Assessing the social context of wildfire-affected areas. The case of mainland Portugal

Applied Geography

Volumn 88, Issue , 2017, Pages 104-117

  Oliveira, Sandra ^a   Zêzere, José Luís ^a   Queirós, Margarida ^a   Pereira, José Miguel ^b  

^a INSTITUTO DE GEOGRAFIA E ORDENAMENTO DO TERRITÓRIO   (Portugal)

^b INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE AGRONOMIA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Cluster analysis; Coping capacity; Portugal; Random forest; Social context; Wildfire impacts

Indexed keywords

ASSESSMENT METHOD; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COPING STRATEGY; DEMOGRAPHY; MACHINE LEARNING; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; WILDFIRE;

PORTUGAL;

CAPRA HIRCUS; OVIS ARIES;

EID: 85029701079     PISSN: 01436228     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.09.004     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Acock, A.C., Stavig, G.R., A measure of association for nonparametric statistics. Social Forces 57:4 (1979), 1381–1386.
2. Ager, A.A., Preisler, H.K., Arca, B., Spano, D., Salis, M., Wildfire risk estimation in the Mediterranean area. Environmetrics 25:6 (2014), 384–396, 10.1002/env.2269.
3. Alcasena, F.J., Salis, M., Ager, A.A., Arca, B., Molina, D., Spano, D., Assessing landscape scale wildfire exposure for highly valued resources in a mediterranean area. Environmental Management 55:5 (2015), 1200–1216, 10.1007/s00267-015-0448-6.
4. Aldersley, A., Murray, S.J., Cornell, S.E., Global and regional analysis of climate and human drivers of wildfire. The Science of the Total Environment 409:18 (2011), 3472–3481, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.032.
5. Almeida, A.M., Moura, P.V., The relationship of forest fires to agro-forestry and socio-economic parameters in Portugal. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2:1 (1992), 37–40.
6. Archibald, S., Lehmann, C.E.R., Gómez-Dans, J.L., Bradstock, R.A., Defining pyromes and global syndromes of fire regimes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110:16 (2013), 6445–6447, 10.1073/pnas.1211466110/-/DCSupplemental www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1211466110.
7. Archibald, S., Roy, D.P., van Wilgen, B.W., Scholes, R.J., What limits fire? An examination of drivers of burnt area in Southern Africa. Global Change Biology 15:3 (2009), 613–630, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01754.x.
8. Aretano, R., Semeraro, T., Petrosillo, I., De Marco, A., Pasimeni, M.R., Zurlini, G., Mapping ecological vulnerability to fire for effective conservation management of natural protected areas. Ecological Modelling 295 (2015), 163–175, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.09.017.
9. Bandeira, M.L., Azevedo, A.B., Gomes, C.S., Tomé, L.P., Mendes, M.F., Baptista, M.I., et al. Dinâmicas demográficas e envelhecimento da população portuguesa (1950-2011): Evolução e perspectivas. Estudos da Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos, 2014 Lisbon.
10. Bihari, M., Ryan, R., Influence of social capital on community preparedness for wildfires. Landscape and Urban Planning 106:3 (2012), 253–261, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.03.011.
11. Birkmann, J., Cardona, O.D., Carreño, M.L., Barbat, A.H., Pelling, M., Schneiderbauer, S., et al. Framing vulnerability, risk and societal responses: The MOVE framework. Natural Hazards 67:2 (2013), 193–211, 10.1007/s11069-013-0558-5.
12. Bistinas, I., Oom, D., Sá, A.C.L., Harrison, S.P., Prentice, I.C., Pereira, J.M.C., Relationships between human population density and burned area at continental and global scales. PLoS One, 8(12), 2013, e81188, 10.1371/journal.pone.0081188.
13. Bowman, D.M.J.S., Balch, J.K., Artaxo, P., Bond, W.J., Carlson, J.M., Cochrane, M.A., et al. Fire in the earth system. Science 324:5926 (2009), 481–484, 10.1126/science.1163886.
