Evaluation in Media Discourse: Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus

Evaluation in Media Discourse: Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-253

  Bednarek, Monika ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85040140544     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (327)

1. Adamson, S. (1994) ‘Subjectivity in narration: empathy and echo’. In Yaguello, M. (ed.), pp. 193–208.
2. Aitchison, J. and D. M. Lewis (eds) (2003) New Media Language. London/ New York: Routledge.
3. Amis, M. (1997) The King’s English. London: HarperCollins.
4. Almeida, E. (1992) ‘A category system for the analysis of factuality in newspaper discourse’. Text 12: 233–62.
5. Anderson, L. B. (1986) ‘Evidentials, paths of change and mental maps: typologically regular asymmetries’. In Chafe, W. and J. Nichols (eds), pp. 273–312.
6. Asher, R. E. (ed.) (1994) The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford, etc.: Pergamon.
7. Aston, G. and L. Burnard (1998) The BNC Handbook. Exploring the British National Corpus with SARA. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
8. Athanasiadou, A. and E. Tabakowska (eds) (1998a) Speaking of Emotions. Conceptualisation and Expression. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
9. Athanasiadou, A. and E. Tabakowska (1998b) ‘Introduction’. In Athanasiadou, A. and E. Tabakowska (eds), pp. xi–xxii.
10. Bagnall, Nicholas (1993) Newspaper Language. Oxford: Focal Press.
11. Bahktin, M. (1981) ‘Discourse in the novel’. In Holquist, M. (ed.), The Dialogic Imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 259–422.
12. Bamberg, M. (1991) ‘Narrative as perspective taking: the role of emotionals, negations and voice in the construction of the story realm’. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 2: 275–90.
13. Bayer, K. (1982) ‘Mit Sprache bewerten’. Praxis Deutsch 53: 15–25.
14. Bednarek, M. (2004) Evaluating the World: the Evaluative Style of British Broadsheet and Tabloid Publications. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Augsburg, Augsburg (extracts available on demand to author).
15. Bednarek, M. (2006a) ‘ “He’s nice but Tim”: contrast in British newspaper discourse’. Proceedings from the Corpus Linguistics Conference Series, Vol. 1, no. 1, available at www.corpus.bham.ac.uk/PCLC.
16. Bednarek, M. (2006b) ‘Evaluating Europe – parameters of evaluation in the British press’. In Leung, C. and J. Jenkins (eds), Reconfiguring Europe – the Contribution of Applied Linguistics. BAAL/Equinox (British Studies in Applied Linguistics).
17. Bednarek, M. (2006c) ‘Evaluation and cognition: inscribing, evoking and provoking opinion’. In Pishwa, H. (ed.), Cognitive Aspects of Language and Memory. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 187–221.
18. Bell, A. (1991) The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell.
19. Bell, A. (1995) ‘Language and the media’. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 15: 23–41.
20. Bell, A., Joyce, M. and D. Rivers 2(1999) Advanced Level Media. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
21. Bell, A. and P. Garrett (eds) (1998) Approaches to Media Discourse. Oxford/ Malden, MA: Blackwell.
22. Benveniste, E. (1966) Problèmes de linguistique générale. Paris: Gallimard.
23. Benveniste, E. (1971) Problems in General Linguistics. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press (translated by Mary Elizabeth Meek).
24. Besnier, N. (1990) ‘Language and affect’. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 59–88.
25. Biber, D. (1986) ‘Spoken and written textual dimensions in English: resolving the contradictory findings’. Language 62/2: 384–414.
26. Biber, D. (1988) Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27. Biber, D. (1993) ‘Representativeness in corpus design’. Literary and Linguistic Computing 8: 243–57.
28. Biber, D. (2003) ‘Compressed noun-phrase structures in newspaper discourse. The competing demands of popularisation vs. economy’. In Aitchison and Lewis (eds), pp. 169–81.
29. Biber, D. and E. Finegan (1988) ‘Adverbial stance types in English’. Discourse Processes 11: 1–34.
30. Biber, D. and E. Finegan (1989) ‘Styles of stance in English: lexical and grammatical marking of evidentiality and affect’. Text 9: 93–124.
31. Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S. and E. Finegan (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
32. Bolivar, A. (2001) ‘The negotiation of evaluation in written text’. In Scott, M. and G. Thompson (eds), Patterns of Text. In honour of Michael Hoey. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 129–58.
33. Bondi, M. and A. Mauranen (eds) (2003) Special issue of Journal of English for Academic Purposes 2 on ‘Evaluation in Academic Discourse’.
34. Brenton, H. and D. Hare (1985) Pravda. A Fleet Street Comedy. London/New York: Methuen.
35. Brown, P. and S. Levinson (1987) Politeness. Some Universals of Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Bruck, P. A. and G. Stocker (1996) Die ganz normale Vielfältigkeit des Lesens. Zur Rezeption von Boulevardzeitungen. Munster: Lit. (Medien und Kommunikation 23)
37. Bublitz, W. (1992) ‘Transferred negation and modality’. Journal of Pragmatics 18: 551–77.
38. Bublitz, W..(2001) Englische Pragmatik. Eine Einführung. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
39. Bublitz, W. (2002) ‘Anmerkungen zur emotiven Prosodie des Textes’. In Bublitz, W., von Roncador, M. and H. Vater (eds), Philologie, Typologie und Sprachstruktur. Festschrift für Winfried Boeder zum 65. Geburtstag. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 25–40.
40. Bublitz, W. (2003) ‘Emotive prosody: how attitudinal frames help construct context’. In Mengel, E., Schmid, H.-J. and M. Steppat (eds), Anglistentag 2002, Bayreuth – Proceedings. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, pp. 381–92.
