Entire male pig production in Europe

Animal Production Science

Volumn 55, Issue 11-12, 2015, Pages 1347-1359

  Bee, G ^a   Chevillon, P ^b   Bonneau, M ^b  

^a Agroscope Institute for Livestock Sciences   (Switzerland)

^b Institut du Porc (IFIP)   (France)

Author keywords

animal welfare; boar taint; castration; consumer acceptance; detection; threshold

Indexed keywords

AGGREGATION BEHAVIOR; AGROINDUSTRY; ANIMAL WELFARE; COST ANALYSIS; EUROPEAN UNION; FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION; MEAT; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; ODOR; PIG; REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY; SELECTIVE BREEDING; STEROID;

FRANCE; GERMANY; IBERIAN PENINSULA; NETHERLANDS; UNITED KINGDOM;

ANIMALIA; SUIDAE;

EID: 85032070067     PISSN: 18360939     EISSN: 18365787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/AN15279     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Aluwé M, Bekaert KM, Tuyttens FAM, Vanhaecke L, De Smet S, De Brabander HF, De Brabander DL, Millet S. (2011). Influence of soiling on boar taint in boars. Meat Science. 87, 175-179. doi: 10.1016/.j.meatsci.2010.10.005
2. Aluwé M, Millet S, Bekaert KM, Tuyttens FAM, Vanhaecke L, De Smet S, De Brabander DL. (2011). Influence of breed, and slaughter weight on boar taint prevalence in entire male pigs. Animal. 5, 1283-1289. doi: 10.1017/S1751731111000164
3. Aluwé Md, Langendries KCM, Bekaert KM, Tuyttens FAM, De Brabander DL, De Smet S, Millet S. (2013). Effect of surgical castration, immunocastration, and chicory-diet on the meat quality, and palatability of boars. Meat Science. 94, 402-407. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.02.015
4. Aluwé M, Tuyttens FAM, Millet S. (2015). Field experience with surgical castration with anaesthesia, analgesia, immunocastration, and production of entire male pigs: performance, carcass traits, and boar taint prevalence. Animal. 9, 500-508. doi: 10.1017/S1751731114002894
5. Ampuero S, Bee G. (2006). The potential to detect boar tainted carcasses by using an electronic nose based on mass spectrometry. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 48(Suppl. 1), P1. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-48-S1-P1
6. Andersson K, Schaub A, Lundstrom K, Thomke S, Hansson I. (1997). The effects of feeding system, lysine level, and gilt contact on performance, skatole levels, and economy of entire male pigs. Livestock Production Science. 51, 131-140. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00097-3
7. Baes C, Mattei S, Luther H, Ampuero S, Sidler X, Bee G, Spring P, Hofer A. (2013) A performance test for boar taint compounds in live boars. Animal. 7, 714-720. doi: 10.1017/S1751731112002273
8. Batorek N, Candek-Potokar M, Bonneau M, Van Milgen J. (2012). Metaanalysis of the effect of immunocastration on production performance, reproductive organs, and boar taint compounds in pigs. Animal. 6, 1330-1338. doi: 10.1017/S1751731112000146
9. Bee G, Ampuero Kragten S. (2015). Dietary hydrolysable tannins from chestnut have the potential to reduce the risk of boar tainted carcasses. Journal of Animal Science. 93, 36.
10. Bekaert KM, Aluwé M, Vanhaecke L, Heres L, Duchateau L, Vandendriessche F, Tuyttens FAM. (2013). Evaluation of different heating methods for the detection of boar taint by means of the human nose. Meat Science. 94, 125-132. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.01.006
11. Blanch M, Panella-Riera N, Chevillon P, Furnols MFI, Gil M, Gil JM, Kallas Z, Oliver MA. (2012). Impact of consumers sensitivity to androstenone on acceptability of meat from entire male pigs in three European countries: France, Spain, and United Kingdom. Meat Science. 90, 572-578. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.09.018
12. Bonneau M, Kempster AJ, Claus R, Claudi-Magnussen C, Diestre A, Tornberg E, Walstra P, Chevillon P, Weiler U, Cook GL. (2000). An international study on the importance of androstenone, and skatole for boar taint: I. Presentation of the programme, and measurement of boar taint compounds with different analytical procedures. Meat Science. 54, 251-259. doi: 10.1016/S0309-1740(99)00102-3