14. Bowman, D.M.J.S., Perry, G.L.W., Higgins, S.I., Johnson, C.N., Fuhlendorf, S.D., Murphy, B.P., Pyrodiversity is the coupling of biodiversity and fire regimes in food webs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences, 371, 2016, 10.1098/rstb.2015.0169 20150169.
15. Breiman, L., Random forests. Machine Learning 45:1 (2001), 5–32 Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/index/U0P06167N6173512.pdf.
16. Breiman, L., Cutler, A., Package “ randomForest.”. 2012.
17. Brenkert–Smith, H., Champ, P.A., Flores, N., Insights into wildfire mitigation decisions among wildland–urban interface residents. Society & Natural Resources 19:8 (2006), 759–768, 10.1080/08941920600801207.
18. Bright, A.D., Burtz, R.T., Firewise activities of full-time versus seasonal residents in the wildland-urban interface. Journal of Forestry 104:6 (2006), 307–315.
19. Buttrey, S.E., Whitaker, L.R., treeClust: An R package for tree-based clustering dissimilarities. The R Journal 7:2 (2015), 227–236 Retrieved from http://journal.r-project.org/archive/2015-2/buttrey-whitaker.pdf.
20. Calkin, D.E., Cohen, J.D., Finney, M. a, Thompson, M.P., How risk management can prevent future wildfire disasters in the wildland-urban interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111:2 (2014), 746–751, 10.1073/pnas.1315088111.
21. Calviño-Cancela, M., Chas-Amil, M.L., García-Martínez, E.D., Touza, J., Wildfire risk associated with different vegetation types within and outside wildland-urban interfaces. Forest Ecology and Management 372 (2016), 1–9, 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.04.002.
22. Carmo, M., Moreira, F., Casimiro, P., Vaz, P., Land use and topography influences on wildfire occurrence in northern Portugal. Landscape and Urban Planning 100:1–2 (2011), 169–176, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.11.017.
23. Carroll, M.S., Paveglio, T.B., Using community archetypes to better understand differential community adaptation to wildfire risk. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 371(1696), 2016, 10.1098/rstb.2015.0344.
24. Catry, F.X., Rego, F.C., Bação, F.L., Moreira, F., Modeling and mapping wildfire ignition risk in Portugal. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18:8 (2009), 921–931, 10.1071/WF07123.
25. Catry, F.X., Rego, F.C., Silva, J.S., Moreira, F., Camia, A., Ricotta, C., et al. Fire starts and human activities. Towards integrated fire management outcomes of the European project fire paradox, 2010, 9–21 Retrieved from http://frames.nkn.uidaho.edu/documents/rocky_mountain/srme/silva_rego_fernandes_rigolot_2010.pdf#page=21.
26. Chas-Amil, M.L., Prestemon, J.P., McClean, C.J., Touza, J., Human-ignited wildfire patterns and responses to policy shifts. Applied Geography 56 (2015), 164–176, 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.11.025.
27. Chas-Amil, M.L., Touza, J., García-Martínez, E., Forest fires in the wildland–urban interface: A spatial analysis of forest fragmentation and human impacts. Applied Geography 43 (2013), 127–137, 10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.06.010.
28. Chergui, B., Fahd, S., Santos, X., Pausas, J.G., Socioeconomic factors drive fire-regime variability in the mediterranean basin. Ecosystems, 2017, 1–10, 10.1007/s10021-017-0172-6.
29. Chuvieco, E., Aguado, I., Yebra, M., Nieto, H., Salas, P.J., Martín, M.P., et al. Development of a framework for fire risk assessment using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies. Ecological Modelling 221:1 (2010), 46–58, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.11.017.
30. Chuvieco, E., Martínez, S., Román, M.V., Hantson, S., Pettinari, M.L., Integration of ecological and socio-economic factors to assess global vulnerability to wildfire. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23:2 (2014), 245–258, 10.1111/geb.12095.
