Chronobiology of interspecific interactions in a changing world

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 372, Issue 1734, 2017, Pages

  Kronfeld Schor, Noga ^a   Visser, Marcel E ^b   Salis, Lucia ^b   van Gils, Jan A ^c  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY NIOO KNAW   (Netherlands)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Biological rhythms; Global warming; Light pollution; Temporal partitioning; Urbanization

Indexed keywords

ACTIVITY PATTERN; ADAPTATION; ANIMAL COMMUNITY; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; ENVIRONMENTAL CUE; FITNESS; GLOBAL WARMING; INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTION; LIGHT POLLUTION; MIGRATION; PARASITE; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; PREDATOR; REPRODUCTION; URBANIZATION;

ANIMALIA;

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLIMATE CHANGE; ILLUMINATION; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; PHYSIOLOGY; URBANIZATION;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CLIMATE CHANGE; LIFE HISTORY TRAITS; LIGHTING; URBANIZATION;

EID: 85031122902     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0248     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Hut R, Kronfeld-Schor N, van der Vinne V, De la Iglesia H. 2012 In search of a temporal niche: environmental factors. Prog. Brain Res. 199, 281-304. (doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59427-3.00017-4)
2. Kronfeld-Schor N, Dayan T. 2003 Partitioning of time as an ecological resource. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34, 153–181. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132435)
3. Kronfeld-Schor N, Dayan T. 2008 Activity patterns of rodents: the physiological ecology of biological rhythms. Biol. Rhythm Res. 39, 193–211. (doi:10.1080/09291010701683268)
4. Levy O, Dayan T, Porter WP, Kronfeld-Schor N, Mooij WM, Bronstein JL. 2016 Foraging activity pattern is shaped by water loss rates in a diurnal desert rodent. Am. Nat. 188, 205–218. (doi:10.1086/687246)
5. Wikelski M, Hau M. 1995 Is there an endogenous tidal foraging rhythm inmarine iguanas? J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 335–350. (doi:10.1177/074873049501000407)
6. Daan S, Koene P. 1981 On the timing of foraging flights by oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, on tidal mudflats. Neth. J. Sea Res. 15, 1–22. (doi:10.1016/0077-7579(81)90002-8)
7. Buck CL, Barnes BM. 1999 Annual cycle of body composition and hibernation in free-living arctic ground squirrels. J. Mammal. 80, 430–442. (doi:10.2307/1383291)
8. Cotton PA. 2003 Avian migration phenology and global climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 12 219–12 222. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1930548100)
9. Tauber MJ, Tauber CA, Masaki S. 1986 Seasonal adaptations of insects. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
10. Steinlechner S, Stieglitz A, Ruf T, Heldmaier G, Reiter RJ. 1991 Integration of environmental signals by the pineal gland and its significance for seasonality in small mammals. In Role of melatonin and pineal peptides in neuroimmunomodulation. NATO ASI Series A Life Sciences, vol. 204 (eds F Fraschini, RJ Reiter), pp. 159–163. Boston, MA: Springer. (doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3756-4_16)
11. Castillo-Ruiz A, Paul MJ, Schwartz WJ. 2012 In search of a temporal niche: social interactions. Prog. Brain Res. 199, 267–280. (doi:101016/B978-0-444-59427-300016-2)
12. Mistlberger RE, Skene DJ. 2004 Social influences on mammalian circadian rhythms: animal and human studies. Biol. Rev. 79, 533–556. (doi:10.1017/S1464793103006353)
13. Kronfeld-Schor N, Bloch G, Schwartz WJ. 2013 Animal clocks: when science meets nature. Proc. R. Soc. B 280, 20131354. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1354)
14. Helm B, Visser ME, Schwartz W, Kronfeld-Schor N, Gerkema M, Piersma T, Bloch G. 2017 Two sides of a coin: ecological and chronobiological perspectives of timing in the wild. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372, 20160246. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0246)
15. Kronfeld-Schor N, Dominoni D, de la Iglesia H, Levy O, Herzog ED, Dayan T, Helfrich-Forster C. 2013 Chronobiology by moonlight. Proc. R. Soc. B 280, 20123088. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.3088)
16. Daan S et al. 2011 Lab mice in the field: unorthodox daily activity and effects of a dysfunctional circadian clock allele. J. Biol. Rhythms 26, 118–129. (doi:10.1177/0748730410397645)
17. Levy O, Dayan T, Kronfeld-Schor N. 2007 The relationship between the golden spiny mouse circadian system and its diurnal activity: an experimental field enclosures and laboratory study. Chronobiol. Int. 24, 599–613. (doi:10.1080/07420520701534640)
18. Lourens S, Nel JAJ. 1990 Winter activity of bat-eared foxes Otocyon megalotis on the Cape west-coast. S. Afr. J. Zool. 25, 124–132. (doi:10.1080/02541858.1990.11448200)
