Noninvasive Markers of Fibrosis and Inflammation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Current Hepatology Reports

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 86-95

  Jayakumar, Saumya ^a   Harrison, Stephen A ^b   Loomba, Rohit ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b BROOKE ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarkers; Fibrosis; Inflammation; Magnetic resonance elastography; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); Noninvasive markers; Proton density fat fraction; Transient elastography

Indexed keywords

EID: 85034714394     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21959595     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11901-016-0296-8     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. R. Loomba A.J. Sanyal The global NAFLD epidemic. Nature reviews Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013 10 11 686 90 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsVyntb%2FK
2. E.K. Spengler R. Loomba Recommendations for diagnosis, referral for liver biopsy, and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Mayo Clin Proc 2015 90 9 1233 46 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.06.013 26219858
3. D.E. Kleiner E.M. Brunt M. Van Natta et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Hepatology 2005 41 6 1313 21 10.1002/hep.20701 15915461
4. N. Chalasani Z. Younossi J.E. Lavine et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology Gastroenterology 2012 142 7 1592 609 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.001 22656328
5. S. Singh A.M. Allen Z. Wang L.J. Prokop M.H. Murad R. Loomba Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc 2015 13 4 643 54 e641-649; quiz e639-640
6. P. Angulo D.E. Kleiner S. Dam-Larsen et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Gastroenterology 2015 149 2 389 97 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.043 25935633 e310
7. M. Ekstedt H. Hagstrom P. Nasr et al. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up Hepatology 2015 61 5 1547 54 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXmslWlt7Y%3D 10.1002/hep.27368 25125077
8. R. Loomba N. Chalasani The hierarchical model of NAFLD: prognostic significance of histologic features in NASH Gastroenterology 2015 149 2 278 81 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.06.016 26116800
9. D.M. Torres C.D. Williams S.A. Harrison Features, diagnosis, and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012 10 8 837 58 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.03.011 22446927
10. H. Liu H.Y. Lu Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease World J Gastroenterol 2014 20 26 8407 15 10.3748/wjg.v20.i26.8407 25024598 4093693
11. M. Ekstedt L.E. Franzen U.L. Mathiesen et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes Hepatology 2006 44 4 865 73 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFyqsrzN 10.1002/hep.21327 17006923
12. N. Rafiq C. Bai Y. Fang et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009 7 2 234 8 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.11.005 19049831
13. P. Bedossa F.P. Consortium Utility and appropriateness of the fatty liver inhibition of progression (FLIP) algorithm and steatosis, activity, and fibrosis (SAF) score in the evaluation of biopsies of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Hepatology 2014 60 2 565 75 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXht1WmsL7J 10.1002/hep.27173 24753132
14. C.K. Argo P.G. Northup A.M. Al-Osaimi S.H. Caldwell Systematic review of risk factors for fibrosis progression in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis J Hepatol 2009 51 2 371 9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnvVams7g%3D 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.03.019 19501928
15. M.R. Pagadala A.J. McCullough The relevance of liver histology to predicting clinically meaningful outcomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Clin Liver Dis 2012 16 3 487 504 10.1016/j.cld.2012.05.006 22824477 4176889
16. Z.M. Younossi M. Stepanova N. Rafiq et al. Pathologic criteria for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: interprotocol agreement and ability to predict liver-related mortality Hepatology 2011 53 6 1874 82 10.1002/hep.24268 21360720
17. W.H. Jacobs S.B. Goldberg Statement on outpatient percutaneous liver biopsy Dig Dis Sci 1989 34 3 322 3 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7lt1Ojsg%3D%3D 10.1007/BF01536249 2920637
18. V. Ratziu F. Charlotte A. Heurtier et al. Sampling variability of liver biopsy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Gastroenterology 2005 128 7 1898 906 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.084 15940625
19. E.M. Brunt D.G. Tiniakos Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease World J Gastroenterol 2010 16 42 5286 96 10.3748/wjg.v16.i42.5286 21072891 2980677