31. Costa, L., Thonicke, K., Poulter, B., Badeck, F., Sensitivity of Portuguese forest fires to climatic, human, and landscape variables: Subnational differences between fire drivers in extreme fire years and decadal averages. Regional Environmental Change 11:3 (2011), 543–551, 10.1007/s10113-010-0169-6.
32. Cottrell, A., Communities and bushfire hazard in Australia: More questions than answers. Environmental Hazards 6:2 (2005), 109–114, 10.1016/j.hazards.2005.10.002.
33. Cutter, S.L., A ciência da vulnerabilidade: Modelos, métodos e indicadores. Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais 93 (2011), 59–69.
34. Cutter, S.L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., et al. A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change 18:4 (2008), 598–606, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013.
35. Cutter, S.L., Boruff, B.J., Shirley, W.L., Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly 84:2 (2003), 242–261, 10.1111/1540-6237.8402002.
36. Cutter, S.L., Finch, C., Temporal and spatial changes in social vulnerability to natural hazards. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:7 (2008), 2301–2306, 10.1073/pnas.0710375105.
37. Duguy, B., Alloza, J.A., Baeza, M.J., De la Riva, J., Echeverría, M., Ibarra, P., et al. Modelling the ecological vulnerability to forest fires in mediterranean ecosystems using geographic information technologies. Environmental Management 50:6 (2012), 1012–1026, 10.1007/s00267-012-9933-3.
38. Eriksen, C., Prior, T., Defining the importance of mental preparedness for risk communication and residents well-prepared for wildfire. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 6 (2013), 87–97, 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.09.006.
39. Faivre, N.R., Jin, Y., Goulden, M.L., Randerson, J.T., Spatial patterns and controls on burned area for two contrasting fire regimes in Southern California. Ecosphere 7:5 (2016), 1–25.
40. Fernandes, P.M., On the socioeconomic drivers of municipal-level fire incidence in Portugal. Forest Policy and Economics 62 (2016), 187–188, 10.1016/j.forpol.2015.07.010.
41. Fernandes, P.M., Loureiro, C., Guiomar, N., Pezzatti, G.B., Manso, F.T., Lopes, L., The dynamics and drivers of fuel and fire in the Portuguese public forest. Journal of Environmental Management 146 (2014), 373–382, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.049.
42. Finney, M.A., The challenge of quantitative risk analysis for wildland fire. Forest Ecology and Management 211:1–2 (2005), 97–108, 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.010.
43. Gaither, C.J., Poudyal, N.C., Goodrick, S., Bowker, J.M., Malone, S., Gan, J., Wildland fire risk and social vulnerability in the Southeastern United States: An exploratory spatial data analysis approach. Forest Policy and Economics 13:1 (2011), 24–36, 10.1016/j.forpol.2010.07.009.
44. Ganteaume, A., Camia, A., Jappiot, M., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Long-Fournel, M., Lampin, C., A review of the main driving factors of forest fire ignition over Europe. Environmental Management 51:3 (2013), 651–662, 10.1007/s00267-012-9961-z.
45. Gaspar, J., Simões, J.M., Planeamento e Desenvolvimento. Geografia de Portugal. Vol. 4, Planeamento e Ordenamento do Território, 2006, 167–257 Círculo de Leitores.
46. Genuer, R., Poggi, J.-M., Tuleau-Malot, C., Variable selection using random forests. Pattern Recognition Letters 31:14 (2010), 2225–2236, 10.1016/j.patrec.2010.03.014.
47. Genuer, R., Poggi, J.-M., Tuleau-Malot, C., VSURF: An R package for variable selection using random forests. The R Journal 7:2 (2015), 19–33.
48. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Multivariate data analysis. 6th ed., 2006, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
49. Hantson, S., Pueyo, S., Chuvieco, E., Global fire size distribution is driven by human impact and climate. Global Ecology and Biogeography 24:1 (2015), 77–86, 10.1111/geb.12246.
50. Ibarra, P., Alloza, J.A., Pérez-Cabello, F., De la Riva, J., Baeza, M.J., Echeverría, M.T., et al. Ecological vulnerability to forest fires: An evaluation model. Wildfire 2007, 2007, 1–12 Sevilla, Spain.
