Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2018, Issue 4, 2018, Pages

  Bauer, Andrea ^a   Rönsch, Henriette ^a   Elsner, Peter ^b   Dittmar, Daan ^c   Bennett, Cathy ^d   Schuttelaar, Marie Louise A ^c   Lukács, Judit ^e   John, Swen Malte ^f   Williams, Hywel C ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL CARL GUSTAV CARUS   (Germany)

^b FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^d Institute for Clean Growth and Future Mobility   (United Kingdom)

^e JENA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF OSNABRÜCK   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVERSE OUTCOME; DERMATITIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HUMIDIFIER; INTENTION TO TREAT ANALYSIS; INTERVENTION STUDY; MEDICAL EDUCATION; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OCCUPATIONAL IRRITANT HAND DERMATITIS; OCCUPATIONAL SKIN DISEASE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SKIN IRRITATION; SKIN PROTECTION; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; HAND DISEASE; IRRITANT DERMATITIS; META ANALYSIS; OCCUPATIONAL ECZEMA; PATIENT EDUCATION; PROTECTIVE GLOVE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

EMOLLIENT AGENT; EXCIPIENT; ORGANIC COMPOUND;

DERMATITIS, IRRITANT; DERMATITIS, OCCUPATIONAL; EMOLLIENTS; EXCIPIENTS; GLOVES, PROTECTIVE; HAND DERMATOSES; HUMANS; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR;

EID: 85036831509     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004414.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Brüning T, Goldscheid N, Haufs M, Merget R, Pesch B, Schöneweis S, et al. Intervention study 'Skin Protection'. Comparative investigation to test the effectiveness of skin protection preparations in line with the three-step skin protection program - hazard analysis and protective measures [Interventionsstudie 'Hautschutz'. Vergleichende Untersuchung zur Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit von Hautschutzpräparaten im Rahmen des dreistufigen Hautschutzplanes - Gefährdungsanalyse und Schutzmaßnahme; Erratum 04.05.2016]. In: BGFA - Forschungsinstitut für Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung editor(s). BGFA-Report 1. Bochum: Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2008 and Erratum 2016. 2754056
2. Dickel H, Pesch B, Leiste A, Schoeneweis S, Haufs M, Taeger D, et al. Occupational study of the effectiveness of barrier creams and moisturizers. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(Suppl 1):39. [CENTRAL: CN-00616076]8024553
3. Leiste A, Dickel H, Pesch B, Taeger D, Goldscheid N, Haufs M, et al. Efficacy of barrier creams and skin care ointments in employees exposed to cooling agents. A randomised controlled intervention study [Die Wirksamkeit von Hautschutz - und Hautpflegemitteln unter Kühlschmierstoffexposition - Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Interventionsstudie]. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft (JDDG) 2007;5(Suppl 2):S186-7. 8024554
4. Duca PG, Pelfini G, Ferguglia G, Settimi L, Peverelli C, Sevosi I, et al. Efficacy of barrier creams in preventing skin complaints in workers of a fabric dyeing and printing factory. Results of a random experiment. [Efficia dell'uso di creme-barriera nel prevenire affezioni dermatologiche in lavoratori delle tintostamperie: Risultati di una sperimentatione randomizzata]. La Medicina del Lavoro 1994;85(3):231-8. [CENTRAL: CN-00169944]2754058
5. Flyvholm MA, Mygind K, Sell L, Jensen A, Jepsen KF. A randomised controlled intervention study on prevention of work related skin problems among gut cleaners in swine slaughterhouses. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;62(9):642-9. [CENTRAL: CN-00523951]8024555
6. Mygind K, Borg V, Flyvholm MA, Sell L, Frydendall Jepsen K. A study of the implementation process of an intervention to prevent work-related skin problems in wet-work occupations. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2006;79(1):66-74. [CENTRAL: CN-00561164]8024556