13. Bonneau M, Walstra P, Claudi-Magnussen C, Kempster AJ, Tornberg E, Fischer K, Diestre A, Siret F, Chevillon P, Claus R, Dijksterhuis G, Punter P, Matthews KR, Agerhem H, Béague MP, Oliver MA, Gispert M, Weiler U, Von Seth G, Leask H, Font I, Furnols M, Homer DB, CookGL(2000) An international study on the importance of androstenone, and skatole for boar taint: IV. Simulation studies on consumer dissatisfaction with entire male pork, and the effect of sorting carcasses on the slaughter line, main conclusions, and recommendations. Meat Science. 54, 285-295. doi: 10.1016/S0309-1740(99)00105-9
14. Buhl AC. (2013). Animal Welfare Law in Motion?. - Comment on the latest amendments to the Animal Welfare Act in Germany. Global Journal of Animal Law. 1, 1-7.
15. Byrne DV, Thamsborg SM, Hansen LL. (2008) A sensory description of boar taint, and the effects of crude, and dried chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.), and inulin feeding in male, and female pork. Meat Science. 79, 252-269. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.09.009
16. Candek-Potokar M, Škrlep M, Batorek Lukac N, Zamaratskaia G, Prevolnik Povše M, Velikonja Bolta Š, Kubale V, Bee G. (2015). Hydrolysable tannin fed to entire male pigs affects intestinal production, tissue deposition, and hepatic clearance of skatole. The Veterinary Journal in press
17. Carroll JA, Berg EL, Strauch TA, Roberts MP, Kattesh HG. (2006). Hormonal profiles, behavioral responses, and short-Term growth performance after castration of pigs at three, six, nine, or twelve days of age. Journal of Animal Science. 84, 1271-1278.
18. Dijksterhuis GB, Engel B, Walstra P, Furnols MFI, Agerhem H, Fischer K, Oliver MA, Claudi-Magnussen C, Siret F, Beague MP, Homer DB, Bonneau M. (2000). An international study on the importance of androstenone, and skatole for boar taint: II. Sensory evaluation by trained panels in seven European countries. Meat Science. 54, 261-269. doi: 10.1016/S0309-1740(99)00103-5
19. Dunshea FR, Allison JR, Bertram M, Boler DD, Brossard L, Campbell R, Crane JP, Hennessy DP, Huber L, de Lange C, Ferguson N, Matzat P, McKeith F, Moraes PJ, Mullan BP, Noblet J, Quiniou N, Tokach M. (2013). The effect of immunization against GnRF on nutrient requirements of male pigs: a review. Animal. 7, 1769-1778. doi: 10.1017/S1751731113001407
20. Ebschke S, von Borell E, Weber M. (2014). Animal welfare assessment of fattening boars with entire males, and anti GnRF vaccinated male swine. Züchtungskunde. 86, 342-357.
21. EFSA(2004) Opinion of the scientific panel on animal health, and welfare on a request from the Commission related to welfare aspects of the castration of piglets. EFSA Journal. 91, 1-18.
22. European Commission. (2010). European declaration on alternatives to surgical castration of pigs. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/.animal/welfare/farm/initiatives-en.htm [Verified 21 December 2012]
23. Font-i-Furnols M. (2012). Consumer studies on sensory acceptability of boar taint: a review. Meat Science. 92, 319-329. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.05.009
24. Fredriksen B, NafstadO. (2006). Surveyed attitudes, perceptions, and practices in Norway regarding the use of local anaesthesia in piglet castration. Research in Veterinary Science. 81, 293-295. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.11.003
25. Fredriksen B, Font I, Furnols M, Lundström K, Migdal W, Prunier A, Tuyttens FAM, Bonneau M. (2009). Practice on castration of piglets in Europe. Animal. 3, 1480-1487. doi: 10.1017/S1751731109004674
26. Fredriksen B, Johnsen AMS, Skuterud E. (2011). Consumer attitudes towards castration of piglets, and alternatives to surgical castration. Research in Veterinary Science. 90, 352-357. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.06.018
27. Frieden L, Neuhoff C, Große-Brinkhaus C, Cinar MU, Schellander K, Looft C, Tholen E. (2012). Breeding potential of selection against boar taint. Züchtungskunde. 84, 394-411.
28. Frieden L, Grosse-Brinkhaus C, Neuhoff C, Schellander K, Looft C, Tholen E. (2014). Breeding potential of selection against boar taint. Züchtungskunde. 86, 319-341.
29. Gerritzen MA, Kluivers-Poodt M, Reimert HGM, Hindle V, Lambooij E. (2008). Castration of piglets under CO2-gas anaesthesia. Animal. 2, 1666-1673. doi: 10.1017/S1751731108002887
30. Giersing M, Lundstrom K, Andersson A. (2000). Social effects, and boar taint: significance for production of slaughter boars (Sus scrofa). Journal of Animal Science. 78, 296-305.
