Alloying and Dealloying Processes Involved in the Preparation of Metal Nanoshells through a Galvanic Replacement Reaction

Nano Letters

Volumn 3, Issue 11, 2003, Pages 1569-1572

  Sun, Yugang ^a   Xia, Younan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLOY; SILVER;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL REACTION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR PHYSICS; NANOPARTICLE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; POROSITY; REACTION ANALYSIS; SUBSTITUTION REACTION;

EID: 0345119047     PISSN: 15306984     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nl034765r     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Reviews: (a) Halperin, W. P. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1986, 58, 533. (b) Templeton, A. C.; Wuelfing, W. P.; Murray, R. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 27. (c) Lam, D. M.-K.; Rossiter, B. W. Sci. Am. 1991, 265(5), 80. (d) Lewis, L. N. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2693. (e) Murray, C. B.; Sun, S.; Doyle, H.; Betley, T.; Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 2001, 26, 985.
2. Reviews: (a) Halperin, W. P. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1986, 58, 533. (b) Templeton, A. C.; Wuelfing, W. P.; Murray, R. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 27. (c) Lam, D. M.-K.; Rossiter, B. W. Sci. Am. 1991, 265(5), 80. (d) Lewis, L. N. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2693. (e) Murray, C. B.; Sun, S.; Doyle, H.; Betley, T.; Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 2001, 26, 985.
3. Reviews: (a) Halperin, W. P. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1986, 58, 533. (b) Templeton, A. C.; Wuelfing, W. P.; Murray, R. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 27. (c) Lam, D. M.-K.; Rossiter, B. W. Sci. Am. 1991, 265(5), 80. (d) Lewis, L. N. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2693. (e) Murray, C. B.; Sun, S.; Doyle, H.; Betley, T.; Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 2001, 26, 985.
4. Reviews: (a) Halperin, W. P. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1986, 58, 533. (b) Templeton, A. C.; Wuelfing, W. P.; Murray, R. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 27. (c) Lam, D. M.-K.; Rossiter, B. W. Sci. Am. 1991, 265(5), 80. (d) Lewis, L. N. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2693. (e) Murray, C. B.; Sun, S.; Doyle, H.; Betley, T.; Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 2001, 26, 985.
5. Reviews: (a) Halperin, W. P. Rev. Mod. Phys. 1986, 58, 533. (b) Templeton, A. C.; Wuelfing, W. P.; Murray, R. W. Acc. Chem. Res. 2000, 33, 27. (c) Lam, D. M.-K.; Rossiter, B. W. Sci. Am. 1991, 265(5), 80. (d) Lewis, L. N. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2693. (e) Murray, C. B.; Sun, S.; Doyle, H.; Betley, T.; Mater. Res. Soc. Bull. 2001, 26, 985.
6. Optics and catalysis: (a) Novak, J. P.; Brousseau, L. C.; Vance, F. W.; Johnson, R. C.; Lemon, B. I.; Hupp, J. T.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12029. (b) Murphy, C. J.; Jana, N. R. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 80. (c) Kim, F.; Song, J. H.; Yang, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14316. (d) Nicewarner-Peña, S. R.; Freeman, R. G.; Reiss, B. D.; He, L.; Peña, D. J.; Walton, I. D.; Cromer, R.; Keating, C. D.; Natan, M. J. Science 2001, 294, 137. (e) Ahmadi, T. S.; Wang, Z. L.; Green, T. C.; Henglein, A.; El-Sayed, M. A. Science 1996, 272, 1924. (e) Teng, X.; Black, D.; Watkins, N. J.; Gao, Y. ; Yang, H. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 261.
7. Optics and catalysis: (a) Novak, J. P.; Brousseau, L. C.; Vance, F. W.; Johnson, R. C.; Lemon, B. I.; Hupp, J. T.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12029. (b) Murphy, C. J.; Jana, N. R. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 80. (c) Kim, F.; Song, J. H.; Yang, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14316. (d) Nicewarner-Peña, S. R.; Freeman, R. G.; Reiss, B. D.; He, L.; Peña, D. J.; Walton, I. D.; Cromer, R.; Keating, C. D.; Natan, M. J. Science 2001, 294, 137. (e) Ahmadi, T. S.; Wang, Z. L.; Green, T. C.; Henglein, A.; El-Sayed, M. A. Science 1996, 272, 1924. (e) Teng, X.; Black, D.; Watkins, N. J.; Gao, Y. ; Yang, H. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 261.