20. Z.M. Younossi T. Gramlich Y.C. Liu et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: assessment of variability in pathologic interpretations Mod Pathol 1998 11 6 560 5 1:STN:280:DyaK1czgvFyjuw%3D%3D 9647594
21. T. Fukusato J. Fukushima J. Shiga et al. Interobserver variation in the histopathological assessment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Hepatol Res 2005 33 2 122 7 10.1016/j.hepres.2005.09.018 16890173
22. D.C. Rockey S.H. Caldwell Z.D. Goodman R.C. Nelson A.D. Smith American association for the study of liver D. Liver biopsy Hepatology 2009 49 3 1017 44 10.1002/hep.22742 19243014
23. A.E. Feldstein A. Wieckowska A.R. Lopez Y.C. Liu N.N. Zein A.J. McCullough Cytokeratin-18 fragment levels as noninvasive biomarkers for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicenter validation study Hepatology 2009 50 4 1072 8 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlWlu7jL 10.1002/hep.23050 19585618 2757511
24. A.E. Feldstein N. Alkhouri R. De Vito A. Alisi R. Lopez V. Nobili Serum cytokeratin-18 fragment levels are useful biomarkers for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children Am J Gastroenterol 2013 108 9 1526 31 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsVSks7bK 10.1038/ajg.2013.168 23752877
25. N. Alkhouri C. Carter-Kent A.E. Feldstein Apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: diagnostic and therapeutic implications Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011 5 2 201 12 10.1586/egh.11.6 21476915 3119461
26. Y. Matsuzawa Adiponectin: a key player in obesity related disorders Curr Pharm Des 2010 16 17 1896 901 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXot1Cls7s%3D 10.2174/138161210791208893 20370675
27. G. Musso R. Gambino M. Durazzo et al. Adipokines in NASH: postprandial lipid metabolism as a link between adiponectin and liver disease Hepatology 2005 42 5 1175 83 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1amtbvE 10.1002/hep.20896 16231364
28. S.A. Polyzos K.A. Toulis D.G. Goulis C. Zavos J. Kountouras Serum total adiponectin in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis Metabolism 2011 60 3 313 26 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXit1Grur0%3D 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.09.003 21040935
29. H. Lydatakis I.P. Hager E. Kostadelou S. Mpousmpoulas S. Pappas I. Diamantis Non-invasive markers to predict the liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Liver Int 2006 26 7 864 71 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVegsrjJ 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01312.x 16911470
30. P. Angulo J.M. Hui G. Marchesini et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD Hepatology 2007 45 4 846 54 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXltlWis7k%3D 10.1002/hep.21496 17393509
31. S. McPherson S.F. Stewart E. Henderson A.D. Burt C.P. Day Simple non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems can reliably exclude advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Gut 2010 59 9 1265 9 10.1136/gut.2010.216077 20801772
32. Y. Takahashi M. Kurosaki N. Tamaki et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and FIB-4 scoring system could identify patients at risk of systemic complications Hepatol Res 2015 45 6 667 75 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXps12gt7k%3D 10.1111/hepr.12405 25145976 Compares two bedside noninvasive models of fibrosis and relates them to long-term outcomes in NAFLD
33. D. Kim W.R. Kim H.J. Kim T.M. Therneau Association between noninvasive fibrosis markers and mortality among adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States Hepatology 2013 57 4 1357 65 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXlslygu7o%3D 10.1002/hep.26156 23175136 3622816
34. P. Pradat A. Alberti T. Poynard et al. Predictive value of ALT levels for histologic findings in chronic hepatitis C: a European collaborative study Hepatology 2002 36 4 Pt 1 973 7 10.1053/jhep.2002.35530 12297846
35. R.P. Myers Y. Benhamou F. Imbert-Bismut et al. Serum biochemical markers accurately predict liver fibrosis in HIV and hepatitis C virus co-infected patients AIDS 2003 17 5 721 5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitF2isrs%3D 10.1097/00002030-200303280-00010 12646795
36. R.P. Myers M.H. Tainturier V. Ratziu et al. Prediction of liver histological lesions with biochemical markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B J Hepatol 2003 39 2 222 30 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlsVWlu74%3D 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00171-5 12873819
37. S. Naveau B. Raynard V. Ratziu et al. Biomarkers for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005 3 2 167 74 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00625-1 15704051