31. Grindflek E, Meuwissen THE, Aasmundstad T, Hamland H, Hansen MHS, Nome T, Kent M, Torjesen P, Lien S. (2011). Revealing genetic relationships between compounds affecting boar taint, and reproduction in pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 89, 680-692. doi: 10.2527/jas.2010-3290
32. Haberland AM, Luther H, Hofer A, Tholen E, Simianer H, Lind B, Baes C. (2014). Efficiency of different selection strategies against boar taint in pigs. Animal. 8, 11-19. doi: 10.1017/S1751731113001857
33. Hagdrup CJ. (2009). The Danish experience, from 27 years with skatole analysis samples from entire male pigs. In 'Report of the EAAP/.ALCASDE Boar Taint Detection Workshop, 28 October 2009, Bologna. (Ed. JE Hauge) pp. 34-37.
34. Hansen LL, Larsen AE, Jensen BB, Hansenmoller J, Bartongade P. (1994). Influence of stocking rate, and feaces deposition in the pen at different temperatures on skatole concentration (boar taint) in subcutaneous fat. Animal Production. 59, 99-110. doi: 10.1017/S0003356100007546
35. Hansen LL, Larsen AE, Hansen-Moller J. (1995). Influence of keeping pigs heavily fouled with feces plus urine on skatole, and indole concentration (boar taint) in subcutaneous fat. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A-Animal Science. 45, 178-185. doi: 10.1080/09064709509415849
36. Hansen LL, Mejer H, Thamsborg SM, Byrne DV, Roepstorff A, Karlsson AH, Hansen-Moller J, Jensen MT, Tuomola M. (2006). Influence of chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L) on boar taint in entire male, and female pigs. Animal Science. 82, 359-368. doi: 10.1079/ASC200648
37. Hansen-Moller J, Andersen JR. (1994). Boar taint - Analytical alternatives. Fleischwirtschaft. 74, 1005-1009.
38. Haugen JE, Brunius C, Zamaratskaia G. (2012). Review of analytical methods to measure boar taint compounds in porcine adipose tissue: the need for harmonised methods. Meat Science. 90, 9-19. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci. 2011.07.005
39. Hay M, Vulin A, Genin S, Sales P, Prunier A. (2003). Assessment of pain induced by castration in piglets: behavioral, and physiological responses over the subsequent 5 days. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 82, 201-218. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(03)00059-5
40. Hodgson DS. (2006). An inhaler device using liquid injection of isoflurane for short term anesthesia in piglets. Veterinary Anaesthesia, and Analgesia. 33, 207-213. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00258.x
41. Hodgson DS. (2007). Comparison of isoflurane, and sevoflurane for short-Term anesthesia in piglets. Veterinary Anaesthesia, and Analgesia. 34, 117-124. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00309.x
42. Holinger M, Hillmann E, Fruh B. (2014). Prevalence of injuries, and the resulting requirements in housing conditions of entire male pigs. Tierarztliche Umschau. 69, 235-239.
43. Holinger M, Früh B, Hillmann E. (2015). Group composition for fattening entire male pigs under enriched housing conditions-influences on behaviour, injuries, and boar taint compounds. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 165, 47-56. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.01.016
44. Huber-Eicher B, Spring P. (2008). Attitudes of Swiss consumers towards meat from entire or immunocastrated boars: a representative survey. Research in Veterinary Science. 85, 625-627. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.03.002
45. Jensen MT, Hansen LL. (2006). Feeding with chicory roots reduces the amount of odorous compounds in colon, and rectal contents of pigs. Animal Science. 82, 369-376. doi: 10.1079/ASC200649
46. Kirsching A, Bázár G, Házás Z, Romvári R. (2012). Classification of meat with boar taint using an electronic nose. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 100, 99-103.
47. Kjeldsen N. (1993). Practical experience with production, and slaughter of entire male pigs. In 'Measurement, and prevention of boar taint in entire male pigs. Vol. 60. (Ed.MBonneau) pp. 137-144. (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique: Paris, France
48. Kluivers-Poodt M, Houx BB, Robben SRM, Koop G, Lambooij E, Hellebrekers LJ. (2012). Effects of a local anaesthetic, and NSAID in castration of piglets, on the acute pain responses, growth, and mortality. Animal. 6, 1469-1475. doi: 10.1017/S1751731112000547