8. Optics and catalysis: (a) Novak, J. P.; Brousseau, L. C.; Vance, F. W.; Johnson, R. C.; Lemon, B. I.; Hupp, J. T.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12029. (b) Murphy, C. J.; Jana, N. R. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 80. (c) Kim, F.; Song, J. H.; Yang, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14316. (d) Nicewarner-Peña, S. R.; Freeman, R. G.; Reiss, B. D.; He, L.; Peña, D. J.; Walton, I. D.; Cromer, R.; Keating, C. D.; Natan, M. J. Science 2001, 294, 137. (e) Ahmadi, T. S.; Wang, Z. L.; Green, T. C.; Henglein, A.; El-Sayed, M. A. Science 1996, 272, 1924. (e) Teng, X.; Black, D.; Watkins, N. J.; Gao, Y. ; Yang, H. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 261.
9. Optics and catalysis: (a) Novak, J. P.; Brousseau, L. C.; Vance, F. W.; Johnson, R. C.; Lemon, B. I.; Hupp, J. T.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12029. (b) Murphy, C. J.; Jana, N. R. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 80. (c) Kim, F.; Song, J. H.; Yang, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14316. (d) Nicewarner-Peña, S. R.; Freeman, R. G.; Reiss, B. D.; He, L.; Peña, D. J.; Walton, I. D.; Cromer, R.; Keating, C. D.; Natan, M. J. Science 2001, 294, 137. (e) Ahmadi, T. S.; Wang, Z. L.; Green, T. C.; Henglein, A.; El-Sayed, M. A. Science 1996, 272, 1924. (e) Teng, X.; Black, D.; Watkins, N. J.; Gao, Y. ; Yang, H. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 261.
10. Optics and catalysis: (a) Novak, J. P.; Brousseau, L. C.; Vance, F. W.; Johnson, R. C.; Lemon, B. I.; Hupp, J. T.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12029. (b) Murphy, C. J.; Jana, N. R. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 80. (c) Kim, F.; Song, J. H.; Yang, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14316. (d) Nicewarner-Peña, S. R.; Freeman, R. G.; Reiss, B. D.; He, L.; Peña, D. J.; Walton, I. D.; Cromer, R.; Keating, C. D.; Natan, M. J. Science 2001, 294, 137. (e) Ahmadi, T. S.; Wang, Z. L.; Green, T. C.; Henglein, A.; El-Sayed, M. A. Science 1996, 272, 1924. (e) Teng, X.; Black, D.; Watkins, N. J.; Gao, Y. ; Yang, H. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 261.
11. Optics and catalysis: (a) Novak, J. P.; Brousseau, L. C.; Vance, F. W.; Johnson, R. C.; Lemon, B. I.; Hupp, J. T.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12029. (b) Murphy, C. J.; Jana, N. R. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 80. (c) Kim, F.; Song, J. H.; Yang, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14316. (d) Nicewarner-Peña, S. R.; Freeman, R. G.; Reiss, B. D.; He, L.; Peña, D. J.; Walton, I. D.; Cromer, R.; Keating, C. D.; Natan, M. J. Science 2001, 294, 137. (e) Ahmadi, T. S.; Wang, Z. L.; Green, T. C.; Henglein, A.; El-Sayed, M. A. Science 1996, 272, 1924. (e) Teng, X.; Black, D.; Watkins, N. J.; Gao, Y. ; Yang, H. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 261.
12. Electronics and optoelectronics: (a) Chen, S.; Yang, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5280. (b) El-Sayed, M. A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 257. (c) Maier, S. A.; Brongersma, M. L.; Kik, P. G.; Meltzer, S.; Requicha, A. A. G.; Atwater, H. A. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1501. (d) Kamat, P. V. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 7729.
13. Electronics and optoelectronics: (a) Chen, S.; Yang, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5280. (b) El-Sayed, M. A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 257. (c) Maier, S. A.; Brongersma, M. L.; Kik, P. G.; Meltzer, S.; Requicha, A. A. G.; Atwater, H. A. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1501. (d) Kamat, P. V. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 7729.
14. Electronics and optoelectronics: (a) Chen, S.; Yang, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5280. (b) El-Sayed, M. A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 257. (c) Maier, S. A.; Brongersma, M. L.; Kik, P. G.; Meltzer, S.; Requicha, A. A. G.; Atwater, H. A. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1501. (d) Kamat, P. V. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 7729.
15. Electronics and optoelectronics: (a) Chen, S.; Yang, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5280. (b) El-Sayed, M. A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 257. (c) Maier, S. A.; Brongersma, M. L.; Kik, P. G.; Meltzer, S.; Requicha, A. A. G.; Atwater, H. A. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1501. (d) Kamat, P. V. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 7729.