51. ICNF, Análise das causas dos incêndios florestais 2003-2013. 2014 Accessed at http://www.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/dfci/.
52. ICNF, Instituto de Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, Inventário Florestal Nacional (IFN) 6 – Áreas dos usos do solo e das espécies florestais de Portugal continental. Resultados preliminares. [pdf]. 34 pp, 2013, Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, Lisboa.
53. ICNF, Instituto de Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, National mapping burnt areas (NMBA). 2016 Portugal. Accessed at http://www.icnf.pt/portal/florestas/dfci/inc.
54. INE, Censos 2011-resultados definitivos. 2012, Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P., Portugal Lisboa.
55. INE, Estimativas Anuais da População Residente. (1) Série Estimativas Provisórias Anuais da População Residente. 2015 Accessed at https://www.ine.pt.
56. INE, Estatísticas Agrícolas 2014. 2015, Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P., Lisboa.
57. IPMA, Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Climate normals. 2016 Accessed at https://www.ipma.pt/en/oclima/normais.clima/.
58. Koutsias, N., Martínez-Fernández, J., Allgöwer, B., Do factors causing wildfires vary in space? Evidence from geographically weighted regression. GIScience and Remote Sensing 47:2 (2010), 221–240.
59. Lampin-Maillet, C., Mantzavelas, A., Galiana, L., Jappiot, M., Long, M., Herrero, G., et al. Wildland urban interfaces, fire behaviour and vulnerability: Characterization, mapping and assessment. Towards integrated fire management: Outcomes of the European project fire paradox, 2010, European Forest Institute, 71–92.
60. Lavorel, S., Flannigan, M.D., Lambin, E.F., Scholes, M.C., Vulnerability of land systems to fire: Interactions among humans, climate, the atmosphere, and ecosystems. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 12:1 (2007), 33–53, 10.1007/s11027-006-9046-5.
61. Leone, V., Koutsias, N., Martínez, J., Vega-García, C., Allgöwer, B., Lovreglio, R., The human factor in fire danger assessment. Wildland fire danger estimation and mapping, Vol. 4, 2003, World Scientific, 143–196, 10.1142/9789812791177_0006.
62. Lovreglio, R., Leone, V., Giaquinto, P., Notarnicola, A., Wildfire cause analysis: Four case-studies in southern Italy. IForest 3 (2010), 8–15, 10.3832/ifor0521-003 (January).
63. Marques, T. M. V. de Sá, Dinâmicas Territoriais: Portugal na transição do século (XX/XXI). 2002, Universidade do Porto.
64. Marques, S., Borges, J.G., Garcia-Gonzalo, J., Moreira, F., Carreiras, J.M.B., Oliveira, M.M., et al. Characterization of wildfires in Portugal. European Journal of Forest Research 130:5 (2011), 775–784 Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/index/2L63552Q52054P76.pdf.
65. Martínez, J., Vega-García, C., Chuvieco, E., Human-caused wildfire risk rating for prevention planning in Spain. Journal of Environmental Management 90:2 (2009), 1241–1252.
66. McCaffrey, S.M., Stidham, M., Toman, E., Shindler, B., Outreach programs, peer pressure, and common sense: What motivates homeowners to mitigate wildfire risk?. Environmental Management 48:3 (2011), 475–488, 10.1007/s00267-011-9704-6.
67. Mccaffrey, S., Toman, E., Stidham, M., Shindler, B., Social science research related to wildfire management: An overview of recent findings and future research needs. International Journal of Wildland Fire 22:1 (2013), 15–24.
68. McGee, T.K., Public engagement in neighbourhood level wildfire mitigation and preparedness: Case studies from Canada, the US and Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 92:10 (2011), 2524–2532, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.05.017.
69. Moreira, F., Rego, F.C., Ferreira, P.G., Temporal (1958–1995) pattern of change in a cultural landscape of northwestern Portugal: Implications for fire occurrence. Landscape Ecology 16:6 (2001), 557–567 Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/index/P0758626629P4G56.pdf.
