Drug tourism motivation of Chinese outbound tourists: Scale development and validation

Tourism Management

Volumn 64, Issue , 2018, Pages 233-244

  Wen, Jun ^a   Meng, Fang ^b   Ying, Tianyu ^c   Qi, Hongxia ^d   Lockyer, Tim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^c ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Chinese outbound tourists; Commercial cannabis consumption; Drug tourism; Measurement scale development; Motivation

Indexed keywords

DRUG; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; TOURIST BEHAVIOR; TOURIST DESTINATION;

AMSTERDAM [NORTH HOLLAND]; NETHERLANDS; NORTH HOLLAND;

CANNABIS;

EID: 85033685219     PISSN: 02615177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.08.001     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Amsterdam Tourism and Convention Board, Retrieved from: http://www.amsterdam.info/coffeeshops/.
2. Anderson, J., Gerbing, D., Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin 103:3 (1988), 411–423.
3. Bachman, J.G., Wadsworth, K.N., O'Malley, P.M., Johnston, L.D., Schulenberg, J.E., Smoking, drinking, and drug use in young adulthood: The impacts of new freedoms and new responsibilities. 2013, Psychology Press, Hove, UK.
4. Bagozzi, R.P., Causal models in marketing. 1980, Wiley, New York, NY.
5. Bagozzi, R.P., Kimmel, S.K., A comparison of leading theories for the prediction of goal directed behaviours. British Journal of Social Psychology 34 (1995), 437–461.
6. Baker, T.B., Piper, M.E., McCarthy, D.E., Majeskie, M.R., Fiore, M.C., Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 2004, 33.
7. Bandyopadhyay, R., A paradigm shift in sex tourism research. Tourism Management 6 (2013), 1–2.
8. Beard, J.G., Ragheb, M.G., Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of Leisure Research 12 (1983), 20–33.
9. Beck, J., Rosenbaum, M., Pursuit of ecstasy: The MDMA experience. 1994, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY.
10. Behling, O., Law, K.S., Translation questionnaires and other research instruments: Problems and solutions. 2000, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
11. Belhassen, Y., Santos, C.A., Uriely, N., Cannabis usage in tourism: A sociological perspective. Leisure Studies 26:3 (2007), 303–319.
12. Bergkvist, L., Rossiter, J.R., The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of Marketing Research 44:2 (2007), 175–184.
13. Botha, C., Crompton, J.L., Kim, S.S., Developing a revised competitive position for Sun/Lost City, South Africa. Journal of Travel Research 37 (1999), 341–352.
14. Boys, A., Marsden, J., Strang, J., Understanding reasons for drug use amongst young people: A functional perspective. Health Education Research 16:4 (2001), 457–469.
15. Buckley, R., Rush as a key motivation in skilled adventure tourism: Resolving the risk recreation paradox. Tourism Management 33:4 (2012), 961–970.
16. Buultjens, J., Neale, K., Lamont, M., Hosts, guests and a drug culture in a destination: A case study of nimbin, Australia. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 2:3 (2013), 185–195.
17. Churchill, G.A., A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research XVI (1979), 64–73 (February).
18. Clark-Carter, D., Doing quantitative psychological research: From design to report., 1997, Psychology Press, Hove, UK.
19. Comeau, N., Stewart, S.H., Loba, P., The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents' motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors 26:6 (2001), 803–825.
20. Coomber, R., South, N., Drug use and cultural context 'beyond the west': Tradition, change and post colonialism.: Free Assn Books. 2004.
21. Cooper, M.L., Agocha, V.B., Sheldon, M.S., A motivational perspective on risky behaviors: The role of personality and affect regulatory processes. Journal of Personality 68:6 (2000), 1059–1088.
22. Crompton, J.L., Motivation for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research 6 (1979), 408–424.
23. Crompton, J.L., McKay, S.L., Motives of visitors attending festival events. Annals of Tourism Research 24 (1997), 425–439.
24. Dakwar, E., Levin, F., Foltin, R.W., Nunes, E.V., Hart, C.L., The effects of subanesthetic ketamine infusions on motivation to quit and cue-induced craving in cocaine-dependent research volunteers. Biological Psychiatry 76:1 (2014), 40–46.
25. Dann, G.M., Anomie, ego-enhancement, and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 4 (1977), 184–194.
26. De Rios, M.D., Drug tourism in the Amazon: Why westerners are desperate to find the vanishing primitive. Omni 16:4 (1994), 6–7.
27. DeVellis, R.F., Scale development: Theory and applications. 2003, Sage, London, UK.
28. Fang, Y.X., Wang, Y.B., Shi, J., Liu, Z.M., Lu, L., Recent trends in drug abuse in China. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 27 (2006), 140–144.
29. Felix-Ortiz, M., Fernandez, A., Newcomb, M.D., The role of intergenerational discrepancy of cultural orientation in drug use among Latina adolescents. Substance Use & Misuse 33:4 (1998), 967–994.