7. Goh CL, Gan SL. Efficacies of a barrier cream and an after work emollient cream against cutting fluid dermatitis in metalworkers: A prospective study. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31(3):176-80. [PUBMED: 7821012]2754062
8. Halkier-Sørensen L, Thesterup-Pedersen K. The efficacy of a moisturizer (Locobase) among cleaners and kitchen assistants during everyday exposure to water and detergents. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29(5):266-71. [CENTRAL: CN-00099282]2754064
9. Kütting B, Baumeister T, Weistenhöfer W, Pfahlberg A, Uter W, Drexler H. Effectiveness of skin protection measures in prevention of occupational hand eczema: Results of a prospective randomized controlled trial over a follow-up period of 1 year. British Journal of Dermatology 2010;162(2):362-70. [CENTRAL: CN-00752880]2754066
10. Löffler H, Bruckner T, Diepgen T, Effendy I. Primary prevention in health care employees: A prospective intervention study with a 3-year training period. Contact Dermatitis 2006;54(4):202-9. [CENTRAL: CN-00564898]2754068
11. van der Meer EW, Boot CR, Jungbauer FH, van der Klink JJ, Rustemeyer T, Coenraads PJ, et al. Hands4U: a multifaceted strategy to implement guideline-based recommendations to prevent hand eczema in health care workers: design of a randomised controlled trial and (cost) effectiveness evaluation. BMC Public Health 2011;11(669):1-11. [CENTRAL: CN-00806279]8024558
12. van der Meer EW, Boot CR, Twisk JW, Coenraads PJ, Jungbauer FH, van der Gulden JW, et al. Hands4U: The effectiveness of a multifaceted implementation strategy on behaviour related to the prevention of hand eczema - A randomised controlled trial among healthcare workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2014;71(7):492-9. [CENTRAL: CN-00996155]8024559
13. van der Meer EW, Boot CR, van der Gulden JW, Knol DL, Jungbauer FH, Coenraads PJ, et al. Hands4U: the effects of a multifaceted implementation strategy on hand eczema prevalence in a healthcare setting. Results of a randomized controlled trial. Contact Dermatitis 2015;72(5):312-24. [CENTRAL: CN-01254728]8024560
14. van der Meer EW, van Dongen JM, Boot CR, van der Gulden JW, Bosmans JE, Anema JR. Economic evaluation of a multifaceted implementation strategy for the prevention of hand eczema among healthcare workers in comparison with a control group: the Hands4U Study. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 2016;96(4):499-504. [CENTRAL: CN-01178190]8024561
15. Perrenoud D, Gallezot D, van Melle G. The efficacy of a protective cream in a real-world apprentice hairdresser environment. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45(3):134-8. [CENTRAL: CN-00770005]8024563
16. Amphoux M, Robin J. Double blind test with a protective ointment (Ivosin) on the hands of cement workers [Doppelblindversuch mit einer Schutzsalbe (Ivosin) an den Händen von Zementarbeitern]. Berufs-Dermatosen 1975;23(6):214-26. [CENTRAL: CN-00705625]2754076
17. Arbogast JW, Fendler EJ, Hammond BS, Cartner TJ, Dolan MD, Ali Y, et al. Effectiveness of a hand care regimen with a moisturizer in manufacturing facilities where the workers are prone to occupational irritant dermatitis. Dermatitis 2004;15(1):10-7. [PUBMED: 15573643]2754078
18. Bauer A, Kelterer D, Bartsch R, Schlegel A, Pearson J, Stadeler M, et al. Prevention of hand dermatitis in bakers' apprentices: different efficacy of skin protection measures and UVB hardening. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2002;75(7):491-9. [PUBMED: 12172896]2754082
19. Berndt U, Wigger-Alberti W, Gabard B, Elsner P. Efficacy of a barrier cream and its vehicle as protective measures against occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42(2):77-80. [CENTRAL: CN-00275795]2754084
20. Bolam RM, Hepworth R, Bowerman LT. In-use evaluation of safety to skin of enzyme-containing washing products. British Medical Journal 1971;2(5760):499-501. [CENTRAL: CN-00005787]2754086
21. Bregnhøj A, Menné T, Johansen JD, Søsted H. Prevention of hand eczema among Danish hairdressing apprentices: an intervention study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;69(5):310-6. [PUBMED: 22267449]2754088