49. Kohler I, Moens Y, Busato A, Blum J, Schatzmann U. (1998). Inhalation anaesthesia for the castration of piglets: CO2 compared to halothane. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A. 45, 625-633. doi: 10.1111/.j.1439-0442.1998.tb00867.x
50. Llamas Moya S, Boyle LA, Lynch PB, Arkins S. (2008). Effect of surgical castration on the behavioural, and acute phase responses of 5-day-old piglets. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 111, 133-145. doi: 10.1016/.j.applanim.2007.05.019
51. Lösel D, Lacorn M, Buttner D, Claus R. (2006). Flavor improvement in pork from barrows, and gilts via inhibition of intestinal skatole formation with resistant potato starch. Journal of Agricultural, and Food Chemistry. 54, 5990-5995. doi: 10.1021/jf0608017
52. Mathur PK, ten Napel J, Bloemhof S, Heres L, Knol EF, Mulder HA. (2012) A human nose scoring system for boar taint, and its relationship with androstenone, and skatole. Meat Science. 91, 414-422. doi: 10.1016/.j.meatsci.2012.02.025
53. Matthews KR, Homer DB, Punter P, Beague MP, Gispert M, Kempster AJ, Agerhem H, Claudi-Magnussen C, Fischer K, Siret F, Leask H, Furnols MFI, Bonneau M. (2000). An international study on the importance of androstenone, and skatole for boar taint: III. Consumer survey in seven European countries. Meat Science. 54, 271-283. doi: 10.1016/S0309-1740 (99)00104-7
54. Meier-Dinkel L, Sharifi AR, Tholen E, Frieden L, Bucking M, Wicke M, Morlein D. (2013). Sensory evaluation of boar loins: trained assessors olfactory acuity affects the perception of boar taint compounds. Meat Science. 94, 19-26. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.12.009
55. Meier-Dinkel L, Gertheiss J, Müller S, Wesoly R, Mörlein D. (2015). Evaluating the performance of sensory quality control: the case of boar taint. Meat Science. 100, 73-84. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.09.013
56. Meinert L, Claudi-Magnussen C, Støier S. (2013). Limits in the detection of boar taint: the human nose score test works with the human sense of smell in the sorting of meat. Fleischwirtschaft. 93, 24-27.
57. Meuwissen THE, Goddard ME. (2001). Prediction of identity by descent probabilities from marker-haplotypes. Genetics, Selection, Evolution. 33, 605-634. doi: 10.1186/1297-9686-33-6-605
58. Moore KL, Mullan BP, Campbell RG, Kim JC. (2013). The response of entire male, and female pigs from 20 to 100-kg liveweight to dietary available lysine. Animal Production Science. 53, 67-74. doi: 10.1071/AN12074
59. Mörlein D, Meier-Dinkel L, Moritz J, Sharifi AR, KnorrC. (2013). Learning to smell: repeated exposure increases sensitivity to androstenone, a major component of boar taint. Meat Science. 94, 425-431. doi: 10.1016/.j.meatsci.2013.03.020
60. Mortensen AB, Sorensen SE. (1984). 'Relationship between boar taint, and skatole determined with a new analysis method. In Proceedings of the 30th European Meeting of Meat Research Workers, 9-14 September 1984, Bristol, UK. pp. 394-396.
61. Øverland M, Kjos NK, Fauske AK, Teige J, Sorum H. (2011). Easily fermentable carbohydrates reduce skatole formation in the distal intestine of entire male pigs. Livestock Science. 140, 206-217. doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.032
62. Pauly C, Spring P, ODoherty JV, Ampuero Kragten S, Bee G. (2008). Performances, meat quality, and boar taint of castrates, and entire male pigs fed a standard, and a raw potato starch-enriched diet. Animal. 2, 1707-1715. doi: 10.1017/S1751731108002826
63. Pauly C, Spring P, Odoherty JV, Ampuero Kragten S, Bee G. (2009). Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of group-penned surgically castrated, immunocastrated (Improvac), and entire male pigs, and individually penned entire male pigs. Animal. 3, 1057-1066. doi: 10.1017/S1751731109004418
64. Pauly C, Spring-Staehli P, ODoherty JV, Kragten SA, Dubois S, Messadène J, Bee G. (2010). The effects of method of castration, rearing condition, and diet on sensory quality of pork assessed by a trained panel. Meat Science. 86, 498-504. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.05.042
65. Prunier A, Bonneau M. (2006). Y a-T-il des alternatives à la castration chirurgicale des porcelets?. Productions Animales. 19, 347-356.
66. Prunier A, Mounier AM, Hay M. (2005). Effects of castration, tooth resection, or tail docking on plasma metabolites, and stress hormones in young pigs. Journal of Animal Science. 83, 216-222.