41. Buhler, K. (1934) Sprachtheorie. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer. 2(1965)
42. Burnard, L. (ed.) (1995) Users Reference Guide for the British National Corpus. Oxford: Oxford University Computing Services.
43. Bybee, J. (1985) Morphology. A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
44. Bybee, J. and S. Fleischman (eds) (1995a) Modality in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
45. Bybee, J. and S. Fleischman (1995b) ‘Modality in grammar and discourse. An introductory essay’. In Bybee, J. and S. Fleischman (eds), pp. 1–14.
46. Bybee, J., Perkins, R. D. and W. Pagliuca (1994) The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
47. Caffi, C. and R.W. Janney (1994) ‘Toward a pragmatics of emotive communication’. Journal of Pragmatics 22: 32–373.
48. Calbert, J. P. (1975) ‘Toward the semantics of modality’. In Abraham, W., Boeder, W., Engel, U., Lerot, J., Leys, O. and H. Vater (eds), Aspekte der Modalität. Tubingen: Gunter Narr, pp. 1–70. (Studien zur deutschen Grammatik 1)
49. Caldas-Coulthard, C. R. (1994) ‘On reporting reporting: the representation of speech in factual and factional narratives’. In Coulthard, M. (ed.), pp. 295–308.
50. Caldas-Coulthard, C. R. (2003) ‘Cross-cultural representation of “Otherness” in media discourse’. In Weiss, G. and R. Wodak (eds), pp. 273–96.
51. Carroll, L. (1998) Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Lookingglass. London: Penguin.
52. Carter, R. (1988) ‘Front pages: lexis, style and newspaper reporting’. In Ghadessy, M. (ed.), Registers of Written English. London: Pinter Publishers, pp. 8–16.
53. Chafe, W. (1986) ‘Evidentiality in English conversation and academic writing’. In Chafe, W. and J. Nichols (eds), pp. 261–72.
54. Chafe, W. and J. Nichols (1986) (eds), Evidentiality: the Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
55. Channell, J. (1994) Vague Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
56. Channell, J. (2000) ‘Corpus-based analysis of evaluative lexis’. In Hunston, S. and G. Thompson (eds), pp. 38–55.
57. Charles, M. (2003) ‘ “This mystery…”: a corpus-based study of the use of nouns to construct stance in theses from two contrasting disciplines’. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 2: 313–26.
58. Charles, M.. (2004) ‘Problems in the corpus investigation of stance’. Paper presented at BAAL SIG meeting, University of Birmingham, 16 April 2004.
59. Christie, F. and J. Martin (eds) (1997) Genres and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School. London: Cassell.
60. Clayman, S. E. (1990) ‘From talk to text: newspaper accounts of reportersource interactions’. Media, Culture and Society 12: 79–103.
61. Coates, J. (1983) The Semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries. London: Croom Helm.
62. Coates, J. and G. Leech (1980) ‘The meanings of the modals in modern British and American English’. York Papers in Linguistics 8: 23–34.
63. COBUILD 1995 = Collins Cobuild English Dictionary (1995). Editor in Chief: J. Sinclair. London: HarperCollins.
64. COBUILD = Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. (2001) CD-ROM. London: HarperCollins. (Lingea Lexicon 2002, version 4.05; includes 5 million word corpus)
65. Coffin, C. (1997) ‘Constructing and giving value to the past: an investigation into second school history’. In Christie, F. and J. Martin (eds), pp. 196–230.
66. Comrie, B. (2000) ‘Evidentials: semantics and history’. In Johanson, L. and B. Utas (eds), pp. 1–14.
67. Conboy, M. (2002) The Press and Popular Culture. London: Sage.
68. Conboy, M. (2003) ‘Parochializing the global. Language and the British tabloid press’. In Aitchison and Lewis (eds), pp. 45–54.
69. Conrad, S. and D. Biber (2000) ‘Adverbial marking of stance in speech and writing’. In Hunston, S. and G. Thompson (eds), pp. 56–73.
70. Coulthard, M. (ed.) (1994) Advances in Written Text Analysis. London: Routledge.
71. Cotter, C. (1996) ‘Engaging the reader: the changing use of connectives in newspaper discourse’. In Arnold, J., Blake, R., Davidson, B., Schwenter, S. and J. Solomon (eds), Sociolinguistic Variation: Data, Theory, and Analysis. Stanford: CSLI Publications, pp. 263–78.
72. Cotter, C. (1999) ‘Language and the news media’. In Wheeler, R. S. (ed.), The Workings of Language. From Prescriptions to Perspectives. Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 165–80.
73. Cotter, C..(2001) ‘Discourse and media’. In Schiffrin, D., Tannen, D. and H. Hamilton (eds), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 416–36.
74. Crompton, P. (1997) ‘Hedging in academic writing: some theoretical problems’. English for Specific Purposes 16: 271–87.
75. Crystal, D. and D. Davy (1969) Investigating English Style. London: Longman.
76. de Haan, F. (1999) ‘Evidentiality and epistemic modality: setting boundaries’. Southwest-Journal-of-Linguistics 18/1: 83–101.
77. DeLancey, S. (1997) ‘Mirativity: the grammatical marking of unexpected information’. Linguistic Typology 1: 33–52.
78. Diller, H.-J., Otto, E. and G. Stratmann (eds)(1999) English via Various Media. Heidelberg: Winter.
79. Dixon, R. M. W. (1991) A New Approach to English Grammar, on Semantic Principles. Oxford: Clarendon.
80. Du Bois, J. W. (1986) ‘Self-evidence and ritual speech’. In Chafe, W. and J. Nichols (eds), pp. 313–36.
81. Eggins, S. and D. Slade (1997) Analysing Casual Conversation. London/ Washington: Cassell.
82. Fairclough, N. (1988) ‘Discourse representation in media discourse’. Sociolinguistics 17: 125–39.
83. Fairclough, N. (1995a) Media Discourse. London: Arnold.
84. Fairclough, N. (1995b) Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Longman.
85. Fairclough, N. (1998) ‘Political discourse in the media: an analytical framework’. In Bell, A. and P. Garrett (eds), pp. 142–62.