30. Field, A., Discovering statistics using SPSS. 2nd ed., 2005, Sage Publications, London, UK.
31. Fornell, C., Larcker, D.F., Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research 18:1 (1981), 39–50.
32. Gamradt, J., Jamaican children's representations of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 22:4 (1995), 735–762.
33. Goode, E., The marijuana smokers. 1970, Basic Books, New York, NY.
34. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., Multivariate data analysis. 7th ed., 2009, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
35. Hsu, C.H., Cai, L.A., Wong, K.K., A model of senior tourism motivations: Anecdotes from Beijing and Shanghai. Tourism Management 28:5 (2007), 1262–1273.
36. Hung, K., Petrick, J., Developing a measurement scale for constraints to cruising. Annals of Tourism Research 37:1 (2010), 206–228.
37. Iso-Ahola, S.E., Weissinger, E., Perceptions of boredom in leisure. Journal of Leisure Research 22 (1990), 1–17.
38. Josiam, B.M., Hobson, J.P., Dietrich, U.C., Smeaton, G., An analysis of the sexual, alcohol and drug related behavioural patterns of students on spring break. Tourism Management 19:6 (1998), 501–513.
39. Jurich, A.P., Polson, C.J., Reasons for drug use: Comparison of drug users and abusers. Psychological Reports 55 (1984), 371–378.
40. Kassel, J.D., Jackson, S.I., Unrod, M., Generalized expectancies for negative mood regulation and problem drinking among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 61:2 (2000), 332–340.
41. Kim, Y.G., Eves, A., Construction and validation of a scale to measure tourists' motivation to consume local food. Tourism Management 22 (2012), 1458–1467.
42. Kjellgren, A., Eriksson, A., Norlander, T., Experiences of encounters with ayahuasca—“the vine of the soul”. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 41:4 (2009), 309–315.
43. Kline, R.B., Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 2nd ed., 2005, The Guilford Press, New York, NY.
44. Korf, D.J., Dutch treat: Formal control and illicit drug use in The Netherlands. 1995, Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, IN.
45. Korf, D.J., Dutch coffee shops and trends in cannabis use. Addictive Behaviors 27:6 (2002), 851–866.
46. Lai, C., Li, X.R., Harrill, R., Chinese outbound tourists' perceived constraints to visiting the United States. Tourism Management 37 (2013), 136–146.
47. Liang, B., Lu, H., Discourses of drug problems and drug control in China: Reports in the People's Daily, 1946-2009. China Information 27:3 (2013), 301–326.
48. Lloyd, A.E., Yip, L.,S.,C., Luk, S.,T.,K., An examination of the differences in retail service evaluation between domestic and tourist shoppers in Hong Kong. Tourism Management 32:3 (2011), 520–533.
49. Lowinger, P., The solution to narcotic addiction in the People's Republic of China. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 4:2 (1977), 165–178.
50. Lu, L., Fang, Y., Wang, X., Drug abuse in China: Past, present and future. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 28:4 (2008), 479–490.
51. Mayo, E., Jarvis, L.P., The psychology of leisure travel. 1981, CBI, Boston, MA.
52. McIntosh, R.W., Goeldner, C.R., Ritchie, J.R.B., Tourism principles, practices, philosophies. 7th ed., 1995, Wiley, New York, NY.
53. Morgan, P., Beck, J.E., Joe, D., McDonnell, D., Gutierrez, R., Ice and other methamphetamine use: An exploratory study final report to the National Institute on Drug Abuse., 1994, The Institute for Scientific Analysis, San Francisco, CA.
54. Nemoto, T., Aoki, B., Huang, K., Morris, A., Nguyen, H., Wong, W., Drug use behaviors among Asian drug users in San Francisco. Addictive Behaviors 24:6 (1999), 823–838.
55. Netemeyer, R.G., Bearden, W.O., Sharma, S., Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. 2003, Sage, London, UK.
56. Nunnally, J.C., Psychometric theory. 3rd ed., 1994, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
57. Van Ooyen-Houben, M.M., Bieleman, B., Korf, D.J., Tightening the Dutch coffee shop policy: Evaluation of the private club and the residence criterion. International Journal of Drug Policy 31 (2016), 113–120.
58. Pizam, A., Jeong, G., Reichel, A., Van Boemmel, H., Lusson, J.M., Steynberg, L., et al. The relationship between risk-taking, sensation-seeking, and the tourist behavior of young adults: Across-cultural study. Journal of Travel Research 42 (2004), 251–260.
59. Pomazal, R.J., Brown, J.D., Understanding drug use motivation: A new look at a current problem. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1977, 212–222.
60. Prayag, G., Mura, P., Hall, M., Fontaine, J., Drug or spirituality seekers? Consuming ayahuasca. Annals of Tourism Research 52 (2015), 175–177.
61. Prayag, G., Mura, P., Hall, M., Fontaine, J., Spirituality, drugs, and tourism: Tourists' and shamans' experiences of ayahuasca in Iquitos, Peru. Tourism Recreation Research 41:3 (2016), 314–325.