16. Sensing and clinical diagnostics: (a) Tkachenko, A. G.; Xie, H.; Coleman, D.; Glomm, W.; Ryan, J.; Anderson, M. F.; Franzen, S.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4700. (b) Taton, T. A.; Mirkin, C. A.; Letsinger, R. L. Science 2000, 289, 1757. (c) Thanh, N. T. K.; Rosenzweig, Z. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1624. (d) Kim, Y.; Johnson, R. C.; Hupp, J. T. Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 165. (e) Nath, N.; Chilkoti, A. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 504. (f) Roll, D.; Malicka, J.; Gryczynski, I.; Cryczynski, Z.; Lakowicz, J. R. Anal Chem. 2003, 75, 3440.
17. Sensing and clinical diagnostics: (a) Tkachenko, A. G.; Xie, H.; Coleman, D.; Glomm, W.; Ryan, J.; Anderson, M. F.; Franzen, S.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4700. (b) Taton, T. A.; Mirkin, C. A.; Letsinger, R. L. Science 2000, 289, 1757. (c) Thanh, N. T. K.; Rosenzweig, Z. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1624. (d) Kim, Y.; Johnson, R. C.; Hupp, J. T. Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 165. (e) Nath, N.; Chilkoti, A. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 504. (f) Roll, D.; Malicka, J.; Gryczynski, I.; Cryczynski, Z.; Lakowicz, J. R. Anal Chem. 2003, 75, 3440.
18. Sensing and clinical diagnostics: (a) Tkachenko, A. G.; Xie, H.; Coleman, D.; Glomm, W.; Ryan, J.; Anderson, M. F.; Franzen, S.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4700. (b) Taton, T. A.; Mirkin, C. A.; Letsinger, R. L. Science 2000, 289, 1757. (c) Thanh, N. T. K.; Rosenzweig, Z. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1624. (d) Kim, Y.; Johnson, R. C.; Hupp, J. T. Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 165. (e) Nath, N.; Chilkoti, A. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 504. (f) Roll, D.; Malicka, J.; Gryczynski, I.; Cryczynski, Z.; Lakowicz, J. R. Anal Chem. 2003, 75, 3440.
19. Sensing and clinical diagnostics: (a) Tkachenko, A. G.; Xie, H.; Coleman, D.; Glomm, W.; Ryan, J.; Anderson, M. F.; Franzen, S.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4700. (b) Taton, T. A.; Mirkin, C. A.; Letsinger, R. L. Science 2000, 289, 1757. (c) Thanh, N. T. K.; Rosenzweig, Z. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1624. (d) Kim, Y.; Johnson, R. C.; Hupp, J. T. Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 165. (e) Nath, N.; Chilkoti, A. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 504. (f) Roll, D.; Malicka, J.; Gryczynski, I.; Cryczynski, Z.; Lakowicz, J. R. Anal Chem. 2003, 75, 3440.
20. Sensing and clinical diagnostics: (a) Tkachenko, A. G.; Xie, H.; Coleman, D.; Glomm, W.; Ryan, J.; Anderson, M. F.; Franzen, S.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4700. (b) Taton, T. A.; Mirkin, C. A.; Letsinger, R. L. Science 2000, 289, 1757. (c) Thanh, N. T. K.; Rosenzweig, Z. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1624. (d) Kim, Y.; Johnson, R. C.; Hupp, J. T. Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 165. (e) Nath, N.; Chilkoti, A. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 504. (f) Roll, D.; Malicka, J.; Gryczynski, I.; Cryczynski, Z.; Lakowicz, J. R. Anal Chem. 2003, 75, 3440.
21. Sensing and clinical diagnostics: (a) Tkachenko, A. G.; Xie, H.; Coleman, D.; Glomm, W.; Ryan, J.; Anderson, M. F.; Franzen, S.; Feldheim, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4700. (b) Taton, T. A.; Mirkin, C. A.; Letsinger, R. L. Science 2000, 289, 1757. (c) Thanh, N. T. K.; Rosenzweig, Z. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1624. (d) Kim, Y.; Johnson, R. C.; Hupp, J. T. Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 165. (e) Nath, N.; Chilkoti, A. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 504. (f) Roll, D.; Malicka, J.; Gryczynski, I.; Cryczynski, Z.; Lakowicz, J. R. Anal Chem. 2003, 75, 3440.
22. SERS: (a) Tessier, P. M.; Velev, O. D.; Kalambur, A. T.; Rabolt, J. F.; Lenhoff, A. M.; Kaler, E. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9554. (b) Nie, S.; Emory, S. R. Science 1997, 275, 1102. (c) Dick, L. A.; McFarland, A. D.; Haynes, C. L.; Van Duyne, R. P. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 853. (d) Jackson, J. B.; Westcott, S. L.; Hirsch, L. R.; West, J. L.; Halas, N. J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 257.
