Direct observation of the nanoscale Kirkendall effect during galvanic replacement reactions

Nature Communications

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

  Chee, See Wee ^a,b,c   Tan, Shu Fen ^a,b   Baraissov, Zhaslan ^a,b,c   Bosman, Michel ^a,d   Mirsaidov, Utkur ^a,b,c  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^c National University of Singapore   (Singapore)

^d INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GOLD; NANOMATERIAL; SILVER;

CATION; CHEMICAL REACTION; ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD; GOLD; NANOPARTICLE; OXIDATION; TEMPERATURE PROFILE; VOID;

ARTICLE; CELL TRANSPORT; CHEMICAL REACTION; GALVANIC CURRENT; GALVANIC REPLACEMENT; NANOANALYSIS; OXIDATION; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; TEMPERATURE; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

EID: 85032696358     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20411723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01175-2     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Wang, X., Feng, J., Bai, Y., Zhang, Q. & Yin, Y. Synthesis, properties, and applications of hollow micro-/nanostructures. Chem. Rev. 116, 10983-11060 (2016).
2. Mahmoud, M. A., O'Neil, D. & El-Sayed, M. A. Hollow and solid metallic nanoparticles in sensing and in nanocatalysis. Chem. Mater. 26, 44-58 (2014).
3. Ruditskiy, A., Peng, H.-C. & Xia, Y. Shape-controlled metal nanocrystals for heterogeneous catalysis. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 7, 327-348 (2016).
4. Sun, M.-H. et al. Applications of hierarchically structured porous materials from energy storage and conversion, catalysis, photocatalysis, adsorption, separation, and sensing to biomedicine. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45, 3479-3563 (2016).
5. Prieto, G. et al. Hollow nano- and microstructures as catalysts. Chem. Rev. 116, 14056-14119 (2016).
6. Trogadas, P., Ramani, V., Strasser, P., Fuller, T. F. & Coppens, M. O. Hierarchically structured nanomaterials for electrochemical energy conversion. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 122-148 (2016).
7. Gilroy, K. D., Ruditskiy, A., Peng, H.-C., Qin, D. & Xia, Y. Bimetallic nanocrystals: syntheses, properties, and applications. Chem. Rev. 116, 10414-10472 (2016).
8. Skrabalak, S. E. et al. Gold nanocages for biomedical applications. Adv. Mater. 19, 3177-3184 (2007).
9. Xia, X., Zhang, Q., Yang, M. & Cho, E. U. N. C. Gold nanocages: from synthesis to theranostic applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 44, 914-924 (2011).
10. Genç, A. et al. Hollow metal nanostructures for enhanced plasmonics: synthesis, local plasmonic properties and applications. Nanophotonics 6, 193-213 (2016).
11. Xia, X., Wang, Y., Ruditskiy, A. & Xia, Y. 25th anniversary article: Galvanic replacement: A simple and versatile route to hollow nanostructures with tunable and well-controlled properties. Adv. Mater. 25, 6313-6332 (2013).
12. Sun, Y. & Xia, Y. Shape-controlled synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. Science 298, 2176-2179 (2002).
13. Cobley, C. M. & Xia, Y. Engineering the properties of metal nanostructures via galvanic replacement reactions. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep. 70, 44-62 (2010).
14. Sun, Y., Mayers, B. T. & Xia, Y. Template-engaged replacement reaction: a onestep approach to the large-scale synthesis of metal nanostructures with hollow interiors. Nano Lett. 2, 481-485 (2002).
15. Chen, J., Mclellan, J. M., Siekkinen, A., Xiong, Y. & Li, Z. Facile synthesis of gold - silver nanocages with controllable pores on the surface. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 14776-14777 (2006).
16. Kim, M. H., Lu, X., Wiley, B., Lee, E. P. & Xia, Y. Morphological evolution of single-crystal Ag nanospheres during the galvanic replacement reaction with HAuCl4. J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 7872-7876 (2008).
17. Sun, Y. & Xia, Y. Mechanistic study on the replacement reaction between silver nanostructures and chloroauric acid in aqueous medium. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 3892-3901 (2004).
18. Sun, Y. & Xia, Y. Alloying and dealloying processes involved in the preparation of metal nanoshells through a galvanic replacement reaction. Nano Lett. 3, 1569-1572 (2003).
19. Au, L., Lu, X. & Xia, Y. A comparative study of galvanic replacement reactions involving Ag nanocubes and AuCl2 - or AuCl4 -. Adv. Mater. 20, 2517-2522 (2008).
20. Smith, J. G., Yang, Q. & Jain, P. K. Identification of a critical intermediate in galvanic exchange reactions by single-nanoparticle-resolved kinetics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 2867-2872 (2014).