62. Read, J.P., Wood, M.D., Kahler, C.W., Maddock, J.E., Palfai, T.P., Examining the role of drinking motives in college student alcohol use and problems. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17(1), 2003, 13.
63. Riemer, W.J., Deviance as fun. Adolescence 16:61 (1981), 39–43.
64. Roshanfekr, P., Noori, R., Dejman, M., Geshnigani, Z.F., Rafiey, H., Drug use and sex work among at-risk women: A qualitative study of initial factors. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 9(2), 2015, e953 Available from: http://ijpsychiatrybs.com/en/articles/953.html.
65. Ryan, C., Crime, violence, terrorism and tourism: An accidental or intrinsic relationship?. Tourism Management 14:3 (1993), 173–183.
66. Ryan, C., Glendon, I., Application of leisure motivation scale to tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 25:1 (1998), 169–184.
67. Sellars, A., The influence of dance music on the UK youth tourism market. Tourism Management 19:6 (1998), 611–615.
68. Shek, D.T., Tackling adolescent substance abuse in Hong Kong: Where we should and should not go. The Scientific World Journal 7 (2007), 2021–2030.
69. Simons, J., Correia, C.J., Carey, K.B., A comparison of motives for marijuana and alcohol use among experienced users. Addictive Behaviors 25:1 (2000), 153–160.
70. Simons, J., Correia, C.J., Carey, K.B., Borsari, B.E., Validating a five-factor marijuana motives measure: Relations with use, problems, and alcohol motives. Journal of Counseling Psychology 45:3 (1998), 265–273.
71. Simons, J.S., Gaher, R.M., Correia, C.J., Hansen, C.L., Christopher, M.S., An affective-motivational model of marijuana and alcohol problems among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 19:3 (2005), 326–334.
72. Sparks, B., Pan, G.W., Chinese outbound tourists: Understanding their attitudes, constraints and use of information sources. Tourism Management 30:4 (2009), 483–494.
73. UNWTO, Chinese tourists spent 12% more in travelling abroad in 2016. 2017 UNWTO Press Release (PR No.: PR 17046, 12 Apr 17). Available from: http://media.unwto.org/press-release/2017-04-12/chinese-tourists-spent-12-more-travelling-abroad-2016.
74. Uriely, N., Belhassen, Y., Drugs and tourists' experiences. Journal of Travel Research 43:3 (2005), 238–246.
75. Uriely, N., Belhassen, Y., Drugs and risk-taking in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 33:2 (2006), 339–359.
76. Urry, J., The tourist gaze. 2nd ed., 2002, Sage, London, UK.
77. Valdez, A., Sifaneck, S.J., Drug tourists and drug policy on the US-Mexican border: An ethnographic investigation of the acquisition of prescription drugs. Journal of Drug Issues 27:4 (1997), 879–898.
78. Van den Brink, W., Heroin in Amsterdam. Jellinek Quarterly 3:4 (1996), 6–7.
79. Vega, W.A., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Andrade, L., Bijl, R., Borges, G., Caraveo-Anduaga, J.J., Merikangas, K.R., Prevalence and age of onset for drug use in seven international sites: Results from the international consortium of psychiatric epidemiology. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 68:3 (2002), 285–297.
80. Warner, L.A., Valdez, A., Vega, W.A., de la Rosa, M., Turner, R.J., Canino, G., Hispanic drug abuse in an evolving cultural context: An agenda for research. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 84 (2006), S8–S16.
81. Westerhausen, K., Beyond the beach: An ethnography of modern travellers in Asia. 2002, Lotus Press, Bangkok, Thailand.
82. Wiebel, W., Identifying and gaining access to hidden populations. Lambert, E., (eds.) The collection and interpretation of data from hidden populations, 1990, National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph 98, Washington, DC, 4–11 Department of Health and Human Services Publication No. ADM 90–1678.
83. Winkelman, M., Drug tourism or spiritual healing? Ayahuasca seekers in Amazonia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37:2 (2005), 209–218.
84. Worthington, R.L., Whittaker, T.A., Scale development research a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counselling Psychologist 34:6 (2006), 806–838.
85. Wu, M.Y., Pearce, P.L., Chinese recreational vehicle users in Australia: A netnographic study of tourist motivation. Tourism Management 43 (2014), 22–35.
86. Wu, C.S.T., Wong, H.T., Chou, L.Y., To, B.P.W., Lee, W.L., Loke, A.Y., Correlates of protective motivation theory (PMT) to adolescents' drug use intention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11:1 (2014), 671–684.
87. Yang, J., Ryan, C., Zhang, L., The use of questionnaires in Chinese tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research 39 (2012), 1680–1693.
88. Yi, Y., Gong, T., Customer value co-creation behaviour: Scale development and validation. Journal of Business Research 66 (2013), 1279–1284.
89. Zeithaml, V.A., Berry, L.L., Parasuraman, A., The behavioural consequences of service quality. Journal of Marketing 60:2 (1996), 31–46.