70. Moreira, F., Vaz, P., Catry, F.X., Silva, J.S., Regional variations in wildfire susceptibility of land-cover types in Portugal: Implications for landscape management to minimize fire hazard. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18:5 (2009), 563–574 Retrieved from http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/WF07098.
71. Moreira, F., Viedma, O., Arianoutsou, M., Curt, T., Koutsias, N., Rigolot, E., et al. Landscape–wildfire interactions in southern Europe: Implications for landscape management. Journal of Environmental Management 92:10 (2011), 2389–2402, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.028.
72. Moritz, M. a., Batllori, E., Bradstock, R. a., Gill, a. M., Handmer, J., Hessburg, P.F., et al. Learning to coexist with wildfire. Nature 515:7525 (2014), 58–66, 10.1038/nature13946.
73. Mourão, P.R., Martinho, V.D., The choices of the fire - debating socioeconomic determinants of the fires observed at Portuguese municipalities. Forest Policy and Economics 43 (2014), 29–40, 10.1016/j.forpol.2014.01.007.
74. Nunes, A., Regional variability and driving forces behind forest fires in Portugal an overview of the last three decades (1980–2009). Applied Geography 34 (2012), 576–586, 10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.03.002.
75. Nunes, A., Lourenço, L., Castro Meira, A.C., Exploring spatial patterns and drivers of forest fires in Portugal (1980 – 2014). Science of the Total Environment 573 (2016), 1190–1202, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.121.
76. Oliveira, S., Lourenço, L., Vieira, A., Nunes, A., Bento-Gonçalves, A., A utilização de dados de satélite no apoio à prevenção e à recuperação pós-incêndios. O exemplo do Prefer na Europa Mediterrânea. Grandes Incêndios Florestais, Erosão, Degradação e Medidas de Recuperação dos Solos, 2013, 121–130.
77. Oliveira, S., Oehler, F., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Camia, A., Pereira, J.M.C., Modeling spatial patterns of fire occurrence in mediterranean Europe using multiple regression and random forest. Forest Ecology and Management 275 (2012), 117–129, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.03.003.
78. Oliveira, S., Pereira, J.M.C., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Lourenço, L., Exploring the spatial patterns of fire density in southern Europe using geographically weighted regression. Applied Geography 51 (2014), 143–157, 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.04.002.
79. Ortega, M., Saura, S., González-Avila, S., Gómez-Sanz, V., Elena-Rosselló, R., Landscape vulnerability to wildfires at the forest-agriculture interface: Half-century patterns in Spain assessed through the SISPARES monitoring framework. Agroforestry Systems 85:3 (2012), 331–349, 10.1007/s10457-011-9423-2.
80. Parente, J., Pereira, M.G., Tonini, M., Space-time clustering analysis of wildfires: The influence of dataset characteristics, fire prevention policy decisions, weather and climate. Science of The Total Environment 559 (2016), 151–165, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.129.
81. Pausas, J.G., Keeley, J.E., A burning story: The role of fire in the history of life. BioScience 59:7 (2009), 593–601.
82. Pausas, J.G., Ribeiro, E., The global fire-productivity relationship. Global Ecology and Biogeography 22:6 (2013), 728–736, 10.1111/geb.12043.
83. Paveglio, T.B., Abrams, J., Ellison, A., Developing fire adapted Communities: The importance of interactions among elements of local context. Society & Natural Resources 29:10 (2016), 1–16, 10.1080/08941920.2015.1132351.
84. Paveglio, T.B., Carroll, M.S., Jakes, P.J., Prato, T., Exploring the social characteristics of adaptive capacity for Wildfire: Insights from flathead county, Montana. Research in Human Ecology 19:2 (2012), 110–124.
85. Paveglio, T.B., Jakes, P.J., Carroll, M.S., Williams, D.R., Understanding social complexity within the wildland-urban interface: A new species of human habitation?. Environmental Management 43:6 (2009), 1085–1095, 10.1007/s00267-009-9282-z.