67. Prunier A, Bonneau M, von Borell EH, Cinotti S, Gunn M, Fredriksen B, Giersing M, Morton DB, Tuyttens FAM, Velarde A. (2006) A review of the welfare consequences of surgical castration in piglets, and the evaluation of non-surgical methods. Animal Welfare (South Mimms, England) 15, 277-289.
68. Puppe B, Schon PC, Tuchscherer A, ManteuffelG(2005) Castration-induced vocalisation in domestic piglets, Sus scrofa: complex, and specific alterations of the vocal quality. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 95, 67-78. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.05.001
69. Quiniou N, Courboulay V, Salaün Y, Chevillon P. (2010). Conséquences de la non castration des porcs males sur les performances de croissance et le comportement: comparaison avec les ma^ les castre s et les femelles. Journées de la Recherche Porcine. 42, 113-118.
70. Rikard-Bell CV, Pluske JR, van Barneveld RJ, Mullan BP, Edwards AC, Gannon NJ, Henman DJ, Dunshea FR. (2013). Dietary ractopamine promotes growth, feed efficiency, and carcass responses over a wide range of available lysine levels in finisher boars, and gilts. Animal Production Science. 53, 8-17. doi: 10.1071/AN11351
71. Robic A, Faraut T, Prunier A. (2014). Pathways, and genes involved in steroid hormone metabolism in male pigs: a review, and update. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology. 140, 44-55. doi: 10.1016/.j.jsbmb.2013.11.001
72. Rydhmer L, Hansson M, Lundström K, Brunius C, Andersson K. (2013). Welfare of entire male pigs is improved by socialising piglets, and keeping intact groups until slaughter. Animal. 7, 1532-1541. doi: 10.1017/S1751731113000608
73. Sellier P, BonneauM(1988) Genetic-relationships between fat androstenone level in males, and development of male, and female genital-Tact in pigs. Journal of Animal Breeding, and Genetics. 105, 11-20. doi: 10.1111/.j.1439-0388.1988.tb00269.x
74. Sellier P, Le Roy P, Fouilloux MN, Gruand J, Bonneau M(2000) Responses to restricted index selection, and genetic parameters for fat androstenone level, and sexual maturity status of young boars. Livestock Production Science. 63, 265-274. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00127-x
75. Strathe AB, Velander IH, Mark T, Kadarmideen HN. (2013). Genetic parameters for androstenone, and skatole as indicators of boar taint, and their relationship to production, and litter size traits in Danish Landrace. Journal of Animal Science. 91, 2587-2595. doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-6107
76. Strathe AB, Velander IH, Mark T, Ostersen T, Hansen C, Kadarmideen HN. (2013). Genetic parameters for male fertility, and its relationship to skatole, and androstenone in Danish Landrace boars. Journal of Animal Science. 91, 4659-4668. doi: 10.2527/jas.2013-6454
77. Svendsen O. (2006). A04 Castration of piglets under carbon dioxide (CO2) anaesthesia. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology, and Therapeutics. 29, 54-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00759-6.x
78. Taylor AA, Weary DM. (2000). Vocal responses of piglets to castration: identifying procedural sources of pain. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 70, 17-26. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00143-x
79. Thomas W, Lubomir K, Gerhard B, Philippe V. (2014). In house validation of a reference method for the determination of boar taint compounds by LCMSMS. Publications Office of the European Union. Available at https://.ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-And-Technical-researchreports/.house-validation-reference-method-determination-boar-Taintcompounds-lc-msms [Verified 10 September 2015]
80. Trautmann J, Gertheiss J, Wicke M, Mörlein D. (2014). How olfactory acuity affects the sensory assessment of boar fat: a proposal for quantification. Meat Science. 98, 255-262. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.037
81. Tuyttens FAM, Vanhonacker F, Langendries K, Aluwe M, Millet S, Bekaert K, Verbeke W. (2011). Effect of information provisioning on attitude toward surgical castration of male piglets, and alternative strategies for avoiding boar taint. Research in Veterinary Science. 91, 327-332. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.01.005