19. Rowsemitt CN, Petterborg LJ, Claypool LE, Hoppensteadt FC, Negus NC, Berger PJ. 1982 Photoperiodic induction of diurnal locomotoractivity in Microtus montanus, the montane vole. Can. J. Zool. 60, 2798–2803. (doi:10.1139/z82-358)
20. Whitford WG, Depree DJ, Hamilton P, Ettershank G. 1981 Foraging ecology of seed-harvesting ants, Pheidole spp. in a Chihuauan desert ecosystem. Am. Midl. Nat. 105, 159–167. (doi:10.2307/2425021)
21. van der Vinne V, Riede SJ, Gorter JA, Eijer WG, Sellix MT, Menaker M, Daan S, Pilorz V, Hut RA. 2014 Cold and hunger induce diurnality in a nocturnal mammal. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 15 256–15 260. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1413135111)
22. Brancaccio M, Enoki R, Mazuski CN, Jones J, Evans JA, Azzi A. 2014 Network-mediated encoding of circadian time: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) from genes to neurons to circuits, and back. J. Neurosci. 34, 15 192–15 199. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3233-14.2014)
23. Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U. 2010 The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72, 517–549. (doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135821)
24. Paul MJ, Zucker I, Schwartz WJ. 2008 Tracking the seasons: the internal calendars of vertebrates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 341–361. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2143)
25. Helm B, Ben-Schlomo R, Sheriff M, Hut RA, Foster R, Barnes BM, Dominoni DM. 2013 Annual cycles and phenology: biological time-keeping meets environmental change. Proc. R. Soc. B 280, 20130016. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0016)
26. Caro SP, Schaper SV, Hut RA, Ball GF, Visser ME. 2013 The case of the missing mechanism: how does temperature influence seasonal timing in endotherms? PLoS Biol. 11, e1001517. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001517)
27. Kriegsfeld LJ, Ranalli NJ, Bober MA, Nelson RJ. 2000 Photoperiod and temperature interact to affect the GnRH neuronal system of male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). J. Biol. Rhythms 15, 306–316. (doi:10.1177/074873000129001413)
28. Lincoln GA, Clarke IJ, Hut RA, Hazlerigg DG. 2006 Characterizing a mammalian circannual pacemaker. Science 314, 1941–1944. (doi:10.1126/science.1132009)
29. de Miera CS, Hanon EA, Dardente H, Birnie M, Simonneaux V, Lincoln GA, Hazlerigg DG. 2013 Circannual variation in thyroid hormone deiodinases in a short-day breeder. J. Neuroendocrinol. 25, 412–421. (doi:10.1111/jne.12013)
30. de Miera CS, Monecke S, Bartzen-Sprauer J, Laran-Chich M-P, Pevet P, Hazlerigg DG, Simonneaux V. 2014 A circannual clock drives expression of genes central for seasonal reproduction. Curr. Biol. 24, 1500–1506. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.024)
31. Hut RA, Dardente H, Riede SJ. 2014 Seasonal timing: how does a hibernator know when to stop hibernating? Curr. Biol. 24, R602–R605. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.061)
32. Wood SH et al. 2015 Binary switching of calendar cells in the pituitary defines the phase of the circannual cycle in mammals. Curr. Biol. 25, 2651–2662. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.014)
33. Dardente H. 2015 Circannual biology: the double life of the seasonal thyrotroph. Curr. Biol. 25, R988–R991. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.002)
34. Connell JH. 1980 Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past. Oikos 35, 131–138. (doi:10.2307/3544421)
35. Le Saout S, Martin J-L, Blanchard P, Cebe N, Hewison AJM, Rames J-L, Chamaillé-Jammes S, Manser M. 2015 Seeing a ghost? Vigilance and its drivers in a predator-free world. Ethology 121, 651–660. (doi:10.1111/eth.12377)
36. Mooring MS, Hart BL, Fitzpatrick TA, Reisig DD, Nishihira TT, Fraser IC, Benjamin JE. 2006 Grooming in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) and the ghost of parasites past. Behav. Ecol. 17, 364–371. (doi:10.1093/beheco/arj039)
37. Creel S, Winnie Jr JA, Christianson D, Liley S. 2008 Time and space in general models of antipredator response: tests with wolves and elk. Anim. Behav. 76, 1139–1146. (doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.07.006)
38. Gutman R, Dayan T, Levy O, Schubert I, Kronfeld-Schor N, Yamazaki S. 2011 The effect of the lunar cycle on fecal cortisol metabolite levels and foraging ecology of nocturnally and diurnally active spiny mice. PLoS ONE 6, e23446. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023446)
39. Jones M, Dayan T. 2000 Foraging behavior and microhabitat use by spiny mice, Acomys cahirinus and A. russatus, in the presence of Blanford’s fox (Vulpes cana) odor. J. Chem. Ecol. 26, 455–469. (doi:10.1023/A:1005417707588)
40. Jedrzejewska B, Jedrzejewski W. 1990 Antipredatory behaviour of bank voles and prey choice of weasels— enclosure experiments. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 27, 321–328.
