inoue T, Noborio M, Ode Y, Aoki Y, Sugimoto H. Hypertonic lactated saline resuscitation reduces the risk of abdominal compartment syndrome in severely burned patients. J Trauma 2006;60:64-71.
25. O'Mara MS, Slater H, Goldfarb IW, Caushaj PF. A prospective, randomized evaluation of intra-abdominal pressures with crystalloid and colloid resuscitation in burn patients. J Trauma 2005;58:1011-8.
26. De Waele J, Delaet I, Hoste E, Verholen E, Blot S. The effect of neuromuscular blockers on intraabdominal pressure. Crit Care Med 2006;34:A70.
27. De Laet I, Hoste E, Verholen E, De Waele JJ. The effect of neuromuscular blockers in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:1811-4.
28. Cheatham ML. Nonoperative management of intraabdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome. World J Surg 2009;33:1116-22.
29. Ertel W, Oberholzer A, Platz A, Stocker R, Trentz O. Incidence and clinical pattern of the abdominal compartment syndrome after "damage-control" laparotomy in 311 patients with severe abdominal and/or pelvic trauma. Crit Care Med 2000;28:1747-53.
30. De Waele JJ, Hoste EA, Malbrain ML. Decompressive laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome-A critical analysis. Crit Care 2006;10:R51.
31. Scalea TM, Bochicchio GV, Habashi N, McCunn M, Shih D, McQuillan K, Aarabi B. Increased intra-abdominal, intrathoracic, and intracranial pressure after severe brain injury: multiple compartment syndrome. J Trauma 2007;62:647-56.
32. Joseph DK, Dutton RP, Aarabi B, Scalea TM. Decompressive laparotomy to treat intractable intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2004;57:687-95.
33. Coccolini F, Biffl W, Catena F, Ceresoli M, Chiara O, Cimbanassi S, Fattori L, Leppaniemi A, Manfredi R, Montori G, et al. The open abdomen, indications, management and definitive closure. World J Emerg Surg 2015;10:32.
34. Griggs C, Butler K. Damage Control and the Open Abdomen: Challenges for the Nonsurgical Intensivist. J Intensive Care Med 2016;31:567-76.
35. Mentula P, Hienonen P, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, Leppäniemi A. Surgical decompression for abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis. Arch Surg 2010;145:764-9.
36. Sun ZX, Huang HR, Zhou H. Indwelling catheter and conservative measures in the treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome in fulminant acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:5068-70.
37. Park S, Lee S, Lee HD, Kim M, Kim K, Jeong Y, Park SM. Abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis treated with percutaneous catheter drainage. Clin Endosc 2014;47:469.
38. Radenkovic DV, Johnson CD, Milic N, Gregoric P, Ivancevic N, Bezmarevic M, Bilanovic D, Cijan V, Antic A, Bajec D. Interventional Treatment of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome during Severe Acute Pancreatitis: Current Status and Historical Perspective. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016;2016:1-6.
39. Peng T, Dong LM, Zhao X, Xiong JX, Zhou F, Tao J, Cui J, Yang ZY. Minimally invasive percutaneous catheter drainage versus open laparotomy with temporary closure for treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome in patients with early-stage severe acute pancreatitis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2016;36:99-105.
40. Ivatury RR, Nallathambi M, Rao PM, Rohman M, Stahl WM. Open management of the septic abdomen: therapeutic and prognostic considerations based on APACHE II. Crit Care Med 1989;17:511-7.
41. Robledo FA, Luque-de-León E, Suárez R, Sánchez P, de-la-Fuente M, Vargas A, Mier J. Open versus closed management of the abdomen in the surgical treatment of severe secondary peritonitis: a randomized clinical trial. Surg Infect 2007;8:63-72.
42. Bleszynski MS, Chan T, Buczkowski AK. Open abdomen with negative pressure device vs primary abdominal closure for the management of surgical abdominal sepsis: a retrospective review. Am J Surg 2016;211:926-32.
43. Sartelli M, Abu-Zidan FM, Ansaloni L, Bala M, Beltrán MA, Biffl WL, Catena F, Chiara O, Coccolini F, Coimbra R, et al. The role of the open abdomen procedure in managing severe abdominal sepsis: WSES position paper. World J Emerg Surg 2015;10:35.
44. Sohn M, Agha A, Heitland W, Gundling F, Steiner P, Iesalnieks I. Damage control strategy for the treatment of perforated diverticulitis with generalized peritonitis. Tech Coloproctol 2016;20:577-83.
45. Loftus TJ, Jordan JR, Croft CA, Smith RS, Efron PA, Mohr AM, Moore FA, Brakenridge SC. Temporary abdominal closure for trauma and intra-abdominal sepsis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017;82:345-50.