22. Brown TP, Rushton L, Williams HC, English JS. Intervention implementation research: An explorative study of reduction strategies for occupational contact dermatitis in the printing industry. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:16-20. 2754090
23. Davis DD, Harper RA. Using gloves coated with a dermal therapy formula to improve skin condition. Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) Journal 2005;81:157-66. 2754096
24. Dobson RL. Evaluation of hand cleansers. Contact Dermatitis 1979;5(5):305-7. [CENTRAL: CN-00568793]2754098
25. Frosch PJ, Peiler D, Grunert V, Grunenberg B. Efficacy of barrier creams in comparison to skin care products in dental laboratory technicians - A controlled trial. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft [Journal of the German Society of Dermatology] 2003;1(7):547-57. [CENTRAL: CN-00474825]2754102
26. Glantz PO, Larsson K, Nyquist G. A new skin protecting ointment against acrylic resins. Odontologisk Revy 1976;27(4):265-72. [PUBMED: 138105]2754104
27. Held E, Wolff C, Gyntelberg F, Agner T. Prevention of work-related skin problems in student auxiliary nurses. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44(5):297-303. [CENTRAL: CN-00347186]2754108
28. Held E, Mygind K, Wolff C, Gyntelberg F, Agner T. Prevention of work related skin problems: An intervention study in wet work employees. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;59(8):556-61. [PUBMED: 12151613]2754110
29. McCormick RD, Buchman TL, Maki DG. Double-blind, randomized trial of a scheduled use of a novel barrier cream and an oil-containing lotion for protecting hands of health care workers. American Journal of Infection Control 2000;28(4):302-10. [CENTRAL: CN-00298736]2754118
30. Mody L, McNeil SA, Sun R, Bradley SF, Kauffman C. Introduction of a waterless alcohol-based hand rub in a long-term-care facility. Infection control and hospital epidemiology 2003;24(3):165-71. [CENTRAL: CN-00436468]8024564
31. Perrenoud D, Gallezot D, Lübbe J, Akapko C, Ruffieux C, van Melle G, et al. Effect of a protective cream against skin irritation associated with hand hygiene practices: preliminary report. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;49(1 A):91-4. [CENTRAL: CN-00424757]8024566
32. Schwanitz HJ, Riehl U, Schlesinger T, Bock M, Skudlik C, Wulfhorst B. Skin care management: Educational aspects. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2003;76(5):374-81. [PUBMED: 12719982 ]2754130
33. Sell L, Flyvholm MA, Lindhard G, Mygind K. Implementation of an occupational skin disease prevention programme in Danish cheese dairies. Contact Dermatitis 2005;53(3):155-61. [PUBMED: 16128755]2754132
34. Winker R, Salameh B, Stolkovich S, Nikl M, Barth A, Ponocny E, et al. Effectiveness of skin protection creams in the prevention of occupational dermatitis: Results of a randomized, controlled trial. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health 2009;82(5):653-62. [CENTRAL: CN-00705763]2754141
35. Winnefeld M, Richard MA, Drancourt M, Grob JJ. Skin tolerance and effectiveness of two hand decontamination procedures in everyday hospital use. British Journal of Dermatology 2000;143(3):546-50. [CENTRAL: CN-00332205]2754134
36. Visscher MO, DiMuzio A, Jones J, Adams L, Billhimer W. Effect of pseudoceramide cream on irritant hand dermatitis in health care workers. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2014;70(5 Suppl 1):AB68. [EMBASE: 71390362]2754139
37. Madan I, Parsons V, Cookson B, English J, Lavender T, McCrone P, et al. A behavioural change package to prevent hand dermatitis in nurses working in the national health service (the SCIN trial): Study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016;17(1):145. [PUBMED: 26987818]8024568
38. Madan I, Parsons V, Cookson B, English J, Lavender T, McCrone P, et al. The SCIN (Skin Care Intervention in Nurses) trial: A cluster randomized trial. Contact Dermatitis 2016;75:101-2. [EMBASE: 612248209]8024569