86. Fiehler, R. (1990) Kommunikation und Emotion. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
87. Finegan, E. (1995) ‘Subjectivity and subjectivisation: an introduction’. In Stein, D. and S. Wright (eds), pp. 1–15.
88. Fowler, R. G. (1991) Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge.
89. Fowler, R., Hodge, B., Kress, G. and T. Trew (1979) Language and Control. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
90. Francis, G. (1995) ‘Corpus-driven grammar and its relevance to the learning of English in a cross-cultural situation’. Manuscript.
91. Francis, G. (1994) ‘Labelling discourse: an aspect of nominal-group lexical cohesion’. In Coulthard, M. (ed.), pp. 83–101.
92. Francis, G., Hunston, S. and E. Manning (1996) Collins Cobuild Grammar Patterns 1: Verbs. London: HarperCollins.
93. Freedland, J. (2004) ‘An elegant box of sharpened knives’. The Guardian, International Edition, 15 July 2004.
94. Fries, U. and P. Schneider (2000) ‘ZEN: preparing the Zurich English Newspaper corpus’. In Ungerer, F. (ed.), pp. 3–24.
95. Galtung, J. and M. H. Ruge (1965) ‘The structure of foreign news’. Journal of Peace Research 2/1: 64–91.
96. Geis, M. (1987) The Language of Politics. New York: Springer.
97. Givon, T. (1982) ‘Evidentiality and epistemic space’. Studies in Language 6/1: 23–49.
98. Glasgow University Media Group (1976) Bad News. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
99. Glasgow University Media Group (1980) More Bad News. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
100. Goffman, E. (1981) Forms of Talk. Oxford: Blackwell.
101. Goss, M. (1994) ‘ “Strange and wonderful news…”: broadsides, tabloids, folklore and Fortean phenomena’. Fortean Studies 1: 182–97.
102. Graham, P. (2003) ‘Critical Discourse Analysis and evaluative meaning: interdisciplinarity as a critical turn’. In Weiss, G. and R. Wodak (eds), pp. 110–29.
103. Greatbatch, D. (1998) ‘Conversation analysis: neutralism in British news interviews’. In Bell, A. and P. Garrett (1998) (eds), pp. 163–85.
104. Greenbaum, S. (1969) Studies in English Adverbial Usage. London: Longman.
105. Groom, N. (2000) ‘Attribution and averral revisited: three perspectives on manifest intertextuality in academic writing’. In Thompson, P. (ed.), Patterns and Perspectives: Insights into EAP Writing Practice. Reading: CALS, pp. 15–27.
106. Gruber, H. (1993) ‘Evaluation devices in newspaper reports’. Journal of Pragmatics 19: 469–86.
107. Hanlein, H. (1999) Studies in Authorship Recognition – a Corpus-based Approach. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
108. Haiman, J. (1989) ‘Alienation in grammar’. Studies in Language 13/1: 129–70.
109. Hall, S. (1994) ‘Encoding/decoding’. In Graddol, D. and O. Boyd-Barrett (eds), Media Texts: Authors and Readers. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 200–11.
110. Halliday, M. A. K. (1970) ‘Functional diversity in language as seen from a consideration of modality and mood in English’. Foundations of Language 6: 322–61.
111. Halliday, M. A. K. (1973) Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
112. Halliday, M. A. K. 2(1994) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
113. Hardt-Mautner, G. (1995) ‘ “Only connect.” Critical Discourse Analysis and corpus linguistics’. Manuscript, University of Lancaster. (www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/research/ucrel/papers/techpaper/ vol6.pdf)
114. Harkins, J. and A. Wierzbicka (eds) (2001) Emotions in Cross-linguistic Perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
115. Hartley, J. (1982) Understanding News. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
116. Hermeren, L. (1978) On Modality in English. A Study of the Semantics of the Modals (Lund Studies in English 53). Lund: CWK Gleerup.
117. Hermeren, L. (1986) ‘Modalities in spoken and written English: an inventory of forms’. In Tottie, G. and U. Backlund (eds). English in Speech and Writing: a Symposium. Uppsala: University of UP, pp. 57–91.
118. Herwig R. (1999) ‘Changing Language in Changing Times’. In: Diller et al. (eds), pp. 223–36.
119. Hill, A. A. (1958) Introduction to Linguistic Structures: from Sound to Sentence in English. New York: Harcourt Brace.
120. Hill, J. H. and J. T. Irvine (1993a) ‘Introduction’. In Hill, J. H. and J. T. Irvine (eds), pp. 1–23.
121. Hill, J. H. and J. T. Irvine (eds) (1993b) Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
122. Hodge, B. (1979) ‘Newspapers and communities’. In Fowler et al. (eds), pp. 157–74.
123. Hoey, M. (1983) On the Surface of Discourse: London: Allen & Unwin.
124. Hoey, M. (2000) ‘Persuasive rhetoric in linguistics: a stylistic study of some features of the language of Noam Chomsky’. In Hunston, S. and G. Thompson (eds), pp. 28–37.
125. Hoey, M. (2004a) ‘Saying something new: the hidden patterns in corpora’. The Fourth Sinclair Open Lecture, 6 May 2004, University of Birmingham.
126. Hoey, M.(2004b) ‘Textual colligation: a special kind of lexical priming’. In Aijmer, K. and B. Altenberg (eds), Advances in Corpus Linguistics. Papers from the 23rd International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, pp. 171–94.
