Cardiac imaging in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction

Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging

Volumn 10, Issue 9, 2017, Pages

  Nagueh, Sherif F ^a,b   Chang, Su Min ^a,b   Nabi, Faisal ^a,b   Shah, Dipan J ^a,b   Estep, Jerry D ^a,b  

^a HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood pressure; Diabetes mellitus; Diastole; Echocardiography; Heart failure; Heart rate; Respiratory sounds

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; BODY MASS; CARDIAC IMAGING; CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; CASE REPORT; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DIASTOLIC HEART FAILURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DYSPNEA; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FILLING PRESSURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; LUNG ARTERY PRESSURE; LUNG CONGESTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TRICUSPID VALVE REGURGITATION; VENOUS PRESSURE; WHEEZING; CONVALESCENCE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART STROKE VOLUME; MULTIMODAL IMAGING; MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROCEDURES; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AGED; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, DOPPLER; FEMALE; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MULTIMODAL IMAGING; MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; STROKE VOLUME; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENTRICULAR FUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 85032859651     PISSN: 19419651     EISSN: 19420080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.117.006547     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Falk V, González-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GM, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P; Authors/Task Force Members. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2129-2200. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128.
2. Stevenson LW, Perloff JK. The limited reliability of physical signs for estimating hemodynamics in chronic heart failure. JAMA. 1989;261:884-888.
3. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Goldstein SA, Kuznetsova T, Lancellotti P, Muraru D, Picard MH, Rietzschel ER, Rudski L, Spencer KT, Tsang W, Voigt JU. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:1-39. e14. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003.
4. Vassiliou VS, Patel HC, Rosen SD, Auger D, Hayward C, Alpendurada F, Lyon AR, Pennell DJ, Di Mario C, Prasad SK. Left atrial dilation in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiol. 2016;210:158-160. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.101.
5. Hung ST, Yun CH, Wu TH, Yang FS, Kuo JY, Hung CL, Hou CJ, Chang SC, Fares A, Nshisso LD, Cury RC, Yeh HI, Bezerra HG. Characteristic features on morphologic and topographic findings of pulmonary vein orifices in transition from diastolic dysfunction to heart failure: a computerized tomography study. J Card Fail. 2016;22:316-320. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.12.019.
6. Zile MR, Gaasch WH, Carroll JD, Feldman MD, Aurigemma GP, Schaer GL, Ghali JK, Liebson PR. Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: is measurement of diastolic function necessary to make the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure? Circulation. 2001;104:779-782.
7. Shah AM, Claggett B, Sweitzer NK, Shah SJ, Anand IS, Liu L, Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Prognostic importance of impaired systolic function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and the impact of spironolactone. Circulation. 2015;132:402-414. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015884.
8. Baicu CF, Zile MR, Aurigemma GP, Gaasch WH. Left ventricular systolic performance, function, and contractility in patients with diastolic heart failure. Circulation. 2005;111:2306-2312. doi: 10.1161/01. CIR.0000164273.57823.26.
9. Yu CM, Lin H, Yang H, Kong SL, Zhang Q, Lee SW. Progression of systolic abnormalities in patients with "isolated" diastolic heart failure and diastolic dysfunction. Circulation. 2002;105:1195-1201.
10. Wang J, Khoury DS, Yue Y, Torre-Amione G, Nagueh SF. Preserved left ventricular twist and circumferential deformation, but depressed longitudinal and radial deformation in patients with diastolic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:1283-1289. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn141.
11. Kraigher-Krainer E, Shah AM, Gupta DK, Santos A, Claggett B, Pieske B, Zile MR, Voors AA, Lefkowitz MP, Packer M, McMurray JJ, Solomon SD; PARAMOUNT Investigators. Impaired systolic function by strain imaging in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:447-456. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.052.
12. Tan YT, Wenzelburger F, Lee E, Heatlie G, Leyva F, Patel K, Frenneaux M, Sanderson JE. The pathophysiology of heart failure with normal ejection fraction: exercise echocardiography reveals complex abnormalities of both systolic and diastolic ventricular function involving torsion, untwist, and longitudinal motion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:36-46. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.037.
13. Borlaug BA, Lam CS, Roger VL, Rodeheffer RJ, Redfield MM. Contractility and ventricular systolic stiffening in hypertensive heart disease insights into the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:410-418. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.013.
14. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, Flachskampf FA, Gillebert TC, Klein AL, Lancellotti P, Marino P, Oh JK, Popescu BA, Waggoner AD. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:277-314. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011.