46. Becher RD, Peitzman AB, Sperry JL, Gallaher JR, Neff LP, Sun Y, Miller PR, Chang MC. Damage control operations in non-trauma patients: defining criteria for the staged rapid source control laparotomy in emergency general surgery. World J Emerg Surg 2016;11:10.
47. Shah SK, Jimenez F, Letourneau PA, Walker PA, Moore-Olufemi SD, Stewart RH, Laine GA, Cox CS. Strategies for modulating the inflammatory response after decompression from abdominal compartment syndrome. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012;20:25.
48. Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, Faris PD, Ball CG, Kubes P, Tiruta C, Xiao Z, Holodinsky JK, McBeth PB, Doig CJ, et al. Active negative pressure peritoneal therapy after abbreviated laparotomy. Ann Surg 2015;262:38-46.
49. Roberts DJ, Jenne CN, Ball CG, Tiruta C, Léger C, Xiao Z, Faris PD, McBeth PB, Doig CJ, Skinner CR, et al. Efficacy and safety of active negative pressure peritoneal therapy for reducing the systemic inflammatory response after damage control laparotomy (the intra-peritoneal vacuum trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:141.
50. Adkins AL, Robbins J, Villalba M, Bendick P, Shanley CJ. Open abdomen management of intra-abdominal sepsis. Am Surg 2004;70:137-40.
51. Djavani Gidlund K, Wanhainen A, Björck M. Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome after endovascular repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;41:742-7.
52. Rasmussen TE, Hallett JW, Noel AA, Jenkins G, Bower TC, Cherry KJ, Panneton JM, Gloviczki P. Early abdominal closure with mesh reduces multiple organ failure after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: guidelines from a 10-year case-control study. J Vasc Surg 2002;35:246-53.
53. Kimball EJ, Adams DM, Kinikini DV, Mone MC, Alder SC. Delayed abdominal closure in the management of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Vascular 2009;17:309-15.
54. Djavani K, Wanhainen A, Valtysson J, Björck M. Colonic ischaemia and intraabdominal hypertension following open repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2009;96:621-7.
55. Atema JJ, Gans SL, Boermeester MA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the open abdomen and temporary abdominal closure techniques in non-trauma patients. World J Surg 2015;39:912-25.
56. Frazee RC, Abernathy SW, Jupiter DC, Hendricks JC, Davis M, Regner JL, Isbell T, Smith RW, Smythe WR. Are commercial negative pressure systems worth the cost in open abdomen management? J Am Coll Surg 2013;216:730-3.
57. Bruhin A, Ferreira F, Chariker M, Smith J, Runkel N. Systematic review and evidence based recommendations for the use of negative pressure wound therapy in the open abdomen. Int J Surg 2014;12:1105-14.
58. Carlson GL, Patrick H, Amin AI, McPherson G, MacLennan G, Afolabi E, Mowatt G, Campbell B. Management of the Open Abdomen. Ann Surg 2013;257:1154-9.
59. Lindstedt S, Hansson J, Hlebowicz J. Comparative study of the microvascular blood flow in the intestinal wall during conventional negative pressure wound therapy and negative pressure wound therapy using paraffin gauze over the intestines in laparostomy. Int Wound J 2012;9:150-5.
60. Dubose JJ, Scalea TM, Holcomb JB, Shrestha B, Okoye O, Inaba K, Bee TK, Fabian TC, Whelan J, Ivatury RR. Open abdominal management after damage-control laparotomy for trauma: a prospective observational American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013;74:113-20.
61. Kashuk JL, Moore EE, Millikan JS, Moore JB. Major abdominal vascular trauma-A unified approach. J Trauma 1982;22:672-9.
62. Rotondo MF, Zonies DH. The damage control sequence and underlying logic. Surg Clin North Am 1997;77:761-77.
63. Sagraves SG, Toschlog EA, Rotondo MF. Damage control surgery-\-The intensivist's role. J Intensive Care Med 2006;21:5-16.
64. Burch JM, Denton JR, Noble RD. Physiologic rationale for abbreviated laparotomy. Surg Clin North Am 1997;77:779-82.
65. Jurkovich GJ, Greiser WB, Luterman A, Curreri PW. Hypothermia in trauma victims: an ominous predictor of survival. J Trauma 1987;27:1019-24.
66. Rohrer MJ, Natale AM. Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade. Crit Care Med 1992;20:1402-5.
67. Davenport R, Khan S. Management of major trauma haemorrhage: treatment priorities and controversies. Br J Haematol 2011;155:537-48.
68. Abramson D, Scalea TM, Hitchcock R, Trooskin SZ, Henry SM, Greenspan J. Lactate clearance and survival following injury. J Trauma 1993;35:584-9.