127. Holmes, J. (1984) ‘Modifying illocutionary force’. Journal of Pragmatics 8: 345–65.
128. Hoye, L. (1997) Adverbs and Modality in English. London/New York: Longman.
129. Hubler, A. (1987) ‘Communication and expressivity’. In Dirven, R. and V. Fried (eds), Functionalism in Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 357–80.
130. Hunston, S. (1993) ‘Professional conflict. Disagreement in academic discourse’. In Baker, M. et al. (eds), Text and Technology. In Honour of John Sinclair. Philadelphia/Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 115–34.
131. Hunston, S. (1994) ‘Evaluation and organization in a sample of written academic discourse’. In Coulthard, M. (ed.), pp. 191–218.
132. Hunston, S. (1995) ‘A corpus study of some English verbs of attribution’. Functions of Language 2/2: 133–58.
133. Hunston, S. (2000) ‘Evaluation and the planes of discourse: status and value in persuasive texts’. In Hunston, S. and G. Thompson (eds), pp. 176–207.
134. Hunston, S. (2002) Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
135. Hunston, S. (2004) ‘Counting the uncountable: problems of identifying evaluation in a text and in a corpus’. In Partington, A., Morley, J. and L. Haarman (eds). Corpora and Discourse. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 157–88.
136. Hunston, S. (2006) ‘Phraseology and system: a contribution to the debate’. In Thompson, G. and S. Hunston (eds), pp. 55–80.
137. Hunston, S. and J. Sinclair (2000) ‘A local grammar of evaluation’. In Hunston, S. and G. Thompson (eds), pp. 74–101.
138. Hunston, S. and G. Thompson (eds) (2000) Evaluation in Text. Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
139. Hyland, K. (1994) ‘Hedging in academic writing and EAP textbooks’. English for Specific Purposes 13: 239–56.
140. Hyland, K.. (1999) ‘Disciplinary discourses: writer stance in research articles’. In Candlin, N. and K. Hyland (eds), Writing: Texts, Processes and Practices. London/New York: Longman, pp. 99–121.
141. Iedema, R., Feez, S. and P. R. R. White (1994) Media Literacy. Sydney: Disadvantaged Schools Program, NSW Department of School Education. (extracts available to download from www.grammatics.com/appraisal)
142. Jacobsen, W. H. Jr. (1986) ‘The heterogeneity of evidentials in Makah’. In Chafe, W. and J. Nichols (eds), pp. 3–28.
143. Jakobson, R. (1960) ‘Closing statement: linguistics and poetics’. In Sebeok, T. (ed.), Style in Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT press, pp. 350–77.
144. Jakobson, R. (1957) Shifters, Verbal Categories, and the Russian Verb. Cambridge, MA: Russian Language Project, Department of Slavic languages and literatures, Harvard University. (Repr. The Selected Writings of Roman Jakobson. Vol. 2: 130–47 (1971), The Hague: Mouton)
145. Janney, R. (1996) Speech and Affect: Emotive Uses of English. Munich. (no publishing house)
146. Johanson, L. and B. Utas (2000) Evidentials. Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
147. Johnson-Laird, P. N. and K. Oatley (1989) ‘The language of emotions: an analysis of a semantic field’. Cognition and Emotion 3: 81–123.
148. Jordan, M. P. (2000) ‘Lexical anaphoric and/or cataphoric assessors’. LACUS-Forum 26: 281–92.
149. Jucker, A. H. (1992) Social Stylistics. Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
150. Jucker, A. H. (1995) ‘Mass media’. In Verschueren et al. (eds), pp. 1–14.
151. Jung, M. (2001) ‘Ecological criticism of language’. In Fill, A. and P. Muhlhausler (eds), The Ecolinguistics Reader. London/New York: Continuum, pp. 270–85.
152. Kiefer, F. (1994) ‘Modality’. In Asher, R. E. (ed.), pp. 2515–20.
153. Kiefer, F. (1998) ‘Modality’. In Verschueren et al. (eds), pp. 1–36.
154. Knobbe, T. (1997) Linguistische Aspekte der Sportberichterstattung in der britischen Boulevardpresse. Siegen: Universitat-Gesamthochschule Siegen. (Massenmedien und Kommunikation 107/108)
155. Kovecses, Z. (1998a) ‘Joy: An exercise in the description of emotion concepts’. Grazer Linguistische Studien 33/34: 153–64.
156. Kovecses, Z. (1998b) ‘Are there any emotion metaphors?’. In Athanasiadou, A. and E. Tabakowska (eds), pp. 127–51.
157. Konstantinidou, M. (1997) Sprache und Gefühl. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
158. Labov, W. (1972) Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
159. Labov, W.. (1984) ‘Intensity’. In Schiffrin, D. (ed.), Meaning, Form, and Use in Context: Linguistic Applications. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 43–70.
160. Labov, W. and D. Fanshel (1977) Therapeutic Discourse. New York: Academic Press.
161. Labov, W. and J. Waletsky (1967) ‘Narrative analysis: oral versions of personal experience’. In Helm, J. (ed.), Essays on Verbal and Visual Arts. Seattle: University of Washington Press for the American Ethnological Society, pp. 12–44.
162. Lakoff, G. (1972) ‘Hedges: a study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concepts’. In Chicago Linguistic Society Papers. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, pp. 183–228.
163. Lakoff, G. (1987) Women, Fire and Dangerous Things. Chicago/London: The University of Chicago Press.
164. Lee, M. A. and N. Solomon (1991) Unreliable Sources: a Guide to Detecting Bias in the News Media. New York: Lyle Stuart.
165. Leech, G. (1974) Semantics. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd.
166. Leech, G. and M. H. Short (1981) Style in Fiction. London: Longman.
167. Lemke, J. L. (1992) ‘Interpersonal meaning in discourse: value orientations’. In Davies, M. and L. Ravelli (eds), Advances in Systemic Linguistics: Recent Theory and Practice. London: Pinter, pp. 82–194.