41. Fenn MGP, Macdonald DW. 1995 Use of middens by red foxes—risk reverses rhythms of rats. J. Mammol. 76, 130–136. (doi:10.2307/1382321)
42. Hanski I, Henttonen H, Korpimaki E, Oksanen L, Turchin P. 2001 Small-rodent dynamics and predation. Ecology 82, 1505–1520. (doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1505:SRDAP]2.0.CO;2)
43. Lima SL. 1998 Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions. What are the ecological effects of anti-predator decision-making? BioScience 48, 25–34. (doi:10.2307/1313225)
44. Bouskila A. 1995 Interactions between predation risk and competition—a field-study of kangaroo rats and snakes. Ecology 76, 165–178. (doi:10.2307/1940639)
45. Campbell SR, Mackessy SP, Clarke JA. 2008 Microhabitat use by brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis): effects of moonlight and prey. J. Herpetol. 42, 246–250. (doi:10.1670/07-0681.1)
46. Clarke JA. 1983 Moonlight’s influence on predator/prey interactions between short-eared owls (Asio flammeus) and deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 13, 205–209. (doi:10.1007/BF00299924)
47. Zimova M, Mills LS, Lukacs PM, Mitchell MS. 2014 Snowshoe hares display limited phenotypic plasticity to mismatch in seasonal camouflage. Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20140029. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0029)
48. Bilu C, Kronfeld-Schor N. 2013 Effect of circadian phase and melatonin injection on anxiety-like behavior in nocturnal and diurnal rodents. Chronobiol. Int. 30, 828–836. (doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.773439)
49. Lister RG. 1987 The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse. Psychopharmacology 92, 180–185. (doi:10.1007/BF00177912)
50. Pellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M. 1985 Validation of open: closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J. Neurosci. Methods 14, 149–167. (doi:10.1016/0165-0270(85)90031-7)
51. Pellow S, File SE. 1986 Anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects on exploratory activity in an elevated plus-maze: a novel test of anxiety in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 24, 525–529. (doi:10.1016/0091-3057(86)90552-6)
52. Fraker ME. 2008 The influence of the circadian rhythm of green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles on their antipredator behavior and the strength of the nonlethal effects of predators. Am. Nat. 171, 545–552. (doi:10.1086/528961)
53. Sönnichsen L, Bokje M, Marchal J, Hofer H, Jędrzejewska B, Kramer-Schadt S, Ortmann S, Janik V. 2013 Behavioural responses of European roe deerto temporal variation in predation risk. Ethology 119, 233–243. (doi:10.1111/eth.12057)
54. Biggins DE, Hanebury LR, Miller BJ, Powell RA. 2011 Black-footed ferrets and Siberian polecats as ecological surrogates and ecological equivalents. J. Mammol. 92, 710–720. (doi:10.1644/10-MAMM-S-110.1)
55. Biggins DE, Schroeder MH, Forrest SC, Richardson L. 1986 Activity of radio-tagged black-footed ferrets. Great Basin Nat. Mem. 8, 135–140.
56. Vargas A, Anderson SH. 1998 Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) behavioral development: aboveground activity and juvenile play. J. Ethol. 16, 29–41. (doi:10.1007/BF02896351)
57. DeCoursey PJ, Walker JK, Smith SA. 2000 A circadian pacemaker in free-living chipmunks: essential for survival? J. Comp. Physiol. A 186, 169–180. (doi:10.1007/s003590050017)
58. DeCoursey PJ, Krulas JR, Mele G, Holley DC. 1997 Circadian performance of suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)-lesioned antelope ground squirrels in a desert enclosure. Physiol. Behav. 62, 1099–1108. (doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00263-1)
59. Spoelstra K, Wikelski M, Daan S, Loudon AS, Hau M. 2016 Natural selection against a circadian clock gene mutation in mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 686–691. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1516442113)
60. Bissonnette TH, Bailey EE. 1944 Experimental modification and control of molts and changes in coat-color in weasels by controlled lighting. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 45, 221–260. (doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1944.tb47953.x)
61. Kauffman AS, Cabrera A, Zucker I. 2001 Energy intake and fur in summer-and winter-acclimated Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 281, R519–R527.