38. V. Ratziu J. Massard F. Charlotte et al. Diagnostic value of biochemical markers (FibroTest-FibroSURE) for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease BMC Gastroenterol 2006 6 6 10.1186/1471-230X-6-6 16503961 1386692
39. G. Bedogni S. Bellentani L. Miglioli et al. The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population BMC Gastroenterol 2006 6 33 10.1186/1471-230X-6-33 17081293 1636651
40. A.G. Shah A. Lydecker K. Murray et al. Comparison of noninvasive markers of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009 7 10 1104 12 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFaqtbnK 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.05.033 19523535 3079239
41. S. McPherson Q.M. Anstee E. Henderson C.P. Day A.D. Burt Are simple noninvasive scoring systems for fibrosis reliable in patients with NAFLD and normal ALT levels? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013 25 6 652 8 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32835d72cf 23325287
42. L.A. Adams J. George E. Bugianesi et al. Complex non-invasive fibrosis models are more accurate than simple models in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011 26 10 1536 43 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVWjs7fL 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06774.x 21950746
43. Z.H. Lin Y.N. Xin Q.J. Dong et al. Performance of the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index for the staging of hepatitis C-related fibrosis: an updated meta-analysis Hepatology 2011 53 3 726 36 10.1002/hep.24105 21319189
44. R. Sirli I. Sporea Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index for the assessment of liver fibrosis severity in patients with chronic hepatitis Hepat Mon 2011 11 7 560 1 22087195 3212765
45. F.C. Kruger C.R. Daniels M. Kidd et al. APRI: a simple bedside marker for advanced fibrosis that can avoid liver biopsy in patients with NAFLD/NASH S Afr Med J 2011 101 7 477 80 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1ejsb7I 21920102
46. A. Baranova P. Lal A. Birerdinc Z.M. Younossi Non-invasive markers for hepatic fibrosis BMC Gastroenterol 2011 11 91 10.1186/1471-230X-11-91 21849046 3176189
47. R. Lichtinghagen D. Pietsch H. Bantel M.P. Manns K. Brand M.J. Bahr The enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score: normal values, influence factors and proposed cut-off values J Hepatol 2013 59 2 236 42 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.016 23523583
48. I.N. Guha J. Parkes P. Roderick et al. Noninvasive markers of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: validating the European Liver Fibrosis Panel and exploring simple markers Hepatology 2008 47 2 455 60 10.1002/hep.21984 18038452
49. H. Cichoz-Lach K. Celinski B. Prozorow-Krol J. Swatek M. Slomka T. Lach The BARD score and the NAFLD fibrosis score in the assessment of advanced liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Med Sci Monit 2012 18 12 CR735 40 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhslWqsLbJ 10.12659/MSM.883601 23197236 3560810
50. G. Ruffillo E. Fassio E. Alvarez et al. Comparison of NAFLD fibrosis score and BARD score in predicting fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease J Hepatol 2011 54 1 160 3 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.028 20934232
51. P. Angulo E. Bugianesi E.S. Bjornsson et al. Simple noninvasive systems predict long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Gastroenterology 2013 145 4 782 9 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.06.057 23860502 3931256 e784
52. M. Demir S. Lang D. Nierhoff et al. Stepwise combination of simple noninvasive fibrosis scoring systems increases diagnostic accuracy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease J Clin Gastroenterol 2013 47 8 719 26 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182819a89 23442837
53. N.F. Schwenzer F. Springer C. Schraml N. Stefan J. Machann F. Schick Non-invasive assessment and quantification of liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance J Hepatol 2009 51 3 433 45 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.05.023 19604596 Compares the accuracy of different imaging modalities in diagnosing steatosis
54. M. Pamilo E.A. Sotaniemi I. Suramo S. Lahde A.J. Arranto Evaluation of liver steatotic and fibrous content by computerized tomography and ultrasound Scand J Gastroenterol 1983 18 6 743 7 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7ks1Cqtw%3D%3D 10.3109/00365528309182089 6669938
55. S.R. Mehta E.L. Thomas J.D. Bell D.G. Johnston S.D. Taylor-Robinson Non-invasive means of measuring hepatic fat content World J Gastroenterol 2008 14 22 3476 83 10.3748/wjg.14.3476 18567074 2716608
56. A. Schaffler J. Scholmerich C. Buchler Mechanisms of disease: adipocytokines and visceral adipose tissue—emerging role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005 2 6 273 80 10.1038/ncpgasthep0186 16265231