168. Lemke, J. L. (1998) ‘Resources for attitudinal meaning: evaluative orientations in text semantics’. Functions of Language 5/1: 33–56.
169. Lennon, P. (2004) Allusions in the Press. An Applied Linguistic Study. Berlin/ New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
170. Levinson, S. C. (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
171. Lindegren-Lerman, C. (1983) ‘Dominant discourse: the institutional voice and the control of topic’. In Davis, H. and P. Walton (eds), Language, Image, Media. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 75–103.
172. Lindemann, B. (1990) ‘Cheap thrills we live by: some notes on the poetics of tabloid headlinese’. Journal of Literary Semantics 19: 46–59.
173. Ljung, M. (1996) ‘The use of modals in British and American newspapers’. KVHAA Konferenser 36: 159–79.
174. Ljung, M.. (1997) ‘The English of British Tabloids and Heavies: differences and similarities’. Studier i Modern Språkvetenskap/Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis: Stockholm Studies in Modern Philology 11: 133–48.
175. Ljung, M. (2000) ‘Newspaper genres and newspaper English’. In Ungerer, F. (ed.), pp. 131–50.
176. Ljung, M..(2002) ‘What vocabulary tells us about genre differences: a study of lexis in five newspaper genres’. In Breivik, L. E. and A. Hasselgren (eds), From the COLT’s Mouth… and Others’: Language Corpora Studies in Honour of Anna-Brita Stenström. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, pp. 181–96. (Language and Computers 40)
177. Lobner, S. (2002) Understanding Semantics. London: Arnold.
178. Louw, B. (2005) ‘Collocation and semantic prosodies in literature and in corpora’. Paper given at a workshop on corpus approaches to the language of literature, University of Birmingham, 14 July 2005.
179. Lyons, J. (1977) Semantics. Vol. 1, 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
180. Lyons, J.. (1982) ‘Deixis and subjectivity: loquor, ergo sum?’. In Jarvella, R. and W. Klein (eds), Speech, Place, and Action. Studies in Deixis and Related Topics. Chichester, NY: Wiley, pp. 101–24.
181. Lyons, J. (1994) ‘Subjecthood and subjectivity’. In Yaguello, M. (ed.), pp. 9–18.
182. Macken-Horarik, M. (2003) ‘Envoi: intractable issues in appraisal analysis?’. Text 23: 313–19.
183. Macken-Horarik, M. and J. R. Martin (eds) (2003) Special issue of Text 23/2 on ‘Appraisal’.
184. Maclean, E. (1981) Between the Lines. How to Detect Bias and Propaganda in the News and Everyday Life. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
185. Mahlberg, M. (2004) ‘Corpus design and the words in a dictionary’. Lexicographica 20: 114–29.
186. Malrieu, J. P. (1999) Evaluative Semantics. Cognition, Language and Ideology. London/New York: Routledge. (Routledge Frontiers of Cognitive Science 3)
187. Marino, M. (1994) ‘Irony’. In Asher, R. E. (ed.), pp. 1776–78.
188. Martin, J. R. (1995) ‘Reading positions/positioning readers: judgement in English’. Prospect: a Journal of Australian TESOL 10: 27–37.
189. Martin, J. R. (1997) ‘Analysing genre: functional parameters’. In Christie, F. and J. Martin (eds), pp. 3–39.
190. Martin, J. R. (2000) ‘Beyond exchange: appraisal systems in English’. In Hunston, S. and G. Thompson (eds), pp. 142–75.
191. Martin, J. R. (2003) ‘Introduction’. Text 23: 171–81.
192. Martin, J. R. and P. R. R. White (2004) ‘An overview of engagement’. Manuscript distributed at the Birmingham evaluation and stance workshop, largely from Martin and White (2005).
193. Martin, J. R. and P. R. R. White (2005) The Language of Evaluation. Appraisal in English. Basingstoke: Palgrave/Macmillan.
194. Marty, A. (1908/1976) Untersuchungen zur Grundlegung der allgemeinen Grammatik und Sprachphilosophie. Tubingen: Niemeyer. (reprint Hildesheim: Olms; originally 1908, Halle a.S.: Niemeyer)
195. Mayes, P. (1990) ‘Quotation in English’. Studies in Language 14: 325–63.
196. McCarthy, M. (2004) ‘Hyperbole in conversation’. Address given at the University of Birmingham, 16 March 2004.
197. McLachlan, S. and P. Golding (2000) ‘Tabloidization in the British press: a quantitative investigation into changes in British newspapers, 1952–1997’. In Sparks, C. and J. Tulloch (eds), pp. 75–90.
198. McNair, B. (1994) News and Journalism in the UK. London and New York: Routledge.
199. Minugh, D. (2000) ‘You people use such weird expressions: the frequency of idioms in newspaper CDs as corpora’. In Kirk, J. (ed.), Corpora Galore. Analyses and Techniques in Describing English. Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, pp. 57–71. (Language and Computers 30)
200. Mittmann, B. (2005) ‘A big deal or not too bad? Evaluation in spoken British and American conversation’. Paper presented at the University of Augsburg, 23 July 2005.
201. Myhill, J. and L. A. Smith (1995) ‘The discourse and interactive functions of obligation expressions’. In Bybee, J. and S. Fleischman (eds), pp. 239–92.
202. Neale, A. (2006) ‘ “Matching” corpus data and system networks: using corpora to modify and extend the system networks for transitivity in English’. In Thompson and Hunston (eds), pp. 143–63.
