A qualitative exploration of nurses leaving nursing practice in China

Nursing Open

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 3-13

  Zhu, Junhong ^a,b   Rodgers, Sheila ^c   Melia, Kath M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b HANGZHOU NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

China; Expectations; Nursing turnover; Nursing workforce management; Power; Shortage; Voluntary leaving

Indexed keywords

EID: 85028910003     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20541058     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/nop2.11     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Aiken L.H. & Cheung R. (2008) Nursing Workforce Challenges in the United States: Implications for Policy. DELSA/ELSA/WP2/HEA (2008)2 OECD Health Working Paper No.35. OECD publisher service, Paris, France.
2. Aiken L.H., Clarke S.P., Sloane D.M., SochalskiBusse R., Clarke H., Giovannetti P., Hunt J., Rafferty A.M. & Shamian J. (2001) Nurses’ reports on hospital health care in five countries. Health Affairs 20(3), 43–53.
3. Anderson G.F., Hussey P.S., Frogner B.K. & Water H.R. (2005) Health spending in the United States and the rest of the Industrialized world. Health Affairs 24(4), 903–914.
4. Attree M., Cooke H. & Wakefield A. (2008) Patient safety in an English pre-registration nursing curriculum. Nurse Education in Practice 8, 239–248.
5. Baard P.P., Deci E.L. & Ryan R.M. (2004) Intrinsic need satisfaction: a motivational basis for performance and wellbeing in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34, 2045–2068.
6. Biddle B.J. (1979) Role Theory Expectations, Identities, and Behaviours. Academic Press Inc., London.
7. Bradbury-Jones C., Sambrook S. & Irvine F. (2008) Power and empowerment in nursing: a fourth theoretical approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing 62(2), 258–266.
8. Bryman A. (2004) Social Research Methods, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York.
9. Buchan J. (2006) Evidence of nursing shortage or a shortage of evidence? Journal of Advanced Nursing 56(5), 457–458.
10. Chavasse J.M. (1992) New dimensions of empowerment in nursing-and challenges Guest editorial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 17, 1–2.
11. Conway P.H., Konetzka R.T., Zhu J.S., Volpp K.G. & Sochalski J. (2008) Nursing staffing ratios: trends and policy implications for hospitals and the safety net. Journal of Hospitals Medicine 3(3), 193–199.
12. Duffield C., Aitken L. & O’Brien-Pallas L. (2004a) Nurses who work outside nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 47(6), 664–671.
13. Duffield C., Aitken L., O’Brien-Pallas L. & Wise W.J. (2004b) Nursing: a stepping stone to future careers. Journal of Nursing Administration 34(5), 238–245.
14. Gilbert T. (1995) Nursing: empowerment and the problem of power. Journal of Advanced Nursing 21, 865–871.
15. Glaser B. (1978) Theoretical Sensitivity. Sociology Press, Mill Valley, CA.
16. Glaser B. & Strauss A. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine, New York.
17. Hayes L.J., O’Brien-Pallas L., Duffield C., Shamian J., Buchan J., Hughes F., Laschinger H.K.S., North N. & Stone P.W. (2006) Nurse turnover: a literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies 43, 237–263.
18. Heath H. & Cowley S. (2004) Developing a grounded theory approach: a comparison of Glaser and Strauss. International Journal of Nursing Studies 41, 141–150.
19. Hertz R., ed. (1997) Reflexivity and Voice. SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA.
20. Hsiao W. (2008) When incentives and professionalism collide. Health Affairs 27(4), 949–951.
21. Hu Y., Shen J. & Jiang A.L. (2010) Nursing shortage in China: state, causes and strategy. Nursing Outlook 58, 122–128.
22. Irving P.G. & Meyer J.P. (1994) Reexamination of the Met- Expectations Hypothesis: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 79(6), 937–949.
23. Kanter R.M. (1993) Men and Women of the Corporation, 2nd edn. Basic Books, New York.
24. Kelly M.E. (2012) A quantitative study of moral distress in VHA nurses. Unpublished PhD thesis, Capella University, Minneapolis, United States.
25. Lait J. & Wallance J.E. (2002) Stress at work: a study of organizational-professional conflict and unmet expectations. Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations 57(3), 463–490.
26. Laschinger H., Wong C., McMahon L. & Kaufmann C. (1999) Leader behaviour impact on staff nurse empowerment, job tension and work effectiveness. The journal of Nursing Administration 29(5), 28–39.
27. Lewis S.J. (2002) Extent of shortage will be known only when nurses spend all their time nursing. British Medical Journal 325, 1362.
28. Leyshon S. (2002) Empowering practitioners: an unrealistic expectations of nurse education? Journal of Advanced Nursing 40(4), 466–474.
29. Liang L.Q., Zhao H. & F Qi J.W. (2007) Personnel post allocation analysis of general hospitals in Zhejiang Province. Chinese Hospitals 11(3), 17–19 (in Chinese).