62. Pellman BA, Kim E, Reilly M, Kashima J, Motch O, de la Iglesia HO, Kim JJ. 2015 Time-specific fear acts as a non-photic entraining stimulus of circadian rhythms in rats. Sci. Rep. 5, 14916. (doi:10.1038/srep14916)
63. Mulder CK, Papantoniou C, Gerkema MP, Van Der Zee EA. 2014 Neither the SCN nor the adrenals are required for circadian time-place learning in mice. Chronobiol. Int. 31, 1075–1092. (doi:10.3109/07420528.2014.944975)
64. Kotler BP, Brown JS, Hasson O. 1991 Factors affecting gerbil foraging behavior and rates of owl predation. Ecology 72, 2249–2260. (doi:10.2307/1941575)
65. Longland WS, Price MV. 1991 Direct observations of owls and heteromyid rodents; can predation risk explain microhabitat use? Ecology 72, 2261–2273. (doi:10.2307/1941576)
66. Daly M, Behrends PR, Wilson MI, Jacobs LF. 1992 Behavioral modulation of predation risk—moonlight avoidance and crepuscular compensation in a nocturnal desert rodent, Dipodomys merriami. Anim. Behav. 44, 1–9. (doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80748-1)
67. Price MV, Waser NM, Bass TA. 1984 Effects of moonlight on microhabitat use by desert rodents. J. Mammol. 65, 353–356. (doi:10.2307/1381183)
68. Theuerkauf J, Jedrzejewski W, Schmidt K, Okarma H, Ruczynski I, Sniezko S, Gula R. 2003 Daily patterns and duration of wolf activity in the Białowiez˙a Forest, Poland. J. Mammol. 84, 243–253. (doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084,0243:DPADOW.2.0.CO;2)
69. Griffin PC, Griffin SC, Waroquiers C, Mills LS. 2005 Mortality by moonlight: predation risk and the snowshoe hare. Behav. Ecol. 16, 938–944. (doi:10.1093/beheco/ari074)
70. Eggermann J, Gula R, Pirga B, Theuerkauf J, Tsunoda H, Brzezowska B, Rouys S, Radler S. 2009 Daily and seasonal variation in wolf activity in the Bieszczady Mountains, SE Poland. Mamm. Biol. 74, 159–163. (doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2008.05.010)
71. Curio E. 1976 The ethology of predation. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
72. Jones M, Mandelik Y, Dayan T. 2001 Coexistence of temporally partitioned spiny mice: roles of habitat structure and foraging behavior. Ecology 82, 2164–2176. (doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082 [2164:COTPSM]2.0.CO;2)
73. Bowers MA. 1988 Seed removal experiments on desert rodents: the microhabitat by moonlight effect. J. Mammal. 69, 201–204. (doi:10.2307/1381778)
74. Vasquez RA. 1994 Assessment of predation risk via illumination level—facultative central place foraging in the cricetid rodent Phyllotis darwini. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 34, 375–381. (doi:10.1007/BF00197008)
75. Topping MG, Millar JS, Goddard JA. 1999 The effects of moonlight on nocturnal activity in bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea). Can. J. Zool. 77, 480–485. (doi:10.1139/z99-006)
76. Gutman R, Dayan T. 2005 Temporal partitioning: an experiment with two species of spiny mice. Ecology 86, 164–173. (doi:10.1890/03-0369)
77. Rotics S, Dayan T, Levy O, Kronfeld-Schor N. 2011 Light masking in the field: an experiment with nocturnal and diurnal spiny mice under seminatural field conditions. Chronobiol. Int. 28, 70–75. (doi:10.3109/07420528.2010.525674)
78. Kronfeld-Schor N, Visser ME, Salis L, van Gils JA. 2017 Chronobiology of interspecific interactions in a changing world. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 372, 20160248. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0248)
79. Eilam D, Dayan T, Ben-Eliyahu S, Schulman I, Shefer G, Hendrie CA. 1999 Differential behavioural and hormonal responses of voles and spiny mice to owl calls. Anim. Behav. 58, 1085–1093. (doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1224)
80. Hendrie CA, Weiss SM, Eilam D. 1996 Exploration and predation models of anxiety: evidence from laboratory and wild species. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 54, 13-20. (doi:10.1016/0091-3057(95)02176-0)
81. Hendrie CA, Weiss SM, Eilam D. 1998 Behavioral response of wild rodents to the calls of an owl: a comparative study. J. Zool. 254, 439–446. (doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00118.x)
82. Mandelik Y, Dayan T, Eilam D. 2000 Foraging activity of Acomys cahirinus under different illumination levels: comparing giving-up densities to direct behavioral observations. Isr. J. Zool. 46, 167–168.
83. Mistlberger RE. 2011 Neurobiology of food anticipatory circadian rhythms. Physiol. Behav. 104, 535–545. (doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.015)
84. Kronfeld-Schor N, Dayan T. 1999 The dietary basis for temporal partitioning: food habits of coexisting Acomys species. Oecologia 121, 123–128. (doi:10.1007/s004420050913)
85. Vonshak M, Dayan T, Kronfeld-Schor N. 2009 Arthropods as a prey resource: patterns of diel, seasonal, and spatial availability. J. Arid Environ. 73, 458–462. (doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.11.013)
86. Gerkema MP, van der Leest F. 1991 Ongoing ultradian activity rhythms in the common vole, Microtus arvalis, during deprivations of food, water and rest. J. Comp. Physiol. A 168, 591–597. (doi:10.1007/BF00215081)
87. Rijnsdorp A, Daan S, Dijkstra C. 1981 Hunting in the kestrel, Falco tinnunculus, and the adaptive significance of daily habits. Oecologia 50, 391–406. (doi:10.1007/BF00344982)
88. Buttner D, Muschen U. 1981 Comparative study on the ultradian rhythm of small rodents. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 88, 148.