39. Soltanipoor M, Hines J, Sluiter J, Kezic S, Rustemeyer T. The Healthy Hands Project: Effectiveness of a skincare programme for the prevention of contact dermatitis in healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis 2016;75:100. [EMBASE: 612248185]8024571
40. Agner T. Basal transepidermal water loss, skin thickness, skin blood flow and skin colour in relation to sodium-lauryl-sulfate-induced irritation in normal skin. Contact Dermatitis 1991;25(2):108-14. [PUBMED: 1935039]
41. Bauer A, Seidel A, Bartsch R, Wollina U, Gebhardt M, Diepgen TL. Development of skin damage during vocational training in occupations with skin hazards [Entwicklung von Hautproblemen bei Berufsanfängern in Hautrisikoberufen]. Allergologie 1997;20(4):179-83. [EMBASE: 1997155320]
42. Bauer A, Bartsch R, Stadeler M, Schneider W, Grieshaber R, Wollina U, et al. Development of occupational skin diseases during vocational training in baker and confectioner apprentices: A follow up study. Contact Dermatitis 1998;39(6):307-11. [PUBMED: 9874022]
43. Bauer A, Bartsch R, Hersmann C, Stadeler M, Kelterer K, Schneider W, et al. Occupational hand dermatitis in food industry apprentices: Results of a three year follow up cohort study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2001;74(6):437-42. [PUBMED: 11563607]
44. Bock M, Wulfhorst B, Gabard B, Schwanitz HJ. Efficacy of skin protection creams for the treatment of irritant dermatitis in hairdresser apprentices. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;49(1A):73-6. [EMBASE: 2001126305]
45. Boehm D, Schmid-Ott G, Finkeldey F, John SM, Dwinger C, Werfel T, et al. Anxiety, depression and impaired health-related quality of life in patients with occupational hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 2012;67(4):184-92. [PUBMED: 22564098]
46. Boman A, Mellström GA. Percutaneous absorption of 3 organic solvents in the guinea pig. (III). Effect of barrier creams. Contact Dermatitis 1989;21(3):134-40. [PUBMED: 2791538]
47. Brans R, Skudlik C, Weisshaar E, Scheidt R, Ofenloch R, Elsner P, et al. Multicentre cohort study 'Rehabilitation of Occupational Skin Diseases - Optimization and Quality Assurance of Inpatient Management (ROQ)': results from a 3-year follow-up. Contact Dermatitis 2016;75(4):205-12. [PUBMED: 27356809]
48. Burnett CA, Lushniak BD, McCarthy W, Kaufman J. Occupational dermatitis causing days away from work in U.S. private industry, 1993. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 1998;34(6):568-73. [PUBMED: 9816414]
49. Cherry N, Meyer JD, Adisesh A, Brooke R, Owen-Smith V, Swales C, et al. Surveillance of occupational skin disease: EPIDERM and OPRA. British Journal of Dermatology 2000;142(6):1128-34. [PUBMED: 10848735]
50. Coenraads PJ, Diepgren TL. Risk for hand eczema for employees with past or present atopic dermatitis. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 1998;71(1):7-13. [PUBMED: 9523243]
51. Coenraads PJ, Diepgen TL. Problems with trials and intervention studies on barrier creams and emollients at the workplace. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2003;76(5):362-6. [PUBMED: 12768427]
52. Cvetkovski RS, Rothman KJ, Olsen J, Mathiesen B, Iversen L, Johansen JD, et al. Relation between diagnoses on severity, sick leave and loss of job among patients with occupational hand eczema. British Journal of Dermatology 2005;152(1):93-8. [PUBMED: 15656807]
53. De Paepe K, Derde MP, Roseeuw D, Rogier V. Claim substantiation and efficacy of hydrating body lotions and protective creams. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42(4):227-34. [PUBMED: 10750855]
54. DGUV (Deutsche gesetzliche Unfallversicherung). Business report of the German Statutory Accident Insurances 2008. In: Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung editor(s). Geschäfts- und Rechnungsergebnisse der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und Versicherungsträger der öffentlichen Hand 2008. Paderborn: Bonifatius GmbH, 2009.
