Influence of chicory roots (Cichorium Intybus L) on boar taint in entire male and female pigs

Animal Science

Volumn 82, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 359-368

  Hansen, L L ^a   Mejer, H ^b   Thamsborg, S M ^b   Byrne, D V ^b   Roepstorff, A ^b   Karlsson, A H ^a   Hansen Moller J ^a   Jensen, M T ^a   Tuomola, M ^c  

^a DANISH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Androstenone; Boar taint; Chicory; Inulin; Skatole

Indexed keywords

CICHORIUM INTYBUS; SUS SCROFA;

EID: 33745219824     PISSN: 13577298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/ASC200648     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Agergaard, N., Jensen, B. B., Laue, A. and Jensen, M. T. 1998. Production and absorption of skatole to portal vein blood following tryptophan infusion to the hindgut. In Skatole and boar taint (ed. W. Klinth Jensen), pp. 97-110. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark.
2. Agergaard, N. and Laue, A. 1998. Absorption of skatole to portal vein blood and liver turnover in entire male pigs using an in vivo animal model. In Skatole and boar taint (ed. W. Klinth Jensen), pp. 77-96. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark.
3. Andresen, Ø. 1976. Concentrations of fat and plasma 5α-androstenone and plasma testosterone in boars selected for rate of body weight gain and thickness of back fat during growth, sexual maturation and after mating. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 48: 51-59.
4. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990. Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
5. Babol, J. and Squires, E. J. 1995. Quality of meat from entire male pigs. Food Research International 28: 201-212.
6. Babol, J., Squires, E. J. and Gullett, E. A. 2002. Factors affecting the level of boar taint in entire male pigs as assessed by consumer sensory panel. Meat Science 61: 33-40.
7. Babol, J., Squires, E. J. and Lundström, K. 1999. Relationship between metabolism of androstenone and skatole in intact male pigs. Journal of Animal Science 77: 84-92.
8. Babol, J., Zamaratskaia, G., Juneja, R. K. and Lundstrom, K. 2004. The effect of age on distribution of skatole and indole levels in entire male pigs in four breeds: Yorkshire, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc. Meat Science 67: 351-358.
9. Bach Knudsen, K. E. 1997. Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Animal Feed Science and Technology 67: 319-338.
10. Bais, H. P., Govindaswamy, S. and Ravishankar, G. A. 2000. Enhancement of growth and coumarin production in hairy root cul tures of witloof chicory (Cichorium intybus L.cv. Lucknow local) under the influence of fungal elicitors. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 90: 648-653.
11. Bais, H. P. and Ravishankar, G. A. 2001. Cichorium intybus L-cultivation, processing, utility, value addition and biotechnology, with an emphasis on current status and future prospects. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81: 467-484.
12. Bernal-Barragan, H. (1992) Physiologische und nutritive Einflüsse auf die Bildung von Skatol (3-Methylindol) im Dickdarm von Schweinen. Dissertation Sc. Agr., University of Hohenheim.
13. Boisen, S. and Fernandez, J. A. 1997. Prediction of the total tract digestibility of energy in feedstuffs and pig diets by in vitro analyses. Animal Feed Science and Technology 68: 277-286.
14. Bonneau, M. 1982. Compounds responsible for boar taint, with special emphasis on androstenone: a review. Livestock Production Science 9: 687-707.
15. Bonneau, M., Walstra, P., Claudi-Magnussen, C., Kempster, A. J., Tornberg, E., Fischer, K., Diestre, A., Siret, F., Chevillon, P. and Claus, R. 2000. An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint. IV. Simulation studies on consumer dissatisfaction with entire male pork and the effect of sorting carcasses on the slaughter line, main conclusions and recommendations. Meat Science 54:285-295.
16. Booth, W. D., Williamson, E. D. and Patterson, R. L. S. 1986. 16-androstene steroids in the submaxillary salivary gland of the boar in relation to measures of boar taint in carcasses. Animal Production 42: 145-152.
17. Choi, S. H., Yoo, Y. M., Cha, Y. H., Lee, J. M., Baek, K. S., Kim, W. H. and Hur, S. N. 1998. Effects of chicory feeding on the growth and carcass quality of Korean native goats. Korean Journal of Animal Science 40: 255-260.
18. Claus, R., Weiler, U. and Herzog, A. 1994. Physiological aspects of androstenone and skatole formation in the boar-a review with experimental data. Meat Science 38: 289-305.