23. SERS: (a) Tessier, P. M.; Velev, O. D.; Kalambur, A. T.; Rabolt, J. F.; Lenhoff, A. M.; Kaler, E. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9554. (b) Nie, S.; Emory, S. R. Science 1997, 275, 1102. (c) Dick, L. A.; McFarland, A. D.; Haynes, C. L.; Van Duyne, R. P. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 853. (d) Jackson, J. B.; Westcott, S. L.; Hirsch, L. R.; West, J. L.; Halas, N. J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 257.
24. SERS: (a) Tessier, P. M.; Velev, O. D.; Kalambur, A. T.; Rabolt, J. F.; Lenhoff, A. M.; Kaler, E. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9554. (b) Nie, S.; Emory, S. R. Science 1997, 275, 1102. (c) Dick, L. A.; McFarland, A. D.; Haynes, C. L.; Van Duyne, R. P. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 853. (d) Jackson, J. B.; Westcott, S. L.; Hirsch, L. R.; West, J. L.; Halas, N. J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 257.
25. SERS: (a) Tessier, P. M.; Velev, O. D.; Kalambur, A. T.; Rabolt, J. F.; Lenhoff, A. M.; Kaler, E. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9554. (b) Nie, S.; Emory, S. R. Science 1997, 275, 1102. (c) Dick, L. A.; McFarland, A. D.; Haynes, C. L.; Van Duyne, R. P. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 853. (d) Jackson, J. B.; Westcott, S. L.; Hirsch, L. R.; West, J. L.; Halas, N. J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 257.
26. Ohmori, M.; Matijevic, E. J. Coll. Interface Sci. 1992, 150, 594.
27. Oldenburg, S. J.; Averitt, R. D.; Westcott, S. L.; Halas, N. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 288, 243.
28. (a) Kim, S.-W.; Kim, M.; Lee, W. Y.; Hyeon, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7642.
29. (b) Caruso, F.; Spasova, M.; Salgueiriño-Maceira, V.; Liz-Marzán, L. M. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1090.
30. (a) Sun, Y.; Mayers, B. T.; Xia, Y. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 481.
31. (b) Sun, Y.; Xia, Y. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 5297.
32. (c) Sun, Y.; Xia, Y. Science 2002, 278, 2176.
33. (d) Sun, Y.; Mayers, B.; Xia, Y. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 641.
34. 4 (99.9%, Aldrich) aqueous solution was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was continuously refluxed for another 20 min until the color became stable. Vigorous magnetic stirring was maintained throughout the synthesis. As the solution was cooled to room temperature, white solid (AgCl precipitate) settled to the bottom of the reaction container. The AgCl solid could be removed by dissolving it with a saturated solution of NaCl (99.9%, Fisher). In this case, NaCl powders were added to the aqueous dispersion of product until the solution was saturated with NaCl. The solution was then transferred into a centrifugation tube and centrifuged at 10 000 rpm for 15 min. The supernatant containing the dissolved AgCl could be easily removed using a pipet. The solid was rinsed with water and centrifuged for six times. The final product could be dispersed in water for further characterization. The SEM images were obtained using a FEI field-emission microscope (Siron XL) operated at 15 kV. EDX measurements were carried out with the same microscope. The TEM images were taken using a JEOL microscope (1200EX II) operated at 80 kV. The concentrations of gold and silver in the nanostructures were analyzed using an atomic emission spectrophotometer (Thermo Jarrell Ash Corporation, Franklin, MA) equipped with a Jarrell Ash 955 inductively coupled plasma system. All the UV-vis-NIR extinction spectra were recorded at room temperature on a Cary 5E (Varian) spectrophotometer using the quartz cuvette with a 1-cm optical path.
35. Roosen, A. R.; Carter, W. C. Physica A 1998, 261, 232.
36. Shi, H.; Zhang, L.; Cai, W. J. Appl. Phys. 2000, 87, 1572.
37. Erlebacher, J.; Aziz, M. J.; Karma, A.; Dimitrov, N.; Sieradzki, K. Nature 2001, 410, 450.
38. Sieradzki, K. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1993, 140, 2868.
39. Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, Boumans, P. W. J. M., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1987; Vol. 90, part 1, pp 69-99.
40. Westcott, S. L.; Oldenburg, S. J.; Lee, T. R.; Halas, N. J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1999, 300, 651.
41. (a) Sershen, S. R.; Westcott, S. L.; Halas, N. J.; West, J. L. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 51, 293.
42. (b) West, J. L.; Halas, N. J. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 2000, 11, 215.