55. Dickel H, Bruckner TM, Schmidt A, Diepgen TL. Impact of atopic skin diathesis on occupational skin disease incidence in a working population. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2003;121(1):37-40. [PUBMED: 12839561]
56. Diepgen TL, Schmidt A, Berg A, Plinske W. Occupational retraining in employees suffering from occupational skin disease [Berufliche Rehabilitation von hautkranken Beschäftigten]. Deutsches Arzteblatt 1996;93:31-40.
57. Diepgen TL, Coenraads PJ. The epidemiology of occupational contact dermatitis. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 1999;72(8):496-506. [PUBMED: 10592001]
58. Diepgen TL, Schmidt A. Are incidence and prevalence of occupational dermatoses underestimated? [Werden Inzidenz und Prävalenz berufsbedingter Hauterkrankungen unterschätzt?]. Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin, Praventivmedizin 2002;37:477-80.
59. Diepgen TL. Occupational skin-disease data in Europe. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2003;76(5):331-8. [PUBMED: 12690490]
60. Diepgen TL, Scheidt R, Weisshaar E, John SM, Hieke K. Cost of illness from occupational hand eczema in Germany. Contact Dermatitis 2013;69(2):99-106. [PUBMED: 23869729]
61. Dulon M, Skudlik C, Nübling M, John SM, Nienhaus A. Validity and responsiveness of the Osnabrück Hand Eczema Severity Index (OHSI): A methodological study. British Journal of Dermatology 2009;160(1):137-42. [PUBMED: 19016701]
62. Fartasch M. Human barrier formation and reaction to irritation. Current Problems in Dermatology 1995;23:95-103. [PUBMED: 9035933]
63. Fischer T, Greif C, Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P. Instrumental methods for the evaluation of effectiveness and safety of cosmetic products [Instrumentelle methoden zur bewertung der sicherheit und wirksamkeit von kosmetika]. Aktuelle Dermatologie 1998;24(8-9):243-50. [EMBASE: 1998322618]
64. Fluhr JW, Miteva M, Elsner P. Efficacy and safety testing. The clinical perspective. Current Problems in Dermatology 2007;34:33-46. [PUBMED: 17312355]
65. Frosch PJ, Kurte A. Efficacy of barrier creams (IV). The repetitive irritation test (RIT) with a set of 4 standard irritants. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31(3):161-8. [PUBMED: 7821009]
66. Gabard B, Treffel P, Charton-Picard F, Eloy R. Irritant reactions on hairless micropig skin: A model for testing barrier creams. Current Problems in Dermatology 1995;23:275-87. [PUBMED: 9035922]
67. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime, Inc.). GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool. McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime, Inc.), 2015.
68. Held E, Skoet R, Johansen JD, Agner T. The hand eczema severity index (HECSI): A scoring system for clinical assessment of hand eczema. A study of inter- and intraobserver reliability. British Journal of Dermatology 2005;152(2):302-7. [PUBMED: 15727643]
69. Henry NW. Protective gloves for occupational use - US rules, regulations, and standards. In: Mehlström GA, Wahlberg JE, Maibach HI editor(s). Protective gloves for occupational use. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1994:45-9.
70. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.0 [updated February 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008.
71. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
72. Hines J, Wilkinson SM, John SM, Diepgen TL, English J, Rustemeyer T, et al. The three moments of skin cream application: an evidence-based proposal for use of skin creams in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis in the workplace. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2017;31(1):53-64. [PUBMED: 27545662]
73. Hogan DJ, Dannaker CJ, Lal S, Maibach HI. An international survey on the prognosis of occupational contact dermatitis of the hands. Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt. Occupation and Environment 1990;38(5):143-7. [PUBMED: 2149550]
74. Holness DL. Recent advances in occupational dermatitis. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013;13(2):145-50. [PUBMED: 23324811]
75. Johansen JD, Frosch PJ, Lepoittevin J-P (Eds.). Contact Dermatitis. 5th Edition. Springer, 2011.
76. Jowett S, Ryan T. Skin disease and handicap: An analysis of the impact of skin conditions. Social Science & Medicine 1985;20(4):425-9. [PUBMED: 3158080]
77. Juni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Systematic reviews in health care: Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ 2001;323(7303):42-6. [PUBMED: 11440947]
78. Kampf G, Löffler H. Prevention of irritant contact dermatitis among health care workers by using evidence-based hand hygiene practices: a review. Industrial Health 2007;45(5):645-52. [PUBMED: 18057807]
79. Karjalainen A, Aalto L, Jolanski R, Keskinen H, Savela A. Occupational skin disease in Finland in 1996. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), 1998.
80. Kezic S, Visser MJ, Verberk MM. Individual susceptibility to occupational contact dermatitis. Industrial Health 2009;47(5):469-78. [PUBMED: 19834255]
81. Kütting B, Drexler H. Effectiveness of skin protection creams as a preventive measure in occupational Dermatitis: a critical update according to criteria of evidence-based medicine. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2003;76(4):253-9. [PUBMED: 12684811 ]
82. Kütting B, Drexler H. The three-step programme of skin protection. A useful instrument of primary prevention or more effective in secondary prevention?. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 2008;133(5):201-5. [PUBMED: 18213554]
83. Lachapelle JM. Efficacy of protective creams and/or gels. Current Problems in Dermatology 1996;25:182-92. [PUBMED: 9026410]
84. Lerbaek A, Kyvik KO, Ravn H, Menne T, Agner T. Clinical characteristics and consequences of hand eczema - An 8-year follow-up study of a population-based twin cohort. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58(4):210-6. [PUBMED: 18353028]
85. Leveque JL, De Rigal J. Impedance methods for studying skin moisturization. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 1983;34:419-28.
86. Loden M. Barrier recovery and influence of irritant stimuli in skin treated with a moisturizing cream. Contact Dermatitis 1997;36(5):256-60. [PUBMED: 9197961]
87. Lodi A, Mancini LL, Ambonati M, Coassini A, Ravanelli G, Crosti C. Epidemiology of occupational contact dermatitis in a North Italian population. European Journal of Dermatology 2000;10(2):128-32. [PUBMED: 10694312]
88. Mahmoud G, Lachapelle JM, van Neste D. Histological assessment of skin damage by irritants: Its possible use in the evaluation of a 'barrier cream'. Contact Dermatitis 1984;11(3):179-85. [PUBMED: 6499417]
89. Mahmoud G, Lachapelle JM. Evaluation of the protective value of an antisorbent gel by Laser Doppler flowmetry and histology. Contact Dermatitis 1985;13(1):14-9. [PUBMED: 2931238]
90. Malten KE. Thoughts on irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatits 1981;7(5):238-47. [PUBMED: 7030611]
91. Mathias CG. The cost of occupational skin disease. Archives of Dermatology 1985;121(3):332-4. [PUBMED: 3156562]
92. Mathias CG. Prevention of occupational contact dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1990;23(4 pt 1):742-8. [PUBMED: 2146291]
93. McFadden JP. Hand eczema. In: Rycroft RJG, Menne T, Frosch PJ, Lepoittevin JP editor(s). Textbook of Contact Dermatitis. Berlin: Springer, 2001:403-411.