89. Palmer JD. 1995 The biological rhythms and clocks of intertidal animals. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
90. Naylor E (ed.) 2010 Chronobiology of marine organisms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
91. Williams BG, Pilditch CA. 1997 The entrainment of persistent tidal rhythmicity in a filter-feeding bivalve using cycles of food availability. J. Biol. Rhythms 12, 173–181. (doi:10.1177/074873049701200208)
92. Reebs SG. 2002 Plasticity of diel and circadian activity rhythms in fishes. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 12, 349–371. (doi:10.1023/A:1025371804611)
93. McNeil R, Drapeau P, Gosscustard JD. 1992 The occurrence and adaptive significance of nocturnal habits in waterfowl. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 67, 381–419. (doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1992.tb01188.x)
94. Blanchet MA, Biuw M, Hofmeyr GJG, de Bruyn PJN, Lydersen C, Kovacs KM. 2013 At-sea behaviour of three krill predators breeding at Bouvetoya— Antarctic fur seals, macaroni penguins and chinstrap penguins. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 477, 285–302. (doi:10.3354/meps10110)
95. Maccarone AD, Hamilton BL. 2014 Diurnal and nocturnal foraging activity by black-crowned night-herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) at an artificial weir. Waterbirds 37, 220–224. (doi:10.1675/063.037.0211)
96. Storch KF, Weitz CJ. 2009 Daily rhythms of foodanticipatory behavioral activity do not require the known circadian clock. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 6808–6813. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0902063106)
97. Lack D. 1954 The natural regulation of animal numbers. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
98. Lack D. 1968 Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. London, UK: Methuen.
99. Gwinner E. 1989 Photoperiod as a modifying and limiting factor in the expression of avian circannual rhythms. J. Biol. Rhythms 4, 125–138. (doi:10.1177/074873048900400210)
100. Schaper SV, Dawson A, Sharp PJ, Gienapp P, Caro SP, Visser ME. 2012 Increasing temperature, not mean temperature, is a cue for avian timing of reproduction. Am. Nat. 179, E55–E69. (doi:10.1086/663675)
101. Visser ME, Holleman LJ, Gienapp P. 2006 Shifts in caterpillar biomass phenology due to climate change and its impact on the breeding biology of an insectivorous bird. Oecologia 147, 164–172. (doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0299-6)
102. Liedvogel M, Szulkin M, Knowles SCL, Wood MJ, Sheldon BC. 2009 Phenotypic correlates of Clock gene variation in a wild blue tit population: evidence for a role in seasonal timing of reproduction. Mol. Ecol. 18, 2444–2456. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04204.x)
103. Zaan R. 1996 The zebra finch: synthesis of field and laboratory studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
104. Hahn TP. 1995 Integration of photoperiodic and food cues to time changes in reproductive physiology by an opportunistic breeder, the red crossbill, Loxia curvirostra (Aves: Carduelinae). J. Exp. Zool. 272, 213–226. (doi:10.1002/jez.1402720306)
105. Armstrong JB, Takimoto G, Schindler DE, Hayes MM, Kauffman MJ. 2016 Resource waves: phenological diversity enhances foraging opportunities for mobile consumers. Ecology 97, 1099–1112. (doi:10.1890/15-0554.1)
106. van Wijk RE, Kölzsch A, Kruckenberg H, Ebbinge BS, Müskens GJ, Nolet BA. 2012 Individually tracked geese follow peaks of temperature acceleration during spring migration. Oikos 121, 655–664. (doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20083.x)
107. Fryxell JM, Wilmshurst JF, Sinclair AR. 2004 Predictive models of movement by Serengeti grazers. Ecology 85, 2429–2435. (doi:10.1890/04-0147)
108. Wikelski M, Martin LB, Scheuerlein A, Robinsoni MT, Robinson ND, Heim B, Hau M, Gwinner E. 2008 Avian circannual clocks: adaptive significance and possible involvement of energy turnover in their proximate control. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 411–423. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2147)
109. Glass GE, Slade NA. 1980 The effect of Sigmodon hispidus on spatial and temporal activity of Microtus ochrogaster: evidence for competition. Ecology 61, 358–370. (doi:10.2307/1935194)
110. Scheibler E, Wollnik F. 2009 Interspecific contact affects phase response and activity in desert hamsters. Physiol. Behav. 98, 288–295. (doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.06.001)
111. Shargal E, Kronfeld-Schor N, Dayan T. 2000 Population biology and spatial relationships of coexisting spiny mice (Acomys) in Israel. J. Mammal. 81, 1046–1052. (doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081,1046:PBASRO.2.0.CO;2)
112. Shkolnik A. 1971 Diurnal activity in a small desert rodent. Int. J. Biometeorol. 15, 115–120. (doi:10.1007/BF01803884)
113. Cohen R, Kronfeld-Schor N. 2006 Individual variability and photic entrainment of circadian rhythms in golden spiny mice. Physiol. Behav. 87, 563–574. (doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.12.010)
114. Cohen R, Smale L, Kronfeld-Schor N. 2009 Plasticity of circadian activity and body temperature rhythms in golden spiny mice. Chronobiol. Int. 26, 430–446. (doi:10.1080/07420520902820939)
115. Gutman R, Yosha D, Choshniak I, Kronfeld-Schor N. 2007 Two strategies for coping with food shortage in desert golden spiny mice. Physiol. Behav. 90, 95–102. (doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.033)
116. Kronfeld-Schor N, Haim A, Dayan T, Zisapel N, Klingenspor M, Heldmaier G. 2000 Seasonal thermogenic acclimation of diurnally and nocturnally active desert spiny mice. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73, 37–44. (doi:10.1086/316718)
117. Kronfeld-Schor N, Dayan T, Jones ME, Kremer I, Mandelik Y, Wollberg M, Yassur Y, Gaton DD. 2001 Retinal structure and foraging microhabitat use of the golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus). J. Mammal. 82, 1016–1025. (doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082,1016:RSAFMU.2.0.CO;2)
118. Cohen R, Smale L, Kronfeld-Schor N. 2010 Masking and temporal niche switches in spiny mice. J. Biol. Rhythms 25, 47–52. (doi:10.1177/0748730409351672)
119. Koskela TK, Reiss GR, Brubaker RF, Ellefson RD. 1989 Is the high concentration of ascorbic acid in the eye an adaptation to intense solar irradiation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30, 2265–2267.