86. Paveglio, T.B., Moseley, C., Carroll, M.S., Williams, D.R., Davis, E.J., Fischer, A.P., Categorizing the social context of the wildland urban interface: Adaptive capacity for wildfire and community “Archetypes.”. Forest Science 61:2 (2015), 298–310, 10.5849/forsci.14-036.
87. Paveglio, T.B., Prato, T., Edgeley, C., Nalle, D., Evaluating the characteristics of social vulnerability to Wildfire: Demographics, perceptions, and parcel characteristics. Environmental Management 58:3 (2016), 534–548, 10.1007/s00267-016-0719-x.
88. Pechony, O., Shindell, D.T., Driving forces of global wildfires over the past millennium and the forthcoming century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:45 (2010), 19167–19170.
89. Poudyal, N.C., Johnson-Gaither, C., Goodrick, S., Bowker, J.M., Gan, J., Locating spatial variation in the association between wildland fire risk and social vulnerability across six southern states. Environmental Management 49:3 (2012), 623–635, 10.1007/s00267-011-9796-z.
90. Prior, T., Eriksen, C., Wildfire preparedness, community cohesion and social-ecological systems. Global Environmental Change 23:6 (2013), 1575–1586, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.09.016.
91. R Development Core Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2016, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
92. Rodrigues, M., De la Riva, J., An insight into machine-learning algorithms to model human-caused wildfire occurrence. Environmental Modelling & Software 57 (2014), 192–201, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.03.003.
93. Román, M.V., Azqueta, D., Rodrígues, M., Methodological approach to assess the socio-economic vulnerability to wildfires in Spain. Forest Ecology and Management 294 (2013), 158–165, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.07.001.
94. Romero-Calcerrada, R., Novillo, C.J., Millington, J. D. a., Gomez-Jimenez, I., GIS analysis of spatial patterns of human-caused wildfire ignition risk in the SW of Madrid (Central Spain). Landscape Ecology 23:3 (2008), 341–354, 10.1007/s10980-008-9190-2.
95. Ruiz-Mirazo, J., Martínez-Fernández, J., Vega-García, C., Pastoral wildfires in the Mediterranean: Understanding their linkages to land cover patterns in managed landscapes. Journal of Environmental Management 98:1 (2012), 43–50, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.017.
96. Salis, M., Ager, A.A., Arca, B., Finney, M.A., Bacciu, V., Duce, P., et al. Assessing exposure of human and ecological values to wildfire in Sardinia, Italy. International Journal of Wildland Fire 22 (2013), 549–565, 10.1071/WF11060.
97. Salis, M., Ager, A.A., Finney, M.A., Arca, B., Spano, D., Analyzing spatiotemporal changes in wildfire regime and exposure across a Mediterranean fire-prone area. Natural Hazards 71:3 (2014), 1389–1418, 10.1007/s11069-013-0951-0.
98. San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Moreno, J.M., Camia, A., Analysis of large fires in European Mediterranean landscapes: Lessons learned and perspectives. Forest Ecology and Management 294 (2013), 11–22, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.050.
99. San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Rodrigues, M., Oliveira, S.S., Pacheco, C.K., Moreira, F., Duguy, B., et al. Land cover change and fire regime in the European mediterranean region. Moreira, F., Arianoutsou, M., Corona, P., De las Heras, J., (eds.) Post-fire management and restoration of southern European forests, Vol. 24, 2012, Springer, Dordrecht, 21–43 Netherlands. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/978-94-007-2208-8_2.
100. Sebastián-López, A., Salvador-Civil, R., Gonzalo-Jiménez, J., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Integration of socio-economic and environmental variables for modelling long-term fire danger in Southern Europe. European Journal of Forest Research 127:2 (2008), 149–163, 10.1007/s10342-007-0191-5.
101. Seijo, F., Gray, R., Pre-industrial anthropogenic fire regimes in Transition: The case of Spain and its implications for fire governance in mediterranean type biomes. Human Ecology Review 19:1 (2012), 58–69.