19. Danielsen, V., Hansen, L. L., Møller, F., Bejrholm, C. and Nielsen, S. 1999. Production results and sensory meat quality of pigs fed different amounts of concentrate and ad lib. clover grass or clover grass silage. In Ecological animal husbandry in the Nordic countries (ed. J. E. Hermansen, V. Lund and E. Thuen), pp. 79-86, proceedings of NJF-seminar no.303, Horsens, Denmark 16-17 September 1999.
20. Danish Bacon and Meat Council. 2002. [Nutritional requirements.] The National Committee for Pig Production.
21. de-Kraker, J. W., Bouwmeester, H. J., Franssen, M. C. and de Groot, A. 1999. (+)-Germacrene A synthesis in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.); the first step in sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis. Acta Botanica Gallica 146: 111-115.
22. de-Kraker, J. W., Franssen, M. C., Dalm, M. C., de-Groot, A. and Bouwmeester, H. J. 1940. Biosynthesis of germacrene a carboxylic acid in chicory roots. Demonstration of a cytochrome P450 (+)-germacrene a hydroxylase and NADP + -dependent sesquiterpenoid dehydrogenase(s) involved in sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis. Plant Physiology 125: 1930-1940.
23. Gibis, M. 1994. Einfluß der Substanzen Indol und Skatol auf die Schweinefleischqualität. Thesis, Universität Hohenheim.
24. Gibis, M., Hilmes, C. and Fischer, A. 1998. Off-flavour in pork caused by skatole. Fleischwirtschaft 78: 727-730.
25. Godt, J., Kristensen, K., Poulsen, C. S., Juhl, H. J. and Bech, A. C. 1996. A consumer study of Danish entire male pigs. Fleischwirtschaft 76: 518-520.
26. Groth, W. and Claus, R. 1977. Beziehungen zwischen den Konzentrationen von Testosteron und dem Ebergeruchstoff 5α-Androst-16-en-3-on im Blut bzw. Fettgewebe und histometrischen Befunden im Hoden vom Schwein. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin A 24: 103-121.
27. Hansen, L. L., Larsen, A. E., Jensen, B. B. and Hansen-Møller, J. 1997a. Short time effect of zinc bacitracin and heavy fouling with faeces plus urine on boar taint. Animal Science 64: 351-363.
28. Hansen, L. L., Lundström, K., Laue, A., Jensen, M. T., Agergaard, N., Baek, C. A. and Hansen-Møller, J. 1997b. Skatole and androstenone patterns during the growth period from 90 to 120 kg live weight in pigs with high or low skatole levels in back fat at slaughter. In Boar taint in entire male pigs (ed. M. Bonneau, K. Lundström and B. Malmfors), pp. 131-134, EAAP publication no. 92. 1-3 October 1997. Wageningen Pers.
29. Hansen, L. L., Mikkelsen, L. L., Agerhem, H., Laue, A., Jensen, M. T. and Jensen, B. B. 2000b. Effect of fermented liquid food and zinc bacitracin on microbial metabolism in the gut and sensoric profile of m. longissimus dorsi from entire male and female pigs. Animal Science 71: 65-80.
30. Hansen-Møller, J. 1998. Analytical methods for determination of boar taint compounds. In Skatole and boar taint (ed. W. Klinth Jensen), pp. 21-40. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde.
31. Hansen-Møller, J. and Kjeldsen, N. 1998. Introduction to Danish research on boar taint. In Skatole and boar taint (ed. W. Klinth Jensen), pp. 13-20. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark.
32. Jensen, B. B., Agergaard, N., Hansen, L. L., Mikkelsen, L. L., Jensen, M. T. and Laue, A. 1998. Effect of liquid feed on microbial production of skatole in the hind gut, skatole absorption to portal blood and skatole deposition in back fat. In Skatole and boar taint (ed. W. Klinth Jensen), pp. 165-178. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark.
33. Jensen, B. B. and Jensen, M. T. 1998. Microbial production of skatole in the digestive tract of entire male pigs. In Skatole and boar taint (ed. W. Klinth Jensen), pp. 1-9. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark.
34. Jensen, M. T. and Hansen, L. L. 2006. Feeding with chicory roots reduces the amount of odorous compounds in colon and rectal contents of pigs. Animal Science 82: 369-376.
35. Larsson, K. and Bengtsson, S. 1983. [Determination of readily available carbohydrates in plant material.] Chemistry methods report no. 22. National Laboratory Agriculture Chemistry, Uppsala.
36. Landbruksdepartementet. 2002. [Legislation for animal protection.] Lov-2002-04-19-11.
37. Lundström, K., Malmfors, B., Hansson, I., Edqvist, L. -E. and Gahne, B. 1978. 5α-androstenone and testosterone in boars. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research 8: 171-180.
38. Madsen, A., Petersen, J.S. and Soegaard, Aa. 1990. [Anatomic content of the female and castrated male pig fed according to scale or ad libitum and slaughtered at 20, 50, 80 or 110 kg.] Communication no. 769, National Institute of Animal Science DIAS (Denmark).
