메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 10, 2007, Pages

Ethyl carbamate and hydrocyanic acid in food and beverages - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants
[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

alcoholic beverages; Ethyl carbamate; food; hydrocyanic acid; margin of exposure (MOE); occurrence and exposure; pubic health

Indexed keywords


EID: 85039458650     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.551     Document Type: Note
Times cited : (46)

References (59)
  • 2
    • 0023175254 scopus 로고
    • A simple gas chromatography method for the determination of ethyl carbamate in spirits
    • Andrey, D. 1987. A simple gas chromatography method for the determination of ethyl carbamate in spirits. Zeitschrift fuer Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung, 185, 21–23.
    • (1987) Zeitschrift fuer Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung , vol.185 , pp. 21-23
    • Andrey, D.1
  • 3
    • 85078382453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anon 2007. Total alcohol consumption. Available at URL: ec.europa.eu/health/ph_information/dissemination/echi/echi_3_en.htm#24
    • (2007) Total alcohol consumption
  • 4
    • 0034840610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper (II) catalysis in cyanide conversion into ethyl carbamate in spirits and relevant reactions
    • Aresta, M., Boscolo, M. and Franco, D. W. 2001. Copper (II) catalysis in cyanide conversion into ethyl carbamate in spirits and relevant reactions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 2819–2824.
    • (2001) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.49 , pp. 2819-2824
    • Aresta, M.1    Boscolo, M.2    Franco, D.W.3
  • 7
    • 0024991465 scopus 로고
    • Ethyl carbamate (urethane) in alcoholic beverages and foods –a review
    • Battaglia, R., Conacher, H. B. S. and Page, B. D. 1990. Ethyl carbamate (urethane) in alcoholic beverages and foods –a review. Food Additives and Contaminants, 7, 477–496.
    • (1990) Food Additives and Contaminants , vol.7 , pp. 477-496
    • Battaglia, R.1    Conacher, H.B.S.2    Page, B.D.3
  • 9
    • 0030733240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of urethane (ethyl carbamate) carcinogenicity by ethyl alcohol: a review
    • Benson, R.W. and Beland, F.A. 1997. Modulation of urethane (ethyl carbamate) carcinogenicity by ethyl alcohol: a review. International Journal of Toxicology, 16, 521–544.
    • (1997) International Journal of Toxicology , vol.16 , pp. 521-544
    • Benson, R.W.1    Beland, F.A.2
  • 11
    • 85078379279 scopus 로고
    • Codex Standard for Edible Cassava Flour (African Regional Standard
    • Rome, FAO, (CODEX STAN 176)
    • CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission) 1991. Codex Standard for Edible Cassava Flour (African Regional Standard. Codex Alimentarius, Vol. XII, Suppl. 4. Rome, FAO, (CODEX STAN 176).
    • (1991) Codex Alimentarius , vol.12
  • 12
    • 0028541394 scopus 로고
    • Determination of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages and soy sauce by gas chromatography with mass selective detection: collaborative study
    • Canas, B.J., Joe, F.L., Jr., Diachenko, G.W. and Burns, G. 1994. Determination of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages and soy sauce by gas chromatography with mass selective detection: collaborative study. J.AOAC Int. 77, 1530–1536.
    • (1994) J.AOAC Int , vol.77 , pp. 1530-1536
    • Canas, B.J.1    Joe, F.L.2    Diachenko, G.W.3    Burns, G.4
  • 16
    • 85078397197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opinion of the Scientific Panel AFC on hydrocyanic acid in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties. Adopted on 19 November 2004
    • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel AFC on hydrocyanic acid in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties. Adopted on 19 November 2004. The EFSA Journal 105, 1–28. Available at URL: www.efsa.europa.eu/en/science/afc/afc_opinions/698.html.