57. G.J. Cowin J.R. Jonsson J.D. Bauer et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for monitoring liver steatosis J Magn Reson Imaging 2008 28 4 937 45 10.1002/jmri.21542 18821619
58. E.L. Thomas G. Hamilton N. Patel et al. Hepatic triglyceride content and its relation to body adiposity: a magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study Gut 2005 54 1 122 7 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXntFOqug%3D%3D 10.1136/gut.2003.036566 15591516 1774370
59. R. Loomba C.B. Sirlin B. Ang et al. Ezetimibe for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: assessment by novel magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance elastography in a randomized trial (MOZART trial) Hepatology 2015 61 4 1239 50 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXlt1Wkuro%3D 10.1002/hep.27647 25482832 4407930 Compares 3D MRE as a method of measuring both steatosis and fibrosis as an outcome measure in NASH studies
60. W.T. Dixon Simple proton spectroscopic imaging Radiology 1984 153 1 189 94 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3pvFWhsQ%3D%3D 10.1148/radiology.153.1.6089263 6089263
61. J.K. Lee W.T. Dixon D. Ling R.G. Levitt W.A. Murphy Jr Fatty infiltration of the liver: demonstration by proton spectroscopic imaging. Preliminary observations Radiology 1984 153 1 195 201 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3pvFWhtg%3D%3D 10.1148/radiology.153.1.6089264 6089264
62. T.A. Le J. Chen C. Changchien et al. Effect of colesevelam on liver fat quantified by magnetic resonance in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized controlled trial Hepatology 2012 56 3 922 32 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xht1Kit7jL 10.1002/hep.25731 22431131 3400720
63. R. Loomba N. Schork C.H. Chen et al. Heritability of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis based on a prospective twin study Gastroenterology 2015 149 7 1784 93 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.011 26299412
64. I.S. Idilman H. Aniktar R. Idilman et al. Hepatic steatosis: quantification by proton density fat fraction with MR imaging versus liver biopsy Radiology 2013 267 3 767 75 10.1148/radiol.13121360 23382293
65. A. Tang J. Tan M. Sun et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: MR imaging of liver proton density fat fraction to assess hepatic steatosis Radiology 2013 267 2 422 31 10.1148/radiol.12120896 23382291 3632805
66. Z. Permutt T.A. Le M.R. Peterson et al. Correlation between liver histology and novel magnetic resonance imaging in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease—MRI accurately quantifies hepatic steatosis in NAFLD Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012 36 1 22 9 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38ngtVGksg%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05121.x 22554256 3437221
67. A. Tang A. Desai G. Hamilton et al. Accuracy of MR imaging-estimated proton density fat fraction for classification of dichotomized histologic steatosis grades in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Radiology 2015 274 2 416 25 10.1148/radiol.14140754 25247408 4314291 Discusses the utility of MRI-PDFF in quantifying hepatic steatosis—one of the seminal papers in assessing this important outcome measure
68. M. Noureddin J. Lam M.R. Peterson et al. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging versus histology for quantifying changes in liver fat in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease trials Hepatology 2013 58 6 1930 40 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvVGku7%2FI 10.1002/hep.26455 23696515 4819962
69. M. Sasso M. Beaugrand V. de Ledinghen et al. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP): a novel VCTE guided ultrasonic attenuation measurement for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis: preliminary study and validation in a cohort of patients with chronic liver disease from various causes Ultrasound Med Biol 2010 36 11 1825 35 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.07.005 20870345
70. R.P. Myers A. Pollett R. Kirsch et al. Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP): a noninvasive method for the detection of hepatic steatosis based on transient elastography Liver Int 2012 32 6 902 10 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02781.x 22435761
71. Lin SC, Heba E, Wolfson T, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and quantification of liver fat using a new quantitative ultrasound technique. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(7):1337–45 e1336. A novel article discussing new techniques to measure fat using ultrasound, which may be more feasible and readily available than other radiographic measures of steatosis.