39. Malmfors, B. and Andresen, Ø. 1975. Relationship between boar taint intensity and concentration of 5α-androst-16-en-3-one in boar peripheral plasma and back fat. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Sect. A 25: 92-95.
40. Marlett, J. A., Hosig, K. B., Vollendorf, N. W., Shinnick, F. L., Haack, V. S. and Story, J. A. 1994. Mechanism of serum cholesterol reduction by oat bran. Hepatology. 20:1450-1457.
41. Matthews, K. R., Homer, D. B., Punter, P., Beague, M. P., Gispert, M., Kempster, A. J., Agerhem, H., Claudi-Magnussen, C., Fischer, K., Siret, F., Leask, H., Font i Furnols, M. and Bonneau, M. 2000. An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint. III. Consumer survey in seven European countries. Meat Science 54:271-283.
42. Mortensen, A. B. and Sørensen, S. E. 1984. Relationship between boar taint and skatole determined with a new analysis method. Proceedings of the 30th European meeting of meat research workers, Bristol, pp. 394-396.
43. Mortensen, H.P., Bejerholm, C., Barton, P. and Pedersen, O.K. 1989. [The influence of breed, energy and protein in the feed on skatole content in female pigs, castrates and entire male pigs.] Work no. 38.124 - SF-Report, 22 February 1989, svin - kødkvalitet. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde.
44. Patterson, R. L. S. 1968. 5-androst-16-en-3-one, compound responsible for taint in boar fat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 19: 31-38.
45. Pedersen, J.K., Mortensen, A.B., Madsen, A., Mortensen, H.P. and Hyldgaard-Jensen, J. 1986. [The effect of feed compounds on boar taint in pork.] Meddelelse no, 638, Danish Institute of Animal Science.
46. Rees, B. and Harborne, B. 1985. The role of sesquiterpene lactones and phenolics in the chemical defence of the chicory plant. Phytochemistry 24: 2225-2231.
47. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 2000. SAS version 8.2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
48. Stoldt, W. 1952. Vorschlag zur Vereinheitlichung der Fettbestimmung in Lebensmitteln. Fette und Seifen 54: 206-207.
49. Takahashi, Y., Kadowaki, K., Tashiro, Y., Takizawa, T. and Kinoshita, T. 1996. Application of fructooligosaccharide to a hemodialysis patient: focused on the change of intestinal bacterial flora. BIFIDUS Flores, Fructus et Semina 9: 141-150.
50. Theander, O., Ȧman, P., Westerlund, E. and Graham, H. 1994. Enzymatic/chemical analysis of dietary fiber. Journal of AOAC International 77: 703-709.
51. Tomasik, P. J. and Tomasik, P. 2003. Probiotics and prebiotics. Cereal Chemistry 80: 113-117.
52. Tungland, B. C. 1998. A natural prebiotic-understanding the metabolic and physiological effects of inulin. The World of Ingredients, pp. 38-41.
53. Tuomola, M., Harpio, R., Knuuttila, P., Mikola, H. and Lövgren, T. 1997. Time-resolved fluroimmunoassay for the measurement of androstenone in porcine serum and fat samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45: 3529-3534.
54. Tuomola, M., Harpio, R., Wirta, E. R. and Lövgren, T. 2002. Monitoring androstenone levels in boars by direct immunochemical analysis of serum samples. Meat Science 61:193-197.
55. Tuomola, M., Vahva, M. and Kallio, H. 1996. High-performance liquid chromatography determination of skatole and indole levels in pig serum, subcutaneous fat, and submaxillary salivary glands. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44:1265-1270.
56. Udesen, F. 1998. Financial consequences of production of entire male pigs. In Skatole and boar taint (ed. W. Klinth Jensen), pp. 195-202. Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark.
57. Weiler, U., Dehnhardt, M., Herbert, E. and Claus, R. 1995. Effects of sex, breed type and finishing weight on the concentrations of androstenone and skatole in fat in pigs. In Schriftenreihe des Bundesministeriums fur Ernahrung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten no. 449, pp. 14-32.
58. Weiler, U., Font i Furnols, M., Fischer, K., Kemmer, H., Oliver, M. A., Gispert, M., Dobrowolski, A. and Claus, R. 2000. Influence of differences in sensitivity of Spanish and German consumers to perceive androstenone on the acceptance of boar meat differing in skatole and androstenone concentrations. Meat Science 54: 297-304.
59. Void, E. 1970. Fleischproduktionseigenschaften bei Ebern und Kastraten. IV. Organoleptische und gaschromatografische Untersuchungen wasserdampfflü chtiger Stoffe des Rückenspeckes von Ebern. In Meldinger fra Norges Landbrukshøgskole 49, pp. 1-25.
60. Zamaratskaia, G., Babol, J., Andersson, H. and Lundström, K. 2004. Plasma skatole and androstenone levels in entire male pigs and relationship between boar taint compounds, sex steroids and thyroxine at various ages. Livestock Production Science 87: 91-98.