    • (2004) The EFSA Journal , vol.105 , pp. 1-28
  • 17
    • 85060723513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to A Harmonised Approach for Risk Assessment of Substances Which are both Genotoxic and Carcinogenic
    • EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on a request from EFSA related to A Harmonised Approach for Risk Assessment of Substances Which are both Genotoxic and Carcinogenic. The EFSA Journal 282, 1–31. Available at URL: www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/Scientific_Opinion/sc_op_ej282_gentox_en3.pdf
    • (2005) The EFSA Journal , vol.282 , pp. 1-31
  • 20
    • 28844499583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summary and conclusions of the sixty-fourth meeting of the Joint Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (WHO Food Additives Series 30) World Health Organisation, Geneva
    • FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations/World Health Organisation). 2005. Summary and conclusions of the sixty-fourth meeting of the Joint Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food Additives (WHO Food Additives Series 30) World Health Organisation, Geneva. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. 928, 1–47. Available at URL: www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/summaries/en/summary_report_64_final.pdf
    • (2005) WHO Tech. Rep. Ser , vol.928 , pp. 1-47
  • 22
    • 33846475130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of urethane-induced carcinogenicity in cyp2e1-/- in comparison to cyp2e1+/+ mice
    • Ghanayem, B.I. 2007. Inhibition of urethane-induced carcinogenicity in cyp2e1-/- in comparison to cyp2e1+/+ mice. Toxicol. Sci. 95, 331–339.
    • (2007) Toxicol. Sci , vol.95 , pp. 331-339
    • Ghanayem, B.I.1
  • 23
    • 0026035519 scopus 로고
    • Role of human cytochrome P-450 IIE1 in the oxidation of many low molecular weight cancer suspects
    • Guengerich, F.P., Kim, D.H., and Iwasaki, M. 1991. Role of human cytochrome P-450 IIE1 in the oxidation of many low molecular weight cancer suspects. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 4, 168–179.
    • (1991) Chem. Res. Toxicol , vol.4 , pp. 168-179
    • Guengerich, F.P.1    Kim, D.H.2    Iwasaki, M.3
  • 24
    • 22944489902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased bioaccumulation of urethane in CYP2E1-/- versus CYP2E1+/+ mice
    • Hoffler, U. and Ghanayem, B.I. 2005. Increased bioaccumulation of urethane in CYP2E1-/- versus CYP2E1+/+ mice. Drug Metab Dispos. 33, 1144–1150.
    • (2005) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.33 , pp. 1144-1150
    • Hoffler, U.1    Ghanayem, B.I.2
  • 25
    • 0344921333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is the principal enzyme responsible for urethane metabolism: comparative studies using CYP2E1-null and wild-type mice
    • Hoffler, U., El-Masri, H.A., and Ghanayem, B.I. 2003. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is the principal enzyme responsible for urethane metabolism: comparative studies using CYP2E1-null and wild-type mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 305, 557–564.
    • (2003) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther , vol.305 , pp. 557-564
    • Hoffler, U.1    El-Masri, H.A.2    Ghanayem, B.I.3
  • 28
    • 0343517091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of ethyl carbamate in some fermented Korean foods and beverages
    • Kim, Y.-K. L., Koh, E., Chung, H.-J. and Kwon, H. 2000. Determination of ethyl carbamate in some fermented Korean foods and beverages. Food Additives and Contaminants, 17, 469–475.
    • (2000) Food Additives and Contaminants , vol.17 , pp. 469-475
    • Kim, Y.K.L.1    Koh, E.2    Chung, H.-J.3    Kwon, H.4
  • 29
    • 12944265470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of tandem mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography to the routine analysis of ethyl carbamate in stone-fruit spirits
    • Lachenmeier, D. W., Frank, W. and Kuballa, T. 2005a. Application of tandem mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography to the routine analysis of ethyl carbamate in stone-fruit spirits. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19, 108–112.
    • (2005) Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom , vol.19 , pp. 108-112
    • Lachenmeier, D.W.1    Frank, W.2    Kuballa, T.3
  • 30
    • 21044439704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective trends and current status of ethyl carbamate in German stone-fruit sprits
    • Lachenmeier, D.W., Schehl, B., Kuballa, T., Frank, W. and Senn, T. 2005b. Retrospective trends and current status of ethyl carbamate in German stone-fruit sprits. Food Additives and Contaminants, 22, 397–405.
    • (2005) Food Additives and Contaminants , vol.22 , pp. 397-405
    • Lachenmeier, D.W.1    Schehl, B.2    Kuballa, T.3    Frank, W.4    Senn, T.5
  • 32
    • 0031916675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isozyme-selective metabolism of ethyl carbamate by cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) and carboxylesterase (hydrolase A) enzymes in murine liver microsomes
    • Lee, R.P., Parkinson, A., and Forkert, P.G. 1998. Isozyme-selective metabolism of ethyl carbamate by cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) and carboxylesterase (hydrolase A) enzymes in murine liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 26, 60–65.
    • (1998) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.26 , pp. 60-65
    • Lee, R.P.1    Parkinson, A.2    Forkert, P.G.3
  • 33
    • 0002932944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimations of unrecorded alcohol consumption levels and trends in 14 European countries
    • (English Supplement)
    • Leifman H. 2001. Estimations of unrecorded alcohol consumption levels and trends in 14 European countries. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18 (English Supplement), 54–69.