69. Davenport R. Pathogenesis of acute traumatic coagulopathy. Transfusion 2013;53:23S-7.
70. Hirshberg A, Mattox KL. Planned reoperation for severe trauma. Ann Surg 1995;222:3-8.
71. Moore EE, Burch JM, Franciose RJ, Offner PJ, Biffl WL. Staged physiologic restoration and damage control surgery. World J Surg 1998;22:1184-91.
72. Zink KA, Sambasivan CN, Holcomb JB, Chisholm G, Schreiber MA. A high ratio of plasma and platelets to packed red blood cells in the first 6 hours of massive transfusion improves outcomes in a large multicenter study. Am J Surg 2009;197:565-70.
73. Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Repine T, Beekley AC, Sebesta J, Jenkins D, Wade CE, Holcomb JB. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 2007;63:805-13.
74. Glaser J, Vasquez M, Cardarelli C, Dunne J, Elster E, Hathaway E, Bograd B, Safford S, Rodriguez C. Ratio-driven resuscitation predicts early fascial closure in the combat wounded. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015;79:S188-S192.
75. Davenport R, Curry N, Manson J, De'Ath H, Coates A, Rourke C, Pearse R, Stanworth S, Brohi K. Hemostatic effects of fresh frozen plasma may be maximal at red cell ratios of 1:2. J Trauma 2011;70:90-6.
76. Keene DD, Nordmann GR, Woolley T. Rotational thromboelastometry-guided trauma resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2013;19:1-12.
77. Holcomb JB, Minei KM, Scerbo ML, Radwan ZA, Wade CE, Kozar RA, Gill BS, Albarado R, McNutt MK, Khan S, et al. Admission rapid thrombelastography can replace conventional coagulation tests in the emergency department: experience with 1974 consecutive trauma patients. Ann Surg 2012;256:476-86.
78. Khan S, Brohi K, Chana M, Raza I, Stanworth S, Gaarder C, Davenport R. Hemostatic resuscitation is neither hemostatic nor resuscitative in trauma hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014;76:561-8.
79. Da Luz LT, Nascimento B, Shankarakutty AK, Rizoli S, Adhikari NK. Effect of thromboelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM® ) on diagnosis of coagulopathy, transfusion guidance and mortality in trauma: descriptive systematic review. Crit Care 2014;18:518.
80. Rezende-Neto JB, Moore EE, Melo de Andrade MV, Teixeira MM, Lisboa FA, Arantes RM, de Souza DG, da Cunha-Melo JR. Systemic inflammatory response secondary to abdominal compartment syndrome: stage for multiple organ failure. J Trauma 2002;53:1121-8.
81. Stewart RH, Laine GA. Flow in lymphatic networks: interaction between hepatic and intestinal lymph vessels. Microcirculation 2001;8:221-7.
82. Huang Q, Zhao R, Yue C, Wang W, Zhao Y, Ren J, Li N, Li J. Fluid volume overload negatively influences delayed primary facial closure in open abdomen management. J Surg Res 2014;187:122-7.
83. Patel NY, Cogbill TH, Kallies KJ, Mathiason MA. Temporary abdominal closure: longterm outcomes. J Trauma 2011;70:769-74.
84. Teixeira PG, Salim A, Inaba K, Brown C, Browder T, Margulies D, Demetriades D. A prospective look at the current state of open abdomens. Am Surg 2008;74:891-7.
85. Acosta S, Bjarnason T, Petersson U, Pålsson B, Wanhainen A, Svensson M, Djavani K, Björck M. Multicentre prospective study of fascial closure rate after open abdomen with vacuum and mesh-mediated fascial traction. Br J Surg 2011;98:735-43.
86. Goussous N, Kim BD, Jenkins DH, Zielinski MD. Factors affecting primary fascial closure of the open abdomen in the nontrauma patient. Surgery 2012;152:777-84.
87. Miller RS, Morris JA, Diaz JJ, Herring MB, May AK. Complications after 344 damagecontrol open celiotomies. J Trauma 2005;59:1365-74.
88. Cheatham ML, Safcsak K, Block EF, Nelson LD. Preload assessment in patients with an open abdomen. J Trauma 1999;46:16-22.
89. Ghneim MH, Regner JL, Jupiter DC, Kang F, Bonner GL, Bready MS, Frazee R, Ciceri D, Davis ML. Goal directed fluid resuscitation decreases time for lactate clearance and facilitates early fascial closure in damage control surgery. Am J Surg 2013;206:995-1000.
90. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, French J, Myburgh J, Norton R. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2247-56.
91. Harvin JA, Mims MM, Duchesne JC, Cox CS, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, Cotton BA. Chasing 100%: the use of hypertonic saline to improve early, primary fascial closure after damage control laparotomy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013;74:426-30.