82. Tuyttens FAM, Vanhonacker F, Verhille B, De Brabander D, Verbeke W. (2012). Pig producer attitude towards surgical castration of piglets without anaesthesia versus alternative strategies. Research in Veterinary Science. 92, 524-530. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.02.017
83. van Staaveren N, Teixeira DL, Hanlon A, Boyle LA. (2015). The effect of mixing entire male pigs prior to transport to slaughter on behaviour, welfare, and carcass lesions. Plos One. 10, doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0122841
84. van Wagenberg CPA, Snoek HM, van der Fels JB, van der Peet-Schwering CMC, Vermeer HM, Heres L. (2013). Farm, and management characteristics associated with boar taint. Animal. 7, 1841-1848. doi: 10.1017/S1751731113001328
85. Vanhonacker F, VerbekeW(2011) Consumer response to the possible use of a vaccine method to control boar taint v. physical piglet castration with anaesthesia: a quantitative study in four European countries. Animal. 5, 1107-1118. doi: 10.1017/S1751731111000139
86. Vazquez JM, Martinez EA, Roca J, Lucas X, Parrilla I. (2001). Sex-sorting boar sperm: problems, and possibilities. Archiv Fur Tierzucht-Archives of Animal Breeding. 44, 141-144.
87. Vazquez JM, Parrilla I, Roca J, Gil MA, Cuello C, Vazquez JL, Martinez EA. (2009). Sex-sorting sperm by flow cytometry in pigs: issues, and perspectives. Theriogenology. 71, 80-88. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology. 2008.09.044
88. Vhile SG, Kjos NP, Sorum H, Overland M. (2012). Feeding Jerusalem artichoke reduced skatole level, and changed intestinal microbiota in the gut of entire male pigs. Animal. 6, 807-814. doi: 10.1017/S175173 1111002138
89. von Borell E, Baumgartner J, Giersing M, Jaggin N, Prunier A, Tuyttens FAM, Edwards SA. (2009). Animal welfare implications of surgical castration, and its alternatives in pigs. Animal. 3, 1488-1496. doi: 10.1017/S175173 1109004728
90. Walker B, Jaggin N, Doherr M, Schatzmann U. (2004). Inhalation anaesthesia for castration of newborn piglets: experiences with isoflurane, and isoflurane/N2O. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series a-Physiology Pathology Clinical Medicine. 51, 150-154. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00617.x
91. Walstra P, Claudi-Magnussen C, Chevillon P, Von Seth G, Diestre A, Matthews KR, Homer DB, Bonneau M. (1999). An international study on the importance of androstenone, and skatole for boar taint: levels of androstenone, and skatole by country, and season. Livestock Production Science. 62, 15-28. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00054-8
92. Wealleans AL, Litten-Brown JC, Mueller-Harvey I, Givens I, Silacci P, BeeG. (2013). Effects of increasing hydrolysable tannin levels in diets of boars on growth, carcass traits, boar taint, and cytochrome P450 gene expression. Journal of Animal Science. 91, 39.
93. Wesoly R, Weiler U. (2012). Nutritional influences on skatole formation, and skatole metabolism in the pig. Animals (Basel) 2, 221-242. doi: 10.3390/ani2020221
94. Willeke H, Claus R, Muller E, Pirchner F, Karg H. (1987). Selection for high, and low-level of 5-Alpha-Androst-16-en-3-one in boars. 1. Direct, and correletad response of endocrinologic traits. Journal of Animal Breeding, and Genetics-Zeitschrift Fur Tierzuchtung Und Zuchtungsbiologie. 104, 64-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1987.tb00110.x
95. Windig JJ, Mulder HA, ten Napel J, Knol EF, Mathur PK, Crump RE. (2012). Genetic parameters for androstenone, skatole, indole, and human nose scores as measures of boar taint, and their relationship with finishing traits. Journal of Animal Science. 90, 2120-2129. doi: 10.2527/jas.2011-4700
96. Zamaratskaia G, Squires EJ. (2009). Biochemical, nutritional, and genetic effects on boar taint in entire male pigs. Animal. 3, 1508-1521. doi: 10.1017/S1751731108003674
97. Zamaratskaia G, Rydhmer L, Chen G, Madej A, Andersson HK, LundstromK. (2005). Boar taint is related to endocrine, and anatomical changes at puberty but not to aggressive behaviour in entire male pigs. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 40, 500-506. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2005.00613.x
98. Zammerini D, Wood JD, Whittington FM, Nute GR, Hughes SI, Hazzledine M, Matthews K. (2012). Effect of dietary chicory on boar taint. Meat Science. 91, 396-401. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.01.020