72. L. Sandrin B. Fourquet J.M. Hasquenoph et al. Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis Ultrasound Med Biol 2003 29 12 1705 13 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2003.07.001 14698338
73. L. Castera X. Forns A. Alberti Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient elastography J Hepatol 2008 48 5 835 47 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.02.008 18334275
74. V.W. Wong J. Vergniol G.L. Wong et al. Diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Hepatology 2010 51 2 454 62 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXisVGgurk%3D 10.1002/hep.23312 20101745
75. M. Yoneda M. Yoneda K. Fujita et al. Transient elastography in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Gut 2007 56 9 1330 1 10.1136/gut.2007.126417 17470477 1954961
76. M. Yoneda M. Yoneda H. Mawatari et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Dig Liver Dis 2008 40 5 371 8 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXns1yhsLc%3D 10.1016/j.dld.2007.10.019 18083083
77. J. Foucher L. Castera P.H. Bernard et al. Prevalence and factors associated with failure of liver stiffness measurement using FibroScan in a prospective study of 2114 examinations Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 18 4 411 2 10.1097/00042737-200604000-00015 16538113
78. V. de Ledinghen V.W. Wong J. Vergniol et al. Diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement: comparison between M and XL probe of FibroScan(R) J Hepatol 2012 56 4 833 9 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.10.017 22173167
79. R.P. Myers G. Pomier-Layrargues R. Kirsch et al. Feasibility and diagnostic performance of the FibroScan XL probe for liver stiffness measurement in overweight and obese patients Hepatology 2012 55 1 199 208 10.1002/hep.24624 21898479
80. V.W. Wong J. Vergniol G.L. Wong et al. Liver stiffness measurement using XL probe in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Am J Gastroenterol 2012 107 12 1862 71 10.1038/ajg.2012.331 23032979
81. K.T. Yoon S.M. Lim J.Y. Park et al. Liver stiffness measurement using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography and effect of necroinflammation Dig Dis Sci 2012 57 6 1682 91 10.1007/s10620-012-2044-4 22302243
82. M.L. Palmeri M.H. Wang N.C. Rouze et al. Noninvasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis using acoustic radiation force-based shear stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease J Hepatol 2011 55 3 666 72 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.12.019 21256907 3092839
83. M. Friedrich-Rust D. Romen J. Vermehren et al. Acoustic radiation force impulse-imaging and transient elastography for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis and steatosis in NAFLD Eur J Radiol 2012 81 3 e325 31 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.10.029 22119555
84. D. Kim W.R. Kim J.A. Talwalkar H.J. Kim R.L. Ehman Advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: noninvasive assessment with MR elastography Radiology 2013 268 2 411 9 10.1148/radiol.13121193 23564711 3721049
85. M. Pavlides R. Banerjee J. Sellwood et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging predicts clinical outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease J Hepatol 2015 64 2 308 15 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.009 26471505 Discusses the role of MRI in predicting NAFLD outcomes
86. J. Cui B. Ang W. Haufe et al. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance elastography vs. eight clinical prediction rules for non-invasive diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective study Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015 41 12 1271 80 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2MjktVCktw%3D%3D 10.1111/apt.13196 25873207 One of the few studies to compare the ability of many different modalities to predict advanced fibrosis
87. K. Imajo T. Kessoku Y. Honda et al. Magnetic resonance imaging more accurately classifies steatosis and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease than transient elastography Gastroenterology 2015 150 3 626 37 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.048 26677985 Similar to reference 86, this reference compares the efficacy of various modalities in predicting fibrosis, including Fibroscan, which was not examined in the previous paper