Updating the evidence on the association between serum cholesterol and risk of late-life dementia: Review and meta-analysis

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Volumn 56, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 215-228

  Anstey, Kaarin J ^a   Ashby Mitchell, Kimberly ^a   Peters, Ruth ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Cognitive decline; Dementia; Lipids; Review; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN E; CHOLESTEROL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

AGE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LATE LIFE DEMENTIA; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; META ANALYSIS; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMPLICATION; ARTICLE; CHOLESTEROL LEVEL; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; LATE ONSET DISORDER;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL; COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION; COHORT STUDIES; DEMENTIA; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85029527887     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: 18758908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-160826     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Grimm MO, Zimmer VC, Lehmann J, Grimm HS, Hartmann T (2013) The impact of cholesterol, DHA, and sphingolipids on Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Res Int 2013, 814390.
2. Notkola IL, Sulkava R, Pekkanen J, Erkinjuntti T, Ehnholm C, Kivinen P, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A (1998) Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology 17, 14-20.
3. Reitz C, Tang MX, Schupf N, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA (2010) A summary risk score for the prediction of Alzheimer disease in elderly persons. Arch Neurol 67, 835-841.
4. Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Laatikainen T, Winblad B, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J (2006) Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: A longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Neurol 5, 735- 741.
5. Anstey KJ, Lipnicki DM, Low LF (2008) Cholesterol as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: A systematic review of prospective studies with meta-analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16, 343-354.
6. Booth A, Clarke M, Dooley G, Ghersi D, Moher D, Petticrew M, Stewart L(2012) The nuts and bolts ofPROSPERO: An international prospective register of systematic reviews. Syst Rev 1, 2.
7. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Shekelle P, Stewart LA, Group P-P (2015) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and metaanalysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 4, 1.
8. Pedditizi E, Peters R, Beckett N (2016) The risk of overweight/obesity in mid-life and late life for the development of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Age Ageing 45, 14-21.
9. Stang A (2010) Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol 25, 603-605.
10. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Abnormal blood lipids (dyslipidaemia), http://www.aihw.gov.au/riskfactors/abnormal-blood-lipids/, Accessed11/04/2016.
11. National Health Service, High Cholesterol, http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cholesterol/Pages/Introduction.aspx, Accessed11/04-2016.
12. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A (2001) Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: Longitudinal, population based study. BMJ 322, 1447-1451.
13. Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rabins PV, Ritchie K, Rossor M, Thal L, Winblad B (2001) Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 58, 1985-1992.
14. Winblad B, Palmer K, Kivipelto M, Jelic V, Fratiglioni L, Wahlund LO, Nordberg A, Backman L, Albert M, Almkvist O, Arai H, Basun H, Blennow K, de Leon M, DeCarli C, Erkinjuntti T, Giacobini E, Graff C, Hardy J, Jack C, Jorm A, Ritchie K, van Duijn C, Visser P, Petersen RC (2004) Mild cognitive impairment-beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the InternationalWorking Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Intern Med 256, 240-246.
15. Roman GC (2002) Defining dementia: Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of vascular dementia. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 178, 6-9.
16. Higgins JP, Thompson SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21, 1539-1558.
17. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR (2009) Introduction to Meta-analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
18. DerSimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7, 177-188.
19. (2005)Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5 [updated May 2005], John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
20. Ancelin ML, Ripoche E, Dupuy AM, Barberger-Gateau P, Auriacombe S, Rouaud O, Berr C, Carriere I, Ritchie K (2013) Sex differences in the associations between lipid levels and incident dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 34, 519-528.
21. Beydoun MA, Beason-Held LL, Kitner-Triolo MH, Beydoun HA, Ferrucci L, Resnick SM, Zonderman AB (2011) Statins and serum cholesterol's associations with incident dementia and mild cognitive impairment. J Epidemiol Community Health 65, 949-957.
22. Li G, Shofer JB, Kukull WA, Peskind ER, Tsuang DW, Breitner JC, McCormick W, Bowen JD, Teri L, Schellenberg GD, Larson EB (2005) Serum cholesterol and risk of Alzheimer disease: A community-based cohort study. Neurology 65, 1045-1050.