102. Silva, J.S., Vaz, P., Moreira, F., Catry, F.X., Rego, F.C., Wildfires as a major driver of landscape dynamics in three fire-prone areas of Portugal. Landscape and Urban Planning 101:4 (2011), 349–358, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.03.001.
103. Smith, A.M.S., Kolden, C.A., Paveglio, T.B., Cochrane, M.A., Bowman, D.M.J.S., Moritz, M.A., et al. The science of Firescapes: Achieving fire-resilient communities. BioScience 66:2 (2016), 130–146, 10.1093/biosci/biv182.
104. Soto, M.E.C., Molina-Martínez, J.R., Rodríguez y Silva, F., Alvear, G.H.J., A territorial fire vulnerability model for Mediterranean ecosystems in South America. Ecological Informatics 13 (2013), 106–113, 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2012.06.004.
105. Tapsell, S., Mccarthy, S., Faulkner, H., Alexander, M., Kuhlicke, C., Brown, S., et al. Social vulnerability to natural hazards. CapHaz-Net - WP4 Report., 2010 London. Retrieved from http://caphaz-net.org/outcomes-results/CapHaz-.
106. Tedim, F., Leone, V., Xanthopoulos, G., A wildfire risk management concept based on a social-ecological approach in the European Union: Fire Smart Territory. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 18 (2016), 138–153, 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.06.005.
107. Tedim, F., Remelgado, R., Borges, C., Carvalho, S., Martins, J., Exploring the occurrence of mega-fires in Portugal. Forest Ecology and Management 294 (2013), 86–96, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.07.031.
108. Tedim, F., Remelgado, R., Martins, J., Carvalho, S., The largest forest fires in Portugal: The constraints of burned area size on the comprehension of fire severity. Journal of Environmental Biology 36:1 (2015), 133–143.
109. Tedim, F., Xanthopoulos, G., Leone, V., Forest fires in Europe: Facts and challenges. Schroder, J.F., Paton, D., (eds.) Wildfire hazards, risks, and disasters, 2015, Elsevier Inc, 77–99, 10.1016/B978-0-12-410434-1.00005-1.
110. Tonini, M., Pereira, M.G., Parente, J., Vega Orozco, C., Evolution of forest fires in Portugal: From spatio-temporal point events to smoothed density maps. Natural Hazards 85 (2017), 1489–1510, 10.1007/s11069-016-2637-x.
111. Turco, M., Bedia, J., Di Liberto, F., Fiorucci, P., von Hardenberg, J., Koutsias, N., et al. Decreasing fires in mediterranean Europe. PLoS One, 11(3), 2016, e0150663, 10.1371/journal.pone.0150663.
112. Vélez, R., The causing factors: A focus on economic and social driving forces. Living with Wildfires: What science can tell us, 2009, 21–25 EFI Discussion Paper, 15.
113. Verde, J., Wildfire susceptibility modelling in mainland Portugal. 2015, Universidade de Lisboa.
114. Verde, J.C., Zêzere, J.L., Assessment and validation of wildfire susceptibility and hazard in Portugal. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 10:3 (2010), 485–497, 10.5194/nhess-10-485-2010.
115. Vilar, L., Camia, A., San-Miguel Ayanz, J., Martín, M.P., Modeling temporal changes in human-caused wildfires in Mediterranean Europe based on Land Use-Land Cover interfaces. Forest Ecology and Management 378 (2016), 68–78, 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.020.
116. Vilar, L., Nieto, H., Martín, M.P., Integration of lightning-and human-caused wildfire occurrence models. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 16:2 (2010), 340–364.
117. Wigtil, G., Hammer, R.B., Kline, J.D., Mockrin, M.H., Stewart, S.I., Roper, D., et al. Places where wildfire potential and social vulnerability coincide in the coterminous United States. International Journal of Wildland Fire 25:8 (2016), 896–908.
118. Zhang, Y., Lim, S., Sharples, J.J., Modelling spatial patterns of wildfire occurrence in South-Eastern Australia. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 5705 (2016), 1–16, 10.1080/19475705.2016.1155501 (March).