92. Webb LH, Patel MB, Dortch MJ, Miller RS, Gunter OL, Collier BR. Use of a furosemide drip does not improve earlier primary fascial closure in the open abdomen. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2012;5:126.
93. McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, Warren MM, Johnson DR, Braunschweig C, McCarthy MS, Davanos E, Rice TW, Cresci GA, et al. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016;40:159-211.
94. Cheatham ML, Safcsak K, Brzezinski SJ, Lube MW. Nitrogen balance, protein loss, and the open abdomen. Crit Care Med 2007;35:127-31.
95. Hourigan LA, Hourigan L, Linfoot JA, Linfoot J, Chung KK, Chung K, Dubick MA, Dubick M, Rivera RL, Rivera R, et al. Loss of protein, immunoglobulins, and electrolytes in exudates from negative pressure wound therapy. Nutr Clin Pract 2010;25:510-6.
96. Cothren CC, Moore EE, Ciesla DJ, Johnson JL, Moore JB, Haenel JB, Burch JM. Postinjury abdominal compartment syndrome does not preclude early enteral feeding after definitive closure. Am J Surg 2004;188:653-8.
97. Byrnes MC, Reicks P, Irwin E. Early enteral nutrition can be successfully implemented in trauma patients with an "open abdomen". Am J Surg 2010;199:359-63.
98. Dissanaike S, Pham T, Shalhub S, Warner K, Hennessy L, Moore EE, Maier RV, O'Keefe GE, Cuschieri J. Effect of immediate enteral feeding on trauma patients with an open abdomen: protection from nosocomial infections. J Am Coll Surg 2008;207:690-7.
99. Collier B, Guillamondegui O, Cotton B, Donahue R, Conrad A, Groh K, Richman J, Vogel T, Miller R, Diaz J. Feeding the open abdomen. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007;31:410-5.
100. Moore SM, Burlew CC. Nutrition Support in the Open Abdomen. Nutr Clin Pract 2016;31:9-13.
101. Burlew CC, Moore EE, Cuschieri J, Jurkovich GJ, Codner P, Nirula R, Millar D, Cohen MJ, Kutcher ME, Haan J, et al. Who should we feed? Western Trauma Association multi-institutional study of enteral nutrition in the open abdomen after injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;73:1380-8.
102. Tan SJ, Yu C, Yu Z, Lin ZL, Wu GH, Yu WK, Li JS, Li N. High-fat enteral nutrition reduces intestinal mucosal barrier damage after peritoneal air exposure. J Surg Res 2016;202:77-86.
103. Dutton WD, Diaz JJ, Miller RS. Critical care issues in managing complex open abdominal wound. J Intensive Care Med 2012;27:161-71.
104. Mondal P, Abu-Hasan M, Saha A, Pitts T, Rose M, Bolser DC, Davenport PW. Effect of laparotomy on respiratory muscle activation pattern. Physiol Rep 2016;4:e12668.
105. Zielinski MD, Jenkins D, Cotton BA, Inaba K, Vercruysse G, Coimbra R, Brown CV, Alley DE, DuBose J, Scalea TM. Adult respiratory distress syndrome risk factors for injured patients undergoing damage-control laparotomy: AAST multicenter post hoc analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014;77:886-91.
106. Sadowitz B, Jain S, Kollisch-Singule M, Satalin J, Andrews P, Habashi N, Gatto LA, Nieman G. Preemptive mechanical ventilation can block progressive acute lung injury. World J Crit Care Med 2016;5:74.
107. Ivatury RR. Update on open abdomen management: achievements and challenges. World J Surg 2009;33:1150-3.
108. Gracias VH, Braslow B, Johnson J, Pryor J, Gupta R, Reilly P, Schwab CW. Abdominal compartment syndrome in the open abdomen. Arch Surg 2002;137:1298-300.
109. Vogel TR, Diaz JJ, Miller RS, May AK, Guillamondegui OD, Guy JS, Morris JA. The open abdomen in trauma: do infectious complications affect primary abdominal closure? Surg Infect 2006;7:433-41.
110. Rasilainen SK, Juhani MP, Kalevi LA. Microbial colonization of open abdomen in critically ill surgical patients. World J Emerg Surg 2015;10:25.
111. Pommerening MJ, DuBose JJ, Zielinski MD, Phelan HA, Scalea TM, Inaba K, Velmahos GC, Whelan JF, Wade CE, Holcomb JB, et al. Time to first take-back operation predicts successful primary fascial closure in patients undergoing damage control laparotomy. Surgery 2014;156:431-8.
112. Demetriades D. Total management of the open abdomen. Int Wound J 2012;9(Suppl 1):17-24.