    • (2001) Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , vol.18 , pp. 54-69
    • Leifman, H.1
  • 34
    • 84987334896 scopus 로고
    • Ethyl carbamate formation in grain based spirits. II. The identification and determination of cyanide related species involved in ethyl carbamate formation in Scotch grain whisky
    • MacKenzie, W. M., Clyne, A. H. and MacDonald, L. S. 1990. Ethyl carbamate formation in grain based spirits. II. The identification and determination of cyanide related species involved in ethyl carbamate formation in Scotch grain whisky. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 96, 223–232.
    • (1990) Journal of the Institute of Brewing , vol.96 , pp. 223-232
    • MacKenzie, W.M.1    Clyne, A.H.2    MacDonald, L.S.3
  • 36
    • 0023182389 scopus 로고
    • Ethyl carbamate (urethane) in alcoholic beverages: Improved analysis and light-dependent formation
    • Mildau, G., Preuß, A., Frank, W. and Heering, W. 1987. Ethyl carbamate (urethane) in alcoholic beverages: Improved analysis and light-dependent formation. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, 83, 69–74.
    • (1987) Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau , vol.83 , pp. 69-74
    • Mildau, G.1    Preuß, A.2    Frank, W.3    Heering, W.4
  • 37
    • 16644398534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicology and carcinogensis. Studies of urethane, ethanol, and urethane/ethanol (urethane, CAS No. 51-79-6; ethanol, CAS No. 64-17-5) in B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies)
    • NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2004. Toxicology and carcinogensis. Studies of urethane, ethanol, and urethane/ethanol (urethane, CAS No. 51-79-6; ethanol, CAS No. 64-17-5) in B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies). Natl. Toxicol. Program Tech. Rep. Ser. 510:1–346.
    • (2004) Natl. Toxicol. Program Tech. Rep. Ser , vol.510 , pp. 1-346
  • 38
    • 85078394435 scopus 로고
    • NTP Toxicity Studies of Sodium Cyanide (CAS No. 143-33-9) Administered by Dosed Water to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice
    • NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1993. NTP Toxicity Studies of Sodium Cyanide (CAS No. 143-33-9) Administered by Dosed Water to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. Toxic. Rep. Ser. 37, 1-D3.
    • (1993) Toxic. Rep. Ser , vol.37 , pp. D1-D3
  • 39
    • 33746010247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute cyanide toxicity: mechanisms and manifestations
    • Nelson, L. 2006. Acute cyanide toxicity: mechanisms and manifestations. J. Emerg. Nurs. 32, S8–11.
    • (2006) J. Emerg. Nurs , vol.32 , pp. S8-S11
    • Nelson, L.1
  • 41
    • 0020643731 scopus 로고
    • Excretion of 14C-labeled cyanide in rats exposed to chronic intake of potassium cyanide
    • Okoh, P.N. 1983. Excretion of 14C-labeled cyanide in rats exposed to chronic intake of potassium cyanide. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 70, 335–339.
    • (1983) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol , vol.70 , pp. 335-339
    • Okoh, P.N.1
  • 42
    • 0020076262 scopus 로고
    • The metabolism of cyanide and the gastrointestinal circulation of the resulting thiocyanate under conditions of chronic cyanide intake in the rat
    • Okoh, P.N. and Pitt, G.A. 1982. The metabolism of cyanide and the gastrointestinal circulation of the resulting thiocyanate under conditions of chronic cyanide intake in the rat. Can. J. Physiol Pharmacol. 60, 381–386.
    • (1982) Can. J. Physiol Pharmacol , vol.60 , pp. 381-386
    • Okoh, P.N.1    Pitt, G.A.2
  • 43
    • 0000178218 scopus 로고
    • Carbamyl compound reactions with ethanol
    • Ough, C.S., Crowell, E.A. and Gutlove, B.R. 1988. Carbamyl compound reactions with ethanol. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 39:3, 239–242.
    • (1988) Am. J. Enol. Vitic , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 239-242
    • Ough, C.S.1    Crowell, E.A.2    Gutlove, B.R.3
  • 44
    • 0027177202 scopus 로고
    • Vinyl carbamate epoxide, a major strong electrophilic, mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of vinyl carbamate and ethyl carbamate (urethane)
    • Park, K.K., Liem, A., Stewart, B.C., and Miller, J.A. 1993. Vinyl carbamate epoxide, a major strong electrophilic, mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of vinyl carbamate and ethyl carbamate (urethane). Carcinogenesis 14, 441–450.