94. Meding B, Swanbeck G. Prevalence of hand eczema in an industrial city. British Journal of Dermatology 1987;116(5):627-34. [PUBMED: 2954578]
95. Meding B, Swanbeck G. Consequences of having hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 1990;23(1):6-14. [PUBMED: 2144814]
96. Meding B, Wrangsjö K, Järvholm B. Fifteen-year follow-up of hand eczema: Persistence and consequences. British Journal of Dermatology 2005;152(5):975-80. [PUBMED: 15888155]
97. Mellström GA, Carlsson B. European standards on protective gloves. In: Mellström GA, Wahlberg JE, Maibach HI editor(s). Protective gloves for occupational use. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1994:39-43.
98. Nicholson PJ. Evidence-based guidelines: occupational contact dermatitis and urticaria. Occupational Medicine 2010;60(7):502-4. [PUBMED: 20871017]
99. Flyvholm M-A, Susitaival P, Meding B, Kanerva L, Lindberg M, Svensson Å, Ólafsson J H. Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire - NOSQ-2002. Nordic questionnaire for surveying work-related skin diseases on hands and forearms and relevant exposures. TemaNord Copenhagen, Nordic Council of Ministers. Vol. 518, Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2002:1-186.
100. Patterson SE, Williams JV, Marks JG Jr. Prevention of sodium lauryl sulfate irritant contact dermatitis by Pro-Q aerosol foam skin protectant. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1999;40(5 Pt 1):783-5. [PUBMED: 10321615]
101. Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Coenraads PJ, Nater JP. Comparability and reproducibility of the results of water loss measurement: A study of 4 evaporimeters. Contact Dermatitis 1989;20(4):241-6. [PUBMED: 2752735]
102. Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Agner T, Serup J. Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1990;22(3):164-78. [PUBMED: 2335090]
103. Politiek K, Oosterhaven JA, Vermeulen KM, Schuttelaar ML. Systematic review of cost-of-illness studies in hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 2016;75(2):67-76. [PUBMED: 27218305]
104. Ramsing DW, Agner T. Effect of glove occlusion on human skin (II). Long term experimental exposure. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34(4):258-62. [PUBMED: 8730163]
105. Ramsing DW, Agner T. Preventive and therapeutic effects of a moisturizer. An experimental study in human skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 1997;77(5):335-7. [PUBMED: 9298122]
106. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
107. Rietschel RL. Mechanisms in irritant contact dermatitis. Clinics in Dermatology 1997;15(4):557-9. [PUBMED: 9255462]
108. Rogiers V, EEMCO Group. EEMCO guidance for the assessment of transepidermal water loss in cosmetic sciences. Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology 2001;14(2):117-28. [PUBMED: 11316970]
109. Rose RF, Lyons P, Horne H, Wilkinson MS. A review of the materials and allergens in protective gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2009;61(3):129-37. [PUBMED: 19780770]
110. Saary J, Qureshi R, Palda V, DeKoven J, Pratt M, Skotnicki-Grant S, et al. A systematic review of contact dermatitis treatment and prevention. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2005;53(5):845. [PUBMED: 16243136]
111. Saetterstrøm B, Olsen J, Johansen JD. Cost-of-illness of patients with contact dermatitis in Denmark. Contact Dermatitis 2014;71(3):154-61. [PUBMED: 24750019]
112. Schliemann S, Petri M, Elsner P. Preventing irritant contact dermatitis with protective creams: influence of the application dose. Contact Dermatitis 2014;70(1):19-26. [PUBMED: 23844826]
113. Schünemann H, Brozek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors. GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Updated October 2013. The GRADE Working Group, 2013.