120. Rotics S, Dayan T, Kronfeld-Schor N. 2011 Effect of artificial night lighting on temporally partitioned spiny mice. J. Mammal. 92, 159–168. (doi:10.1644/10-MAMM-A-112.1)
121. Levy O, Dayan T, Kronfeld-Schor N, Porter WP. 2012 Biophysical modeling of the temporal niche: from first principles to the evolution of activity patterns. Am. Nat. 179, 794–804. (doi:10.1086/665645)
122. Hawking F. 1975 Circadian and other rhythms of parasites. Adv. Parasitol. 13, 123–182. (doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60320-6)
123. Graf J-F, Mermod C, Aeschlimann A. 1978 Ecologie et ethologie d’Ixodes ricinus en Suisse (Ixododeia; Ixodidae). Sixieme note: les rythmes de detachement chez Ixodes ricinus et leurs implications ecologiques. [Ecology and ethology of Ixodes ricinus in Switzerland (Ixododeia, Ixodidae). Sixth note: the rates of detachment in Ixodes ricinus and their ecological implications]. Acarologia 20, 327-337 (in French with English abstract).
124. Mather TN, Spielman A. 1986 Diurnal detachment of immature deer ticks (Ixodes dammini) from nocturnal hosts. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 35, 182–186. (doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.182)
125. Heylen D, Matthysen E. 2010 Contrasting detachment strategies in two congeneric ticks (Ixodidae) parasitizing the same songbird. Parasitology 137, 661–667. (doi:10.1017/S0031182009991582)
126. Matuschka F-R, Richter D, Spielman A. 1991 Differential detachment from resting hosts of replete larval and nymphal Ixodes ticks. J. Parasitol. 77, 341–345. (doi:10.2307/3283116)
127. Meireles-Filho ACA, Kyriacou CP. 2013 Circadian rhythms in insect disease vectors. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 108, 48–58. (doi:10.1590/0074-0276130438)
128. Lorenzo MG, Lazzari CR. 1998 Activity pattern in relation to refuge exploitation and feeding in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Acta Trop. 70, 163–170. (doi:10.1016/S0001-706X(98)00025-4)
129. Feliciangeli M. 2004 Natural breeding places of phlebotomine sandflies. Med. Vet. Entomol. 18, 71–80. (doi:10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.0487.x)
130. Meireles-Filho AC, da S. Rivas GB, Gesto JS, Machado RC, Britto C, de Souza NA, Peixoto AA. 2006 The biological clock of an hematophagous insect: locomotor activity rhythms, circadian expression and downregulation after a blood meal. FEBS Lett. 580, 2–8. (doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.11.031)
131. Martinez-Bakker M, Helm B. 2015 The influence of biological rhythms on host–parasite interactions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 314–326. (doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.012)
132. Yohannes M, Boelee E. 2012 Early biting rhythm in the afro-tropical vector of malaria, Anopheles arabiensis, and challenges for its control in Ethiopia. Med. Vet. Entomol. 26, 103–105. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00955.x)
133. Balmert NJ, Rund SS, Ghazi JP, Zhou P, Duffield GE. 2014 Time-of-day specific changes in metabolic detoxification and insecticide resistance in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. J. Insect. Physiol. 64, 30–39. (doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.02.013)
134. Jones M, Gubbins S, Cubbin C. 1974 Circadian flight activity in four sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 64, 241–246. (doi:10.1017/S0007485300031126)
135. Jones M, Cubbin C, Marsh D. 1972 The circadian rhythm of flight activity of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae: the light-response rhythm. J. Exp. Biol. 57, 337–346.