15. Andersen OS, Smiseth OA, Dokainish H, Abudiab MM, Schutt RC, Kumar A, Sato K, Harb S, Gude E, Remme EW, Andreassen AK, Ha JW, Xu J, Klein AL, Nagueh SF. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure by echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:1937-1948. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.058.
16. Kane GC, Karon BL, Mahoney DW, Redfield MM, Roger VL, Burnett JC Jr, Jacobsen SJ, Rodeheffer RJ. Progression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and risk of heart failure. JAMA. 2011;306:856-863. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1201.
17. Aljaroudi W, Alraies MC, Halley C, Rodriguez L, Grimm RA, Thomas JD, Jaber WA. Impact of progression of diastolic dysfunction on mortality in patients with normal ejection fraction. Circulation. 2012;125:782-788. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066423.
18. Kato T, Noda A, Izawa H, Nishizawa T, Somura F, Yamada A, Nagata K, Iwase M, Nakao A, Yokota M. Myocardial velocity gradient as a noninvasively determined index of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:278-285.
19. Wang J, Khoury DS, Thohan V, Torre-Amione G, Nagueh SF. Global diastolic strain rate for the assessment of left ventricular relaxation and filling pressures. Circulation. 2007;115:1376-1383. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.662882.
20. Dokainish H, Sengupta R, Pillai M, Bobek J, Lakkis N. Usefulness of new diastolic strain and strain rate indexes for the estimation of left ventricular filling pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1504-1509. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.01.037.
21. Meluzin J, Spinarova L, Hude P, Krejci J, Podrouzkova H, Pesl M, Orban M, Dusek L, Jarkovsky J, Korinek J. Estimation of left ventricular filling pressures by speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011;12:11-18. doi: 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq088.
22. Shanks M, Ng AC, van de Veire NR, Antoni ML, Bertini M, Delgado V, Nucifora G, Holman ER, Choy JB, Leung DY, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ. Incremental prognostic value of novel left ventricular diastolic indexes for prediction of clinical outcome in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:592-597. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.10.039.
23. Hsu PC, Lee WH, Chu CY, Lee CS, Yen HW, Su HM, Lin TH, Voon WC, Lai WT, Sheu SH. The ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to global diastolic strain rate as a useful predictor of cardiac outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27:717-725. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.03.011.
24. Ersbøll M, Andersen MJ, Valeur N, Mogensen UM, Fakhri Y, Fahkri Y, Thune JJ, Møller JE, Hassager C, Søgaard P, Køber L. Early diastolic strain rate in relation to systolic and diastolic function and prognosis in acute myocardial infarction: a two-dimensional speckle-tracking study. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:648-656. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht179.
25. Wakami K, Ohte N, Asada K, Fukuta H, Goto T, Mukai S, Narita H, Kimura G. Correlation between left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and peak left atrial wall strain during left ventricular systole. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:847-851. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2009.04.026.
26. Kurt M, Wang J, Torre-Amione G, Nagueh SF. Left atrial function in diastolic heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:10-15. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.813071.
27. Morris DA, Gailani M, Vaz Pérez A, Blaschke F, Dietz R, Haverkamp W, Ozcelik C. Left atrial systolic and diastolic dysfunction in heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011;24:651-662. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.02.004.
28. Ambale-Venkatesh B, Armstrong AC, Liu CY, Donekal S, Yoneyama K, Wu CO, Gomes AS, Hundley GW, Bluemke DA, Lima JA. Diastolic function assessed from tagged MRI predicts heart failure and atrial fibrillation over an 8-year follow-up period: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15:442-449. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jet189.
29. Boogers MJ, van Werkhoven JM, Schuijf JD, Delgado V, El-Naggar HM, Boersma E, Nucifora G, van der Geest RJ, Paelinck BP, Kroft LJ, Reiber JH, de Roos A, Bax JJ, Lamb HJ. Feasibility of diastolic function assessment with cardiac CT: feasibility study in comparison with tissue Doppler imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:246-256. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2010.11.017.
30. Obokata M, Kane GC, Reddy YN, Olson TP, Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA. Role of diastolic stress testing in the evaluation for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a simultaneous invasive-echocardiographic study. Circulation. 2017;135:825-838. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024822.
31. Oh JK, Park SJ, Nagueh SF. Established and novel clinical applications of diastolic function assessment by echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:444-455. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.961623.
32. Holland DJ, Prasad SB, Marwick TH. Prognostic implications of left ventricular filling pressure with exercise. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:149-156. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.908152.