114. Skoet R, Olsen J, Mathiesen B, Iversen L, Johansen JD, Agner T. A survey of occupational hand eczema in Denmark. Contact Dermatitis 2004;51(4):159-66. [PUBMED: 15500664]
115. Smit HA, Burdorf A, Coenraads PJ. The prevalence of hand dermatitis in different occupations. International Journal of Epidemiology 1993;22(2):288-93. [PUBMED: 8505186]
116. Smit HA, van Rijssen A, Vandenbroucke JP, Coenraads PJ. Susceptibility to and incidence of hand dermatitis in a cohort of apprentice hairdressers and nurses. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 1994;20(2):113-21. [PUBMED: 8079132]
117. Treffel P, Gabard B, Juch R. Evaluation of barrier creams: An in vitro technique on human skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 1994;74(1):7-11. [PUBMED: 7511868]
118. Tupker RA, Pinnagoda J, Coenraads PJ, Nater JP. The influence of the repeated exposure of surfactants on the human skin as determined by transepidermal water loss and visual scoring. Contact Dermatitis 1989;20(2):108-14. [PUBMED: 2706957]
119. Tupker RA, Pinnagoda J, Coenraads PJ, Nater JP. Baseline transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as a prediction of susceptibility to sodium lauryl sulfate. Contact Dermatitis 1989;20(4):265-9. [PUBMED: 2752737]
120. Uter W, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Schwanitz HJ. Prevalence and incidence of hand dermatitis in hairdressing apprentices: Results of the POSH study. Prevention of occupational skin disease in hairdressers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 1998;71(7):487-92. [PUBMED: 9826082]
121. Uter W, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Schwanitz H J. Hand eczema in a prospectively-followed cohort of office-workers. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38(2):83-9. [PUBMED: 9506220]
122. Uter W, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Schwanitz HJ. Hand dermatitis in a prospectively followed cohort of hairdressing apprentices: Final results of the POSH study. Contact Dermatitis 1999;41(5):280-6. [PUBMED: 10554064]
123. van Gils RF, Boot CR, van Gils PF, Bruynzeel D, Coenraads PJ, van Mechelen W, et al. Effectiveness of prevention programmes for hand dermatitis: a systematic review of the literature. Contact Dermatitis 2011;64(2):63-72. [PUBMED: 21210820]
124. Wahlberg JE, Boman AS. Prevention of contact dermatitis from solvents. Current Problems in Dermatology 1996;25:57-66. [PUBMED: 8787589]
125. Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P. Preventive measures in contact dermatitis. Clinics in Dermatology 1997;15(4):661-5. [PUBMED: 9255478]
126. Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P. Do barrier creams and gloves prevent or provoke contact dermatitis?. American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 1998;9(2):100-6. [PUBMED: 9601897]
127. Williams C, Wilkinson SM, McShane P, Lewis J, Pennington D, Pierce S, et al. A double-blind, randomized study to assess the effectiveness of different moisturizers in preventing dermatitis induced by hand washing to simulate healthcare use. British Journal of Dermatology 2010;162(5):1088-92. [PUBMED: 20199550]
128. Wrangsjö K, Osterman K, Van Hage-Hamsten M. Glove-related skin symptoms among operation theatre and dental care unit personnel. (I) Interview investigation. Contact Dermatitis 1994;30(2):102-7. [PUBMED: 8187484]
129. Wulfhorst B, Bock M, Skudlik C, Wigger-Alberti W, John SM. Prevention of hand eczema - gloves, barrier creams and workers' education. In: Duus Johansen J, Frosch PJ, Lepoittevin JP editor(s). Contact Dermatitis. 5th Edition. Berlin: Springer, 2001:305-45.
130. Zhai H, Maibach HI. Effect of barrier creams: Human skin in vivo. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35(2):92-6. [PUBMED: 8917826]
131. Zhai H, Maibach HI. Moisturizers in preventing irritant contact dermatitis: An overview. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38(5):241-4. [PUBMED: 9667439]
132. Zhai H, Maibach HI. Barrier creams. In: Chew A-L, Maibach HI editor(s). Irritant Dermatitis. Berlin: Springer, 2006.
133. Zimmerli T. European standards on protective gloves. Current Problems in Dermatology 1996;25(177):P6. [PUBMED: 8787602]
134. Bauer A, Schmitt J, Bennett C, Coenraads PJ, Elsner P, English J, et al. Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004414.pub2]