203. Ni, Y. (2003) ‘Noun phrases in media texts. A quantificational approach’. In Aitchison and Lewis (eds), pp. 159–68.
204. Nuyts, J. (2001a) Epistemic Modality, Language and Conceptualization: a Cognitive-Pragmatic Perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
205. Nuyts, J..(2001b) ‘Subjectivity as an evidential dimension in epistemic modal expressions’. Journal of Pragmatics 33/3: 383–400.
206. Ochs, E. (1986) ‘From feelings to grammar’. In Schieffelin, B. B. and E. Ochs (eds), Language Socialization Across Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 251–72.
207. Ochs, E. and B. Schieffelin (1989) ‘Language has a heart’. Text 9: 7–25.
208. O’Driscoll, J. (2000) Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (1995, revised and updated)
209. Ortony, A., Clore, G. L. and A. Collins (1988) The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
210. Palmer, F. R. (1979) Modality and the English Modals. London: Longman.
211. Palmer, F. R. 3(1995a) Modality and the English Modals. London: Longman.
212. Palmer, F. R. (1995b) ‘Negation and the modals of possibility and necessity’. In Bybee, J. and S. Fleischman (eds), pp. 454–71.
213. Palmer, F. R. 2(2001) Mood and Modality. London: Longman.
214. Palmer, G. B. and D. J. Occhi (1999) ‘Introduction: linguistic anthropology and emotional experience’. In Palmer, G. B. and D. J. Occhi (eds), Languages of Sentiment: Cultural Constructions of Emotional Substrates. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1–22.
215. Perkins, M. R. (1983) Modal Expression in English. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
216. Precht, K. (2003) ‘Stance moods in spoken English: evidentiality and affect in British and American conversation’. Text 23: 239–57.
217. Prince, E., Frader, J. and Bosk, C. (1982) ‘On hedging in physicianphysician discourse’. In di Pietro, R. J. (ed.), Linguistics and the Professions. Hillsdale, NJ: Ablex, pp. 83–97.
218. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and J. Svartvik (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
219. Rademann, T. (1999) ‘Newspapers on the internet’. In Diller et al. (eds), pp. 251–69.
220. Ramge, H. (1994) ‘Auf der Suche nach der Evaluation in Zeitungskommentaren’. In Moilanen, M. and L. Tiittula (eds), Überredung in der Presse. Texte, Strategien, Analysen. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 101–20.
221. Reah, D. (1998) The Language of Newspapers. London/New York: Routledge.
222. Rooryck, J. (2001) ‘State-of-the-article. Evidentiality (part 1)’. Glot International 5/4: 125–33.
223. Rothery, J. and M. Stenglin (2000) ‘Interpreting literature: the role of APPRAISAL’. In Unsworth, L. (ed.), Researching Language in Schools and Functional Linguistic Perspectives. London: Cassell, pp. 222–44.
224. Sanders, J. and W. Spooren (1997) ‘Perspective, subjectivity, and modality from a cognitive linguistic point of view’. In Liebert, W.-A., Redeker, G. and L. Waugh (eds), Discourse and Perspective in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 85–112.
225. Scannell, P. (1998) ‘Media – language – world’. In Bell, A. and P. Garrett (eds), pp. 251–67.
226. Schaffer, D. (1995) ‘Shocking secrets revealed! The language of tabloid headlines’. Et cetera 52: 27–46.
227. Scheibman, J. (2001) ‘Local patterns of subjectivity in person and verb type in American English conversation’. In Bybee, J. L. and P. Hopper (eds), Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 61–89.
228. Scheibman, J. (2002) Point of View and Grammar. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
229. Schmid, H.-J. (2000) English Abstract Nouns as Conceptual Shells. Berlin: de Gruyter.
230. Schneider, D. (1999) ‘ “Euro-this, Euro-that and now Euro-money” (The Guardian 1996) – computer-assisted studies of British newspaper language’. In Carls, U. and P. Lucko (eds), Form, Function and Variation in English. Studies in Honour of Klaus Hansen. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 89–99.
231. Schneider, K. (1999) ‘Exploring the roots of popular English news writing – a preliminary report on a corpus-based project’. In Diller et al. (eds), pp. 201–22.
232. Schneider, K..(2000) ‘Popular and quality papers in the Rostock historical newspaper corpus’. In Mair, C. and M. Hundt (eds), Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, pp. 321–37. (Language and Computers 33)
233. Scott, M. (1999) Wordsmith Tools. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
234. Searle, J. (1976) ‘The classification of illocutionary acts’. Language in Society 5: 1–23.
235. Sell, R. D. (1991) ‘How can literary pragmatics develop empirical methods? The problem of modal and evaluative expressions in literary texts’. In Ibsch, E., Schram, D. and G. Steen (eds), Empirical Studies of Literature. Proceedings of the Second IGEL-Conference, Amsterdam 1989. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 137–45.
236. Shanon, B. (1981) ‘What’s in the frame? Linguistic indicators’. Journal of Pragmatics 5: 35–44.
237. Short, M., Wynne, M. and E. Semino (1999) ‘Reading reports: discourse presentation in a corpus of narratives, with special reference to news reports’. In Diller et al. (eds), pp. 39–65.
238. Silver, M. (2003) ‘The stance of stance: a critical look at ways stance is expressed and modelled in academic discourse’. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 2: 359–74.
239. Simpson, P. (1993) Language, Ideology and Point of View. London: Routledge.
240. Sinclair, J. M. (1986) ‘Fictional worlds’. In Coulthardt, M. (ed.), pp. 43–60.
241. Sinclair, J. M. (1988) ‘Mirror for a text’. Journal of English and Foreign Languages 1, 15–44.
242. Sinclair, J. M..(1991) Corpus Concordance Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
243. Sinclair, J. M. (1998) ‘The lexical item’. In Weigand, E. (ed.), Contrastive Lexical Semantics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1–24.