136. Jones M, Gubbins S. 1978 Changes in the circadian flight activity of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae in relation to insemination, feeding and oviposition. Physiol. Entomol. 3, 213–220. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1978.tb00151.x)
137. Rund SS, Lee SJ, Bush BR, Duffield GE. 2012 Strainand sex-specific differences in daily flight activity and the circadian clock of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. J. Insect. Physiol. 58, 1609–1619. (doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.09.016)
138. Rund SS, Hou TY, Ward SM, Collins FH, Duffield GE. 2011 Genome-wide profiling of diel and circadian gene expression in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, E421-E430. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1100584108)
139. Leming MT, Rund SS, Behura SK, Duffield GE, O’Tousa JE. 2014 A database of circadian and diel rhythmic gene expression in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. BMC Genomics 15, 1128. (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1128)
140. Rund SS, O’Donnell AJ, Gentile JE, Reece SE. 2016 Daily rhythms in mosquitoes and their consequences for malaria transmission. Insects 7, 14. (doi:10.3390/insects7020014)
141. O’Donnell AJ, Schneider P, McWatters HG, Reece SE. 2011 Fitness costs of disrupting circadian rhythms in malaria parasites. Proc. R. Soc. B 278, 2429–2436. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2457)
142. Altizer S, Bartel R, Han BA. 2011 Animal migration and infectious disease risk. Science 331, 296–302. (doi:10.1126/science.1194694)
143. Altizer SM, Oberhauser KS, Brower LP. 2000 Associations between host migration and theprevalence of a protozoan parasite in natural populations of adult monarch butterflies. Ecol. Entomol. 25, 125–139. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.2000.00246.x)
144. Bradley CA, Altizer S. 2005 Parasites hinder monarch butterfly flight: implications for disease spread in migratory hosts. Ecol. Lett. 8, 290–300. (doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00722.x)
145. Hoffmann AA, Sgro CM. 2011 Climate change and evolutionary adaptation. Nature 470, 479–485. (doi:10.1038/nature09670)
146. Parmesan C. 2006 Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37, 637–669. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100)
147. Visser ME. 2008 Keeping up with a warming world; assessing the rate of adaptation to climate change. Proc. R. Soc. B 275, 649–659. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0997)
148. van Asch M, Salis L, Holleman LJ, van Lith B, Visser ME. 2013 Evolutionary response of the egg hatching date of a herbivorous insect under climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 244–248. (doi:10.1038/nclimate1717)
149. Gienapp P, Reed TE, Visser ME. 2014 Why climate change will invariably alter selection pressures on phenology. Proc. R. Soc. B. 281, 20141611. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1611)
150. Reed TE, Grotan V, Jenouvrier S, Saether BE, Visser ME. 2013 Population growth in a wild bird is buffered against phenological mismatch. Science 340, 488–491. (doi:10.1126/science.1232870)
151. Thackeray SJ et al. 2016 Phenological sensitivity to climate across taxa and trophic levels. Nature 535, 241–245. (doi:10.1038/nature18608)
152. Post E, Forchhammer MC. 2008 Climate change reduces reproductive success of an Arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 363, 2367–2373. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2207)
153. Plard F, Gaillard J-M, Coulson T, Hewison AM, Delorme D, Warnant C, Bonenfant C, Mace GM. 2014 Mismatch between birth date and vegetation phenology slows the demography of roe deer. PLoS Biol. 12, e1001828. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001828)
154. Visser M, Van Noordwijk A, Tinbergen J, Lessells C. 1998 Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 1867–1870. (doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0514)
155. van Asch M, Visser ME. 2007 Phenology of forest caterpillars and their host trees: the importance of synchrony. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52, 37–55. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091418)
156. Visser ME, Holleman LJ. 2001 Warmer springs disrupt the synchrony of oak and winter moth phenology. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 289–294. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1363)
157. Olson JM, Jinka TR, Larson LK, Danielson JJ, Moore JT, Carpluck J, Drew KL. 2013 Circannual rhythm in body temperature, torpor, and sensitivity to A(1) adenosine receptor agonist in Arctic ground squirrels. J. Biol. Rhythms 28, 201–207. (doi:10.1177/0748730413490667)
158. Sheriff MJ, Richter MM, Buck CL, Barnes BM. 2013 Changing seasonality and phenological responses of free-living male arctic ground squirrels: the importance of sex. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 368, 20120480. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0480)
159. Lane JE, Kruuk LEB, Charmantier A, Murie JO, Dobson FS. 2012 Delayed phenology and reduced fitness associated with climate change in a wild hibernator. Nature 489, 554–557. (doi:10.1038/nature11335)
160. Kudo G, Nishikawa Y, Kasagi T, Kosuge S. 2004 Does seed production of spring ephemerals decrease when spring comes early? Ecol. Res. 19, 255–259. (doi:10.1111/j.1440-1703.2003.00630.x)
161. Robbirt KM, Roberts DL, Hutchings MJ, Davy AJ. 2014 Potential disruption of pollination in a sexually deceptive orchid by climatic change. Curr. Biol. 24, 2845–2849. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.033)