    • (1993) Carcinogenesis , vol.14 , pp. 441-450
    • Park, K.K.1    Liem, A.2    Stewart, B.C.3    Miller, J.A.4
  • 47
    • 0025304375 scopus 로고
    • The carcinogenic potential of ethyl carbamate (urethane): Risk assessment at human dietary exposure levels
    • Schlatter J. and Lutz, W. K. 1990. The carcinogenic potential of ethyl carbamate (urethane): Risk assessment at human dietary exposure levels. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 28, 205–211.
    • (1990) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.28 , pp. 205-211
    • Schlatter, J.1    Lutz, W.K.2
  • 48
    • 0021367065 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pharmacokinetics of nitroprusside, cyanide, thiosulphate and thiocyante
    • Schulz V. 1984. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nitroprusside, cyanide, thiosulphate and thiocyante. Clin. Pharmcokinetics, 9, 239–251.
    • (1984) Clin. Pharmcokinetics , vol.9 , pp. 239-251
    • Schulz, V.1
  • 49
    • 0026694231 scopus 로고
    • A method for the determination of methyl carbamate and ethyl carbamate in wines
    • Sen, N. P., Seaman, S. W. and Weber, D. 1992. A method for the determination of methyl carbamate and ethyl carbamate in wines. Food Additives and Contaminants, 9, 149–160.
    • (1992) Food Additives and Contaminants , vol.9 , pp. 149-160
    • Sen, N.P.1    Seaman, S.W.2    Weber, D.3
  • 50
    • 0027201863 scopus 로고
    • Methyl carbamate and ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages and other fermented foods
    • Sen, N. P., Seaman, S. W., Boyle, M. and Weber, D. 1993. Methyl carbamate and ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages and other fermented foods. Food Chemistry, 48, 359–366.
    • (1993) Food Chemistry , vol.48 , pp. 359-366
    • Sen, N.P.1    Seaman, S.W.2    Boyle, M.3    Weber, D.4
  • 52
    • 0036733189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term low-dose cyanide administration to rats
    • Soto-Blanco, B., Marioka, P.C. and Górniak, S.L. 2002. Effects of long-term low-dose cyanide administration to rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 53(1), 37–41.
    • (2002) Ecotoxicol Environ Saf , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-41
    • Soto-Blanco, B.1    Marioka, P.C.2    Górniak, S.L.3
  • 53
    • 0037166046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does prolonged oral exposure to cyanide promote hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity?
    • Sousa, A.B., Soto-Blanco, B., Guerra, J.L., Kimura, E.T., and Gorniak, S.L. 2002. Does prolonged oral exposure to cyanide promote hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity? Toxicology 174, 87–95.
    • (2002) Toxicology , vol.174 , pp. 87-95
    • Sousa, A.B.1    Soto-Blanco, B.2    Guerra, J.L.3    Kimura, E.T.4    Gorniak, S.L.5
  • 56
    • 80052269595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Website accessed on 22 May 2007
    • WHO (World Health Organisation). 2004. Global status report on alcohol 2004. Website accessed on 22 May 2007: Available at URL: www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_status_report_2004_overview.pdf
    • (2004) Global status report on alcohol 2004
  • 57
    • 63949085654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Website accessed on 17 March 2007
    • WHO (World Health Organisation). 2007. Global Alcohol Database. Website accessed on 17 March 2007: Available at URL www.who.int/globalatlas/default.asp
    • (2007) Global Alcohol Database
  • 58
    • 12944260090 scopus 로고
    • Formation of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages based on the maraschino cherry
    • Wucherpfennig K, Clauss E, Konja G. 1987. Formation of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages based on the maraschino cherry. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 83, 344–349.
    • (1987) Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau , vol.83 , pp. 344-349
    • Wucherpfennig, K.1    Clauss, E.2    Konja, G.3
  • 59
    • 0025863075 scopus 로고
    • Ethyl Carbamate: analytical methodology, occurrence, formation, biological activity and risk assessment
    • Zimmerli, B. and Schlatter, J. 1991. Ethyl Carbamate: analytical methodology, occurrence, formation, biological activity and risk assessment. Mutation Research, 259, 325–350.
    • (1991) Mutation Research , vol.259 , pp. 325-350
    • Zimmerli, B.1    Schlatter, J.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.