21. Park, Y., Lee, C., Ryu, S. & Song, H. Ex situ and in situ surface plasmon monitoring of temperature-dependent structural evolution in galvanic replacement reactions at a single-particle level. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 20125-20135 (2015).
22. Smith, J. G., Chakraborty, I. & Jain, P. K. In situ single-nanoparticle spectroscopy study of bimetallic nanostructure formation. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 9979-9983 (2016).
23. Sutter, E. et al. In situ liquid-cell electron microscopy of silver-palladium galvanic replacement reactions on silver nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 5, 4946 (2014).
24. Tan, S. F., Lin, G., Bosman, M., Mirsaidov, U. & Nijhuis, C. A. Real-time dynamics of galvanic replacement reactions of silver nanocubes and Au studied by liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy. ACS Nano 10, 7689-7695 (2016).
25. Sutter, E. & Sutter, P. In-situ liquid cell electron microscopy of Ag-Au galvanic replacement reactions. Nanoscale 9, 1271-1278 (2016).
26. Sun, Y. & Wang, Y. Monitoring of galvanic replacement reaction between silver nanowires and HAuCl4 by in situ transmission X-ray microscopy. Nano Lett. 11, 4386-4392 (2011).
27. Skrabalak, S. E., Au, L., Li, X. & Xia, Y. Facile synthesis of Ag nanocubes and Au nanocages. Nat. Protoc. 2, 2182-2190 (2007).
28. González, E., Arbiol, J. & Puntes, V. F. Carving at the nanoscale: sequential galvanic exchange and Kirkendall growth at room temperature. Science 334, 1377-1380 (2011).
29. Smigelskas, A. D. & Kirkendall, E. O. Zinc diffusion in alpha brass. Trans. AIME 171, 130-142 (1947).
30. Yin, Y. D. et al. Formation of hollow nanocrystals through the nanoscale Kirkendall effect. Science 304, 711-714 (2004).
31. Wang, W., Dahl, M. & Yin, Y. Hollow nanocrystals through the nanoscale Kirkendall effect. Chem. Mater. 25, 1179-1189 (2013).
32. Yang, Z., Yang, N. & Pileni, M. P. Nano Kirkendall effect related to manocrystallinity of metal nanocrystals: influence of the outward and inward atomic diffusion on the final nanoparticle Structure. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 22249-22260 (2015).
33. Goris, B., Polavarapu, L., Bals, S., Van Tendeloo, G. & Liz-Marzán, L. M. Monitoring galvanic replacement through three-dimensional morphological and chemical mapping. Nano Lett. 14, 3220-3226 (2014).
34. Thota, S., Chen, S. & Zhao, J. An unconventional mechanism of hollow nanorod formation: asymmetric Cu diffusion in Au-Cu alloy nanorods during galvanic replacement. Chem. Commun. 52, 5593-5596 (2016).
35. de Jonge, N. & Ross, F. M. Electron microscopy of specimens in liquid. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 695-704 (2011).
36. Liao, H.-G. & Zheng, H. Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 67, 719-747 (2016).
37. Wu, J. et al. Growth of Au on Pt icosahedral nanoparticles revealed by low-dose in situ TEM. Nano Lett. 15, 2711-2715 (2015).
38. Balluffi, R. W. & Alexander, B. H. Development of porosity during diffusion in substitutional solid solutions. J. Appl. Phys. 23, 1237-1244 (1952).
39. Meyer, R. O. & Slifkin, L. M. Activity coefficient and vacancy-flow effects on diffusion in silver-gold alloys. Phys. Rev 149, 556-563 (1966).
40. Ye, X. et al. Single-particle mapping of nonequilibrium nanocrystal transformations. Science 354, 874-877 (2016).
41. Wu, J., Gao, W., Yang, H. & Zuo, J. M. Dissolution kinetics of oxidative etching of cubic and icosahedral platinum nanoparticles revealed by in situ liquid transmission electron microscopy. ACS Nano 11, 1696-1703 (2017).
42. Anderson, B. D. & Tracy, J. B. Nanoparticle conversion chemistry: kirkendall effect, galvanic exchange, and anion exchange. Nanoscale 6, 12195-12216 (2014).
43. Loh, D. et al. Multi-step nucleation of nanocrystals in aqueous solution. Nat. Chem 9, 77-82 (2016).
44. PDF-4+ (Database), Dr. Soorya Kabekkodu (ed.), International Centre for Diffraction Data, Card No. 00-031-1238 (2002)
45. Turner, P. A., Theuerer, H. C. & Tai, K. L. Interdiffusion between films of gold and silver. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 6, 650 (1969).
46. Gilroy, K. D. et al. Substrate-based galvanic replacement reactions carried out on heteroepitaxially formed silver templates. Nano Res. 6, 418-428 (2013).
47. Gilroy, K. D., Sundar, A., Farzinpour, P., Hughes, R. A. & Neretina, S. Mechanistic study of substrate-based galvanic replacement reactions. Nano Res. 7, 365-379 (2014).
48. Rycenga, M., Cobley, C. M., Zeng, J., Li, W. & Moran, C. H. Controlling the synthesis and assembly of silver nanostructures for plasmonic applications. Chem. Rev. 111, 3669-3712 (2012).
49. Lu, X. et al. Fabrication of cubic nanocages and nanoframes by dealloying Au/ Ag alloy nanoboxes with an aqueous etchant based on Fe(NO3)3 or NH4OH. Nano Lett. 7, 1764-1769 (2007).
50. Liu, Q. et al. Nanodroplet depinning from nanoparticles. ACS Nano 9, 9020-9026 (2015).