23. Mielke MM, Zandi PP, Sjogren M, Gustafson D, Ostling S, Steen B, Skoog I (2005) High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia. Neurology 64, 1689-1695.
24. Reitz C, Tang MX, Luchsinger J, Mayeux R (2004) Relation of plasma lipids to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Arch Neurol 61, 705-714.
25. Reitz C, Tang MX, Schupf N, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA (2010) Association of higher levels of highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol in elderly individuals and lower risk of late-onset Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 67, 1491-1497.
26. Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Colacicco AM, D'Introno A, Capurso C, Torres F, Grigoletto F, Maggi S, Del Parigi A, Reiman EM, Caselli RJ, Scafato E, Farchi G, Capurso A (2004) Vascular risk factors, incidence of MCI, and rates of progression to dementia. Neurology 63, 1882-1891.
27. Mielke M, Zandi P, Shao H, Waern M, Ostling S, Guo X, Bjorkelund C, Lissner L, Skoog I, Gustafson D (2010) The 32-year relationship between cholesterol and dementia from midlife to late life (e-Pub ahead of print). Neurology 75, 1888-1895.
28. Reitz C, Tang MX, Manly J, Schupf N, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA (2008) Plasma lipid levels in the elderly are not associated with the risk of mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 25, 232-237.
29. Raffaitin C, Gin H, Empana JP, Helmer C, Berr C, Tzourio C, Portet F, Dartigues JF, Alperovitch A, Barberger- Gateau P (2009) Metabolic syndrome and risk for incident Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia: The Three-City Study. Diabetes Care 32, 169-174.
30. Taniguchi Y, Shinkai S, Nishi M, Murayama H, Nofuji Y, Yoshida H, Fujiwara Y (2014) Nutritional biomarkers and subsequent cognitive decline among community-dwelling older Japanese: A prospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 69, 1276-1283.
31. Toro P, Degen C, Pierer M, Gustafson D, Schroder J, Schonknecht P (2014) Cholesterol in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in a birth cohort over 14 years. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 264, 485-492.
32. Hyman BT, Gomez-Isla T, Briggs M, Chung H, Nichols S, Kohout F, Wallace R (1996) Apolipoprotein E and cognitive change in an elderly population. Ann Neurol 40, 55-66.
33. Slooter AJC, Ruitenberg, A, van Duijn CM, Breteler MMB (2000) The effect of APOE on dementia is not through atherosclerosis: The Rotterdam Study: Reply. Neurology 54, 2357-2358.
34. Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Ohmura T, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Ohmori S, Nomiyama K, Kawano H, Ueda K, et al. (1995) Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: The Hisayama Study. Neurology 45, 1161-1168.
35. Mielke MM, Xue QL, Zhou J, Chaves PH, Fried LP, Carlson MC (2008) Baseline serum cholesterol is selectively associated with motor speed and not rates of cognitive decline: TheWomen's Health and Aging Study II. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63, 619-624.
36. Karlamangla AS, Singer BH, Reuben DB, Seeman TE (2004) Increases in serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol may be beneficial in some high-functioning older adults: MacArthur studies of successful aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 52, 487-494.
37. Infurna FJ, Gerstorf D (2013) Linking perceived control, physical activity, and biological health to memory change. Psychol Aging 28, 1147-1163.
38. Komulainen P, Lakka TA, Kivipelto M, Hassinen M, Helkala EL, Haapala I, Nissinen A, Rauramaa R (2007) Metabolic syndrome and cognitive function: A populationbased follow-up study in elderly women. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 23, 29-34.
39. Moroney JT, Tang MX, Berglund L, Small S, Merchant C, Bell K, Stern Y, Mayeux R (1999) Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of dementia with stroke. JAMA 282, 254-260.
40. de Bruijn RF, Janssen JA, Brugts MP, van Duijn CM, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Ikram MA (2014) Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor stimulating activity is associated with dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 42, 137-142.
41. van Vliet P, Westendorp RG, van Heemst D, de Craen AJ, Oleksik AM (2010) Cognitive decline precedes late life longitudinal changes in vascular risk factors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 81, 1028-1032.