244. Sparks, C. (2000) ‘Introduction: are the tabloids taking over?’. In Sparks, C. and J. Tulloch (eds), pp. 1–40.
245. Sparks, C. and J. Tulloch (eds) (2000) Tabloid Tales. Global Debates over Media Standards. Lanham, etc.: Rowman & Littlefield.
246. Sperber, D. and D. Wilson (1981) ‘Irony and the use-mention distinction’. In Cole, P. (ed.), Radical Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press, pp. 295–318.
247. Stein, D. and S. Wright (1995) (eds), Subjectivity and Subjectivisation. Linguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
248. Stotesbury, H. (2003) ‘Evaluation in research article abstracts in the narrative and hard sciences’. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 2: 327–41.
249. Stubbs, M. (1986) ‘A matter of prolonged fieldwork: notes towards a modal grammar of English’. Applied Linguistics 7: 1–25.
250. Stubbs, M. (1996) Text and Corpus Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.
251. Stubbs, M. (2001) ‘Texts, corpora, and problems of interpretation: a response to Widdowson’. Applied Linguistics 22/2: 149–72.
252. Suarez-Tejerina, L. (2004) Modes of Evaluation and Rhetorical Patterns: a Contrastive Study of English and Spanish Book Reviews. Unpublished MPhil Thesis, Universidad de Leon.
253. Sweetser, E. E. (1984) Semantic Structure and Semantic Change: English Perception-Verbs in an Indo-European Context. Trier: LAUT (Linguistics Agency University of Trier).
254. Taboada, M. and J. Grieve (2004) ‘Analyzing appraisal automatically’. In Exploring Attitude and Affect in Text: Theories and Applications. Papers from 2004 AAAI Spring Symposium. Stanford: Stanford AAAI (American Association for Artificial Intelligence) Technical Reports (www.aaai.org/Press/ Reports/Symposia/Spring/ss–04–07.html).
255. Tadros, A. (1993) ‘The pragmatics of text averral and attribution in academic texts’. In Hoey, M. (ed.), Data, Description, Discourse. Papers on the English language in Honour of John McH Sinclair on his Sixtieth Birthday. London: HarperCollins, pp. 98–114.
256. Talbot, M. (1995) ‘Randy fish boss branded a stinker: coherence and the construction of masculinities in a British tabloid’. Nordlyd: Tromsö University Working Papers on Language and Linguistics 23: 259–70.
257. Tannen, D. (1993) ‘What’s in a frame?: surface evidence for underlying expectations’. In Tannen, D. (ed.), Framing in Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 14–56.
258. Thetela, P. (1997) ‘Evaluated entities and parameters of value in academic research articles’. English for Specific Purposes 16: 101–18.
259. Thompson, G. (1994) Collins Cobuild English Guides 5: Reporting. London: HarperCollins.
260. Thompson, G. and Y. Ye (1991) ‘Evaluation in the reporting verbs used in academic papers’. Applied Linguistics 12: 365–82.
261. Thompson, G. and S. Hunston (2000) ‘Evaluation: an introduction’. In Hunston, S. and G. Thompson (eds), pp. 1–27.
262. Thompson, G. and S. Hunston.(2006) System and Corpus: Exploring Connections. London: Equinox.
263. Tognini-Bonelli, E. (2001) Corpus Linguistics at Work. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
264. Toolan, M. J. (1988) Narrative. A Critical Linguistic Introduction. London/ New York: Routledge.
265. Traugott, E. C. (1995) ‘Subjectification in grammaticalisation’. In Stein, D. and S. Wright (eds), pp. 31–54.
266. Trew, T. (1979) ‘What the papers say: linguistic variation and ideological difference’. In Fowler et al. (eds), pp. 117–56.
267. Tunstall, J. (1996) Newspaper Power. The New National Press in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
268. Ungerer, F. (1997) ‘Emotions and emotional language in English and German news stories’. In Niemeier, S. and R. Dirven (eds), The Language of Emotions. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 307–28.
269. Ungerer, F..(2000) (ed.), English Media Texts Past and Present. Language and Textual Structure. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
270. Ungerer, F. (2004) ‘Ads as news stories, news stories as ads’. Text 24: 307–28.
271. van Dijk, T. A. (1988a) News as Discourse. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
272. van Dijk, T. A..(1988b) News Analysis. Case Studies of International and National News in the Press. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
273. van Dijk, T. A. (1998) ‘Opinions and ideologies in the press’. In Bell, A. and P. Garrett (1998) (eds), pp. 21–63.
274. Verschueren, J. (1985) International News Reporting. Metapragmatic Metaphors and the U2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
275. Verschueren, J., Ostman, J.-O., Blommaert, J. and C. Bulcaen (eds) (1995–2002) Handbook of Pragmatics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
276. Verstraete, J.-C. (2001) ‘Subjective and objective modality: interpersonal and ideational functions in the English modal auxiliary system’. Journal of Pragmatics 33/10: 1505–28.
277. Vestergaard, T. (2000) ‘From genre to sentence: the leading article and its linguistic realization’. In Ungerer, F. (ed.), pp. 151–76.
278. Volek, B. (1977) ‘Die Kategorie der Emotionalitat in der Sprache’. Papiere zur Linguistik 17/18: 123–48.
279. Volek, B. (1987) Emotive Signs in Language and Semantic Functioning of Derived Nouns in Russian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
280. Volosˇinov, V. N. (1986) Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
281. Weiss, G. and R. Wodak (eds) (2003) Critical Discourse Analysis. Theory and Interdisciplinarity. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
282. Wells, M. (2004) ‘Savaging of “seedy and cynical” TV’. The Guardian, International Edition, 28 August 2004.
283. Weizman, E. (1984) ‘Identifying implied referents: an interlingual study of linguistic, pragmatic, textual, and contextual factors in information processing’. Applied Linguistics 5: 266–74.