162. Marcogliese DJ. 2001 Implications of climate change for parasitism of animals in the aquatic environment. Can. J. Zool. 79, 1331–1352. (doi:10.1139/z01-067)
163. Lafferty KD. 2009 The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases. Ecology 90, 888–900. (doi:10.1890/08-0079.1)
164. Barber I, Berkhout BW, Ismail Z. 2016 Thermal change and the dynamics of multi-host parasite life cycles in aquatic ecosystems. Integr. Comp. Biol. 56, 561–572. (doi:10.1093/icb/icw025)
165. Le Lann C, Visser B, Mériaux M, Moiroux J, Van Baaren J, van Alphen JJ, Ellers J. 2014 Rising temperature reduces divergence in resource use strategies in coexisting parasitoid species. Oecologia 174, 967–977. (doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2810-9)
166. Sorribas J, Rodríguez R, Garcia-Mari F. 2010 Parasitoid competitive displacement and coexistence in citrus agroecosystems: linking species distribution with climate. Ecol. Appl. 20, 1101–1113. (doi:10.1890/09-1662.1)
167. Lv S, Zhou X-N, Zhang Y, Liu H-X, Zhu D, Yin W-G, Wang X-H, Jia T-W. 2006 The effect of temperature on the development of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen 1935) in Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1822). Parasitol. Res. 99, 583–587. (doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0198-8)
168. Tokeson JP, Holmes JC. 1982 The effects of temperature and oxygen on the development of Polymorphus marilis (Acanthocephala) in Gammarus lacustris (Amphipoda). J. Parasitol. 68, 112–119. (doi:10.2307/3281332)
169. Oberhauser K, Peterson AT. 2003 Modeling current and future potential wintering distributions of eastern North American monarch butterflies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 14 063–14 068. (doi:10.1073/pnas.2331584100)
170. Brower LP, Kust DR, Rendon-Salinas E, Serrano EG, Kust KR, Miller J, Fernández del Rey C, Pape K. 2004 Catastrophic winter storm mortality of monarch butterflies in Mexico during January 2002. In The monarch butterfly: biology and conservation (eds K Oberhauser, MJ Solensky), pp. 151–166. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
171. Brower LP, Castilleja G, Peralta A, Lopez-Garcia J, Bojorquez-Tapia L, Diaz S, Melgarejo D, Missrie M. 2002 Quantitative changes in forest quality in a principal overwintering area of the monarch butterfly in Mexico, 1971–1999. Conserv. Biol. 16, 346–359. (doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00572.x)
172. Brower LP, Malcolm SB. 1991 Animal migrations: endangered phenomena. Am. Zool. 31, 265–276. (doi:10.1093/icb/31.1.265)
173. Satterfield DA, Maerz JC, Altizer S. 2015 Loss of migratory behaviour increases infection risk for a butterfly host. Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 20141734. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.1734)
174. Dunlap JC. 1996 Genetic and molecular analysis of circadian rhythms. Annu. Rev. Genet. 30, 579–601. (doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.30.1.579)
175. Larkin JE, Jones J, Zucker I. 2002 Temperature dependence of gonadal regression in Syrian hamsters exposed to short day lengths. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 282, R744–RR52. (doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00299.2001)
176. Gienapp P, Hemerik L, Visser ME. 2005 A new statistical tool to predict phenology under climate change scenarios. Glob. Change Biol. 11, 600–606. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00925.x)
177. Santos CD, Miranda AC, Granadeiro JP, Lourenc，o PM, Saraiva S, Palmeirim JM. 2010 Effects of artificial illumination on the nocturnal foraging of waders. Acta Oecol. 36, 166–172. (doi:10.1016/j.actao.2009.11.008)
178. Dwyer RG, Bearhop S, Campbell HA, Bryant DM. 2013 Shedding light on light: benefits of anthropogenic illumination to a nocturnally foraging shorebird. J. Anim. Ecol. 82, 478–485. (doi: 101111/1365-265612012)
179. Mandelik Y, Jones M, Dayan T. 2003 Structurally complex habitat and sensory adaptations mediate the behavioural responses of a desert rodent to an indirect cue for increased predation risk. Evol. Ecol. Res. 5, 501–515.
180. Moore MV, Pierce SM, Walsh HM, Kvalvik SK, Lim JD. 2001 Urban light pollution alters the diel vertical migration of Daphnia. Int. Verein. Theor. Ang. Limnol. Verhand. 27, 779–782.
181. Macgregor CJ, Pocock MJ, Fox R, Evans DM. 2015 Pollination by nocturnal Lepidoptera, and the effects of light pollution: a review. Ecol. Entomol. 40, 187–198. (doi:10.1111/een.12174)
182. Knop E, Zoller L, Ryser R, Gerpe C, Hörler M, Fontaine C. 2017 Artificial light at night as a new threat to pollination. Nature 548, 206–209. (doi:10.1038/nature23288)
183. de Jong M, Ouyang JQ, Da Silva A, van Grunsven RH, Kempenaers B, Visser ME, Spoelstra K. 2015 Effects of nocturnal illumination on life-history decisions and fitness in two wild songbird species. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370, 20140128. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0128)
184. ffrench-Constant RH, Somers-Yeates R, Bennie J, Economou T, Hodgson D, Spalding A, McGregor PK. 2016 Light pollution is associated with earlier tree budburst across the United Kingdom. Proc. R. Soc. B 283, 20160813. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0813)
185. Lewis JS, Bailey LL, VandeWoude S, Crooks KR. 2015 Interspecific interactions between wild felids vary across scales and levels of urbanization. Ecol. Evol. 5, 5946–5961. (doi:10.1002/ece3.1812)