42. Yaffe K, Vittinghoff E, Pletcher MJ, Hoang TD, Launer LJ, Whitmer R, Coker LH, Sidney S (2014) Early adult to midlife cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive function. Circulation 129, 1560-1567.
43. Hogenkamp PS, Benedict C, Sjogren P, Kilander L, Lind L, Schioth HB (2014) Late-life alcohol consumption and cognitive function in elderly men. Age (Dordr) 36, 243-249.
44. Piguet O, Grayson DA, Creasey H, Bennett HP, Brooks WS, Waite LM, Broe GA (2003) Vascular risk factors, cognition and dementia incidence over 6 years in the Sydney Older Persons Study. Neuroepidemiology 22, 165-171.
45. Artero S, Ancelin ML, Portet F, Dupuy A, Berr C, Dartigues JF, Tzourio C, Rouaud O, Poncet M, Pasquier F, Auriacombe S, Touchon J, Ritchie K (2008) Risk profiles for mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia are gender specific. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79, 979-984.
46. Reitz C, Luchsinger J, Tang MX, Manly J, Mayeux R (2005) Impact of plasma lipids and time on memory performance in healthy elderly without dementia. Neurology 64, 1378- 1383.
47. Wendell CR, Waldstein SR, Zonderman AB (2014) Nonlinear longitudinal trajectories of cholesterol and neuropsychological function. Neuropsychology 28, 106-112.
48. Thacker EL, Gillett SR, Wadley VG, Unverzagt FW, Judd SE, McClure LA, Howard VJ, Cushman M (2014) The American Heart Association Life's Simple 7 and incident cognitive impairment: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke(REGARDS)study. JAmHeart Assoc 3, e000635.
49. Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Hanninen T, Laakso MP, Hallikainen M, Alhainen K, Soininen H, Tuomilehto J, Nissinen A(2001) Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment:Apopulation-based study. Neurology 56, 1683-1689.
50. Kalmijn S, Feskens EJ, Launer LJ, Kromhout D (1996) Cerebrovascular disease, the apolipoprotein e4 allele, and cognitive decline in a community-based study of elderly men. Stroke 27, 2230-2235.
51. Stewart R, White LR, Xue QL, Launer LJ (2007) Twentysix- year change in total cholesterol levels and incident dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Arch Neurol 64, 103-107.
52. Tan ZS, Seshadri S, Beiser A, Wilson PW, Kiel DP, Tocco M, D'Agostino RB, Wolf PA(2003) Plasma total cholesterol level as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 163, 1053-1057.
53. Power MC, Weuve J, Sharrett AR, Blacker D, Gottesman RF (2015) Statins, cognition, and dementia-systematic review and methodological commentary. Nat Rev Neurol 11, 220- 229.
54. Power C, Jefferis BJ, Manor O (2010) Childhood cognition and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in midadulthood: The 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. Am J Public Health 100, 129-136.
55. Gamba P, Testa G, Gargiulo S, Staurenghi E, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G (2015) Oxidized cholesterol as the driving force behind the development of Alzheimer's disease.Front Aging Neurosci 7, 119.
56. Danaei G, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Lin JK, Cowan MJ, Finucane MM, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Lu Y, Rao M, Ezzati M, Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (2013) The global cardiovascular risk transition: Associations of four metabolic risk factors with national income, urbanization, and Western diet in 1980 and 2008. Circulation 127, 1493- 1502, 15021491-1498.
57. Liao PJ, Xie RB, Yin RX, Wei DX, Huang J, Huang F, Li H, Lin WX, Wu JZ, Pan SL (2015) Serum lipid profiles, the prevalence of dyslipidemia and the risk factors in two isolated Chinese minorities. Int J Clin Exp Med 8, 19200- 19211.
58. McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Passmore P (2016) Statins for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1, CD003160.
59. Mertens E, Clarys P, Lefevre J, Charlier R, Knaeps S, Deforche B (2015) Longitudinal study on the association between cardiorespiratory fitness, anthropometric parameters and blood lipids. J Phys Act Health 13, 467-473.
60. Park YM, Sui X, Liu J, Zhou H, Kokkinos PF, Lavie CJ, Hardin JW, Blair SN (2015) The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on age-related lipids and lipoproteins. J Am Coll Cardiol 65, 2091-2100.