284. White, P. R. R. (1997) ‘Death, disruption and the moral order: the narrative impulse in mass-media “hard news” reporting’. In Christie, F. and J. Martin (eds), pp. 101–33.
285. White, P. R. R. (1998) Telling Media Tales: the News Story as Rhetoric. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Sydney, Sydney.
286. White, P. R. R.. (2000) ‘Dialogue and inter-subjectivity: reinterpreting the semantics of modality and hedging’. In Coulthard, M., Cotterill, J. and F. Rock (eds), Dialogue Analysis VII: Working with Dialogue. Tubingen: Niemeyer, pp. 67–80.
287. White, P. R. R..(2001a) ‘Appraisal outline’. Manuscript (word processor version). www.grammatics.com/appraisal. (accessed 1 July 2004)
288. White, P. R. R. (2001b) ‘Attitude/Appreciation’. Manuscript (word processor version). www.grammatics.com/appraisal. (accessed 3 January 2005)
289. White, P. R. R. (2001c) ‘Intertextuality’. Manuscript (word processor version). www.grammatics.com/appraisal. (accessed 3 January 2005)
290. White, P. R. R. (2001d) ‘Attitude/Judgement’. Manuscript (word processor version). www.grammatics.com/appraisal. (accessed 3 January 2005)
291. White, P. R. R. (2001e) ‘Appraisal: an overview’. Manuscript (word processor version). www.grammatics.com/appraisal (accessed 3 January 2005)
292. White, P. R. R. (2001f) ‘Attitude/Affect’. Manuscript (word processor version). www.grammatics.com/appraisal (accessed 3 January 2005)
293. White, P. R. R. (2002) ‘Appraisal’. In Verschueren et al. (eds), pp. 1–27.
294. White, P. R. R. (2003a) ‘Appraisal and the resources of intersubjective stance.’ Manuscript (word version). www.grammatics.com/appraisal. (accessed 28 September 2004)
295. White, P. R. R. (2003b) ‘Beyond modality and hedging: a dialogic view of the language of intersubjective stance’. Text 23: 259–84.
296. White, P. R. R. (2004a) ‘Attitudinal meaning and inference – semantic prosodies in text and inter-text’. Presentation given at the University of Birmingham, 17 February 2004. (English Language Research Seminar)
297. White, P. R. R. (2004b) ‘Alignment, rapport and the construed reader’. Paper for Birmingham evaluation and stance workshop.
298. Widdowson, H. G. (2004) Text, Context, Pretext. Oxford: Blackwell.
299. Wierzbicka, A. (1992) ‘Defining emotion concepts’. Cognitive Science 16: 539–81.
300. Willett, T. (1988) ‘A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalization of evidentiality’. Studies in Language 12: 51–97.
301. Winter, E. (1982) Towards a Contextual Grammar of English: the Clause and its Place in the Definition of Sentence. London: Allen & Unwin.
302. Winter, E. (1994) ‘Clause relations as information structure: two basic text structures in English’. In Coulthard, M. (ed.), pp. 46–68.
303. Winter, S. and P. Gardenfors (1995) ‘Linguistic modality as expressions of social power’. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 18/2: 137–65.
304. Wortham, S. and M. Locher (1996) ‘Voicing on the news: an analytic technique for studying media bias’. Text 16: 557–85.
305. Wright, S. (1994) ‘The subject, the speaker and experiential syntax’. In Yaguello, M. (ed.), pp. 149–69.
306. Yaguello, M. (ed.) (1994) Subjecthood and Subjectivity. The Status of the Subject in Linguistic Theory. Paris: OPHRYS.
307. Zelizer, B. (1995) ‘Text, talk and journalistic quoting practice’. Communication Review 1/1: 33–51. www.about.reuters.com/researchandstandards/corpus/LREC_camera_ ready.pdf (accessed 15 July 2004)
308. www.helmer.aksis.uib.no/icame.html (accessed 14 July 2004)
309. www.khnt.hit.uib.no/icame/manuals/flob/kata.htm (accessed 15 July 2004)
310. www.news.independent.co.uk/low_res/story.jsp?story=116349&host =1&dir=1 (accessed 13 July 2004)
311. www.aaai.org/Press/Reports/Symposia/Spring/ss-04-07.html (accessed 26 February 2005)
312. www.abc.org.uk (website of the Audit Bureau of Circulations in 2004)
313. www.ccl.bham.ac.uk/phrasebox/idiomprincple.htm (accessed 15 September 2004)
314. www.ccl.bham.ac.uk/phrasebox/svenguide.html#Some references (accessed 15 July 2004)
315. www.clairvoyancecorp.com/research/workshops/AAAI-EAAT-2004/ home.html (accessed 26 February 2005)
316. www.cpu.org.uk (website of the Commonwealth Press Union in 2004)
317. www.fair.org/activism/iraq-sources-networks.html (accessed 31 August 2004)
318. www.grammatics.com/appraisal/ (appraisal website)
319. www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts2003/20030021.htm (accessed 20 July 2004)
320. www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/monkey/ihe/linguistics/corpus3/3fra1.htm (accessed 14 July 2004)
321. www.microsoft.com/reader/promotions/free_shop.asp (accessed 30 August 2003)
322. www.nrs.co.uk(website of the National Readership Survey, accessed March–May 2004)
323. www.personal.umich.edu/~jaylemke/papers/polcart.htm (accessed 21 July 2004)
324. www.phf.uni-rostock.de/institut/iangam/sitemap.htm (accessed 15 July 2004)
325. www.ssci.liv.ac.uk/~hofer/qed/Papers/0006005_s.html (accessed 14 May 2004)
326. www.webcorp.org.uk/ (accessed January–May 2004)
327. www2002.org/CDROM/poster/67/ (accessed 5 November 2003)