33. Kasner M, Westermann D, Lopez B, Gaub R, Escher F, Kühl U, Schultheiss HP, Tschöpe C. Diastolic tissue Doppler indexes correlate with the degree of collagen expression and cross-linking in heart failure and normal ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:977-985. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.024.
34. Ellims AH, Shaw JA, Stub D, Iles LM, Hare JL, Slavin GS, Kaye DM, Taylor AJ. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis evaluated by post-contrast t1 mapping correlates with left ventricular stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:1112-1118. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.084.
35. Duca F, Kammerlander AA, Zotter-Tufaro C, Aschauer S, Schwaiger ML, Marzluf BA, Bonderman D, Mascherbauer J. Interstitial fibrosis, functional status, and outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from a prospective cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:e005277.
36. Mascherbauer J, Marzluf BA, Tufaro C, Pfaffenberger S, Graf A, Wexberg P, Panzenböck A, Jakowitsch J, Bangert C, Laimer D, Schreiber C, Karakus G, Hülsmann M, Pacher R, Lang IM, Maurer G, Bonderman D. Cardiac magnetic resonance postcontrast T1 time is associated with outcome in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:1056-1065. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000633.
37. Nacif MS, Liu Y, Yao J, Liu S, Sibley CT, Summers RM, Bluemke DA. 3D left ventricular extracellular volume fraction by low-radiation dose cardiac CT: assessment of interstitial myocardial fibrosis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2013;7:51-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2012.10.010.
38. Ruan Q, Nagueh SF. Clinical application of tissue Doppler imaging in patients with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2007;131:395-401. doi: 10.1378/chest.06-1556.
39. Lam CS, Roger VL, Rodeheffer RJ, Borlaug BA, Enders FT, Redfield MM. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a community-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1119-1126. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.051.
40. Morris DA, Gailani M, Vaz Pérez A, Blaschke F, Dietz R, Haverkamp W, Özcelik C. Right ventricular myocardial systolic and diastolic dysfunction in heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011;24:886-897. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.04.005.
41. Aschauer S, Kammerlander AA, Zotter-Tufaro C, Ristl R, Pfaffenberger S, Bachmann A, Duca F, Marzluf BA, Bonderman D, Mascherbauer J. The right heart in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and invasive haemodynamics. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18:71-80. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.418.
42. Melenovsky V, Hwang SJ, Lin G, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA. Right heart dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:3452-3462. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu193.
43. Borlaug BA, Kane GC, Melenovsky V, Olson TP. Abnormal right ventricularpulmonary artery coupling with exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:3293-3302. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw241.
44. Ahmadi A, Ohira H, Mielniczuk LM. FDG PET imaging for identifying pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015;17:555. doi: 10.1007/s11886-014-0555-7.
45. Karakus G, Kammerlander AA, Aschauer S, Marzluf BA, Zotter-Tufaro C, Bachmann A, Degirmencioglu A, Duca F, Babayev J, Pfaffenberger S, Bonderman D, Mascherbauer J. Pulmonary artery to aorta ratio for the detection of pulmonary hypertension: cardiovascular magnetic resonance and invasive hemodynamics in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2015;17:79. doi: 10.1186/s12968-015-0184-3.
46. Drazner MH, Prasad A, Ayers C, Markham DW, Hastings J, Bhella PS, Shibata S, Levine BD. The relationship of right- and left-sided filling pressures in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail. 2010;3:202-206. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.876649.
47. Levine A, Hecht HS. Cardiac CT angiography in congestive heart failure. J Nucl Med. 2015;56(suppl 4):46S-51S. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.114.150441.
48. Hwang SJ, Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA. Implications of coronary artery disease in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 pt A):2817-2827. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.034.
49. Sheikine Y, Di Carli MF. Integrated PET/CT in the assessment of etiology and viability in ischemic heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2008;5:136-142.
50. Gewirtz H. Cardiac PET: a versatile, quantitative measurement tool for heart failure management. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:292-302. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2010.12.006.
51. Kato S, Saito N, Kirigaya H, Gyotoku D, Iinuma N, Kusakawa Y, Iguchi K, Nakachi T, Fukui K, Futaki M, Iwasawa T, Kimura K, Umemura S. Impairment of coronary flow reserve evaluated by phase contrast cinemagnetic resonance imaging in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Heart Assoc 2016;5:e002649. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002649.
52. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Hahn RT, Han Y, Hung J, Lang RM, Little SH, Shah DJ, Shernan S, Thavendiranathan P, Thomas JD, Weissman NJ. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30:303-371. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007.
53. Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP, Iung B, Otto CM, Pellikka PA, Quiñones M; American Society of Echocardiography; European Association of Echocardiography. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:1-23; quiz 101. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2008.11.029.
54. Rossi A, Cicoira M, Golia G, Anselmi M, Zardini P. Mitral regurgitation and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction similarly affect mitral and pulmonary vein flow Doppler parameters: the advantage of end-diastolic markers. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001;14:562-568.
55. Diwan A, Diwan A, McCulloch M, Lawrie GM, Reardon MJ, Nagueh SF. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with mitral valve disease. Circulation. 2005;111:3281-3289. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.508812.
56. Zaid RR, Barker CM, Little SH, Nagueh SF. Pre- and post-operative diastolic dysfunction in patients with valvular heart disease: diagnosis and therapeutic implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1922-1930. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1619.
57. Aljaroudi WA, Desai MY, Tang WH, Phelan D, Cerqueira MD, Jaber WA. Role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of patients with cardiac amyloidosis: state of the art review and focus on emerging nuclear techniques. J Nucl Cardiol. 2014;21:271-283. doi: 10.1007/s12350-013-9800-5.
58. Reddy YN, Melenovsky V, Redfield MM, Nishimura RA, Borlaug BA. High-output heart failure: a 15-year experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68:473-482. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.043.
59. Obokata M, Reddy YNV, Pislaru SV, Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA. Evidence Supporting the Existence of a Distinct Obese Phenotype of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2017;136:6-19. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026807.
60. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128:e240-327.
61. Wan SH, McKie PM, Schirger JA, Slusser JP, Hodge DO, Redfield MM, Burnett JC Jr, Chen HH. Chronic peptide therapy with B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction (stage B heart failure). JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4:539-547. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.12.014.
62. Pandey A, Garg S, Matulevicius SA, Shah AM, Garg J, Drazner MH, Amin A, Berry JD, Marwick TH, Marso SP, de Lemos JA, Kumbhani DJ. Effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists on cardiac structure and function in patients with diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e002137. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002137.
63. Edelmann F, Wachter R, Schmidt AG, Kraigher-Krainer E, Colantonio C, Kamke W, Duvinage A, Stahrenberg R, Durstewitz K, Löffler M, Düngen HD, Tschöpe C, Herrmann-Lingen C, Halle M, Hasenfuss G, Gelbrich G, Pieske B; Aldo-DHF Investigators. Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the Aldo-DHF randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2013;309:781-791. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.905.
64. Kurrelmeyer KM, Ashton Y, Xu J, Nagueh SF, Torre-Amione G, Deswal A. Effects of spironolactone treatment in elderly women with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. J Card Fail. 2014;20:560-568. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.05.010.
65. Bergström A, Andersson B, Edner M, Nylander E, Persson H, Dahlström U. Effect of carvedilol on diastolic function in patients with diastolic heart failure and preserved systolic function. Results of the Swedish Dopplerechocardiographic study (SWEDIC). Eur J Heart Fail. 2004;6:453-461. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2004.02.003.
66. Kosmala W, Holland DJ, Rojek A, Wright L, Przewlocka-Kosmala M, Marwick TH. Effect of If-channel inhibition on hemodynamic status and exercise tolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1330-1338. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.043.
67. Pal N, Sivaswamy N, Mahmod M, Yavari A, Rudd A, Singh S, Dawson DK, Francis JM, Dwight JS, Watkins H, Neubauer S, Frenneaux M, Ashrafian H. Effect of selective heart rate slowing in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2015;132:1719-1725. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017119.
68. Shimiaie J, Sherez J, Aviram G, Megidish R, Viskin S, Halkin A, Ingbir M, Nesher N, Biner S, Keren G, Topilsky Y. Determinants of effort intolerance in patients with heart failure: combined echocardiography and cardiopulmonary stress protocol. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3:803-814. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.05.010.
69. Shah SJ, Katz DH, Deo RC. Phenotypic spectrum of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart Fail Clin. 2014;10:407-418. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2014.04.008.
70. Hasenfuß G, Hayward C, Burkhoff D, Silvestry FE, McKenzie S, Gustafsson F, Malek F, Van der Heyden J, Lang I, Petrie MC, Cleland JG, Leon M, Kaye DM; REDUCE LAP-HF study investigators. A transcatheter intracardiac shunt device for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (REDUCE LAP-HF): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1298-1304. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (16) 00704-2.