30. Lu H., While A.E. & Barriball K.L. (2007) A model of job satisfaction of nurses: a reflection of nurses’ working lives in Mainland China. Journal of Advanced Nursing 58(5), 468–479.
31. Lukes S. (2005) Power, a Radical View, 2nd edn. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
32. Ma J., Lu M. & Quan H. (2008) From a national, centrally planned health system to a system based on the Market: lessons from China. Health Affairs 27(4), 937–948.
33. Maben J., Latter S. & Clark J.M. (2006) The theory-practice gap: impact of professional-bureaucratic work conflict on newly-qualified nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing 55(4), 465–477.
34. Maben J., Latter S. & Clark J.M. (2007) The sustainability of ideals, values and the nursing mandate: evidence from a longitudinal qualitative study. Nursing Inquiry 14, 99–113.
35. MacKusick C.I. & Minick P. (2010) Why are nurses leaving? Findings from an initial qualitative study on nursing attrition. MEDSURG Nursing 19(6), 335–340.
36. Maertz C.P. & Campion M.A. (2004) Profiles in quitting: integrating process and content turnover theory. Academy of Management Journal 47, 566–582.
37. Maertz C.P. & Griffeth R.W. (2004) Eight motivational forces and voluntary turnover: a theoretical synthesis with implications for research. Journal of Management 30(5), 667–683.
38. McGrath A. (2006) Should I Stay Or Should I Go? Towards an Understanding of Leaving Nursing. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
39. Melia K.M. (1981) Student Nurses’ Accounts of their Work and Training: A Qualitative Analysis. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
40. MHPRC (2005) Chinese Nursing Development Project 2005–2010. Ministry of Health of PRC (2005 No.294), Beijing.
41. MHPRC (2009) The CPC Central Committee and State Council views on the implementation of the Health Care Reform. Authorised for release by Xinhua News on March 17, 2009, Ministry of Health of PRC, Beijing.
42. Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China (MHPRC) (1978) The Protocol of Hospital Human Resources Management Framework. Ministry of Health (1978 No.1689), Beijing.
43. Ning S., Zhong H., Liao W. & Qiujie L. (2009) The impact of nurse empowerment on job satisfaction. Journal of Advanced Nursing 65(12), 2642–2648.
44. Porter L.W. & Steers R.M. (1973) Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin 80, 151–176.
45. Rafferty A.M., Clarke S.P., Coles J., Ball J., James P., McKee M. & Aiken L.H. (2007) Outcomes of variation in hospital nurse staffing in English hospitals: cross-sectional analysis of survey data and discharge records. International Journal of Nursing Studies 44(2), 175–182.
46. Shields M.A. & Ward M. (2001) Improving nurse retention in the National Health Service in England: the impact of job satisfaction on intentions to quit. Journal of Health Economics 20(5), 677–701.
47. Silverman D. (2010) Doing Qualitative Research, 2nd edn. SAGE, London.
48. Smith P., Pearson P.H. & Ross F. (2009) Emotions at work: what is the link to patient and staff safety? Implications for nurse managers in the NHS. Journal of Nursing Management 17, 230–237.
49. Sun Y.F., Yan L.H. & Kang F.X. (2001) The psychological reasons and countermeasures for nurse leaving their posts. Chinese Journal of Nursing 36(2), 92–94 (in Chinese).
50. Takase M., Yamashita N. & Oba K. (2008) Nurses’ leaving intentions: antecedents and mediating factors. Journal of Advanced Nursing 62(3), 295–306.
51. Tierney A.J. (2003) What’s the scoop on the nursing shortage? Journal of Advanced Nursing 43(4), 325–326.
52. Vroom V.H. (1964) Work and Motivation. John Wiley & Sons inc, New York.
53. Wanous J.P., Poland T.D., Premack S.L. & Davis K.S. (1992) The effects of met expectations on newcomer attitudes and behaviours: a review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 77, 288–297.
54. Weber M. (1978) Economy and Society. Roth G. & Wittich C., eds. University of California Press, Los Angeles, CA.
55. WHO (2011) World Health Statistics. WHO, Geneva.
56. World Health Organization (WHO) (2006) The World Health Report, Working Together For Health. WHO, Geneva.
57. Xu Y. (2003) Are Chinese nurses a viable source to relieve the US nurse shortage? Nursing Economics 21(6), 269–274.
58. Yang J. (2008) Professors, doctors, and lawyers: the variable of the professional classes. In New Rich in China (Goodman D, ed.), Routledge, London, pp. 148–168.
59. Ye W.Q., Du P. & Xu X.P. (2006) Study of the current situation of nursing resource allocation in Shanghai. Chinese Journal of Nursing 41(10), 874–876 (in Chinese).
60. You L.M., Aiken L.H., Sloane D.M., Liu K., He G.P., Hu Y., Jiang X.L., Li X.L., Li X.M., Liu H.P., Shang S.M., Kutney- Lee A. & Sermeus W. (2013) Hospital nursing, care quality, and patient satisfaction: cross-sectional surveys of nurses and patients in hospitals in China and Europe. International Journal of Nursing Studies 50, 154–161.
61. Zhu J.H. (2010) Human resource problems in nursing need high attention. Chinese Nursing Management 10(12), 17–20.
62. Zhu J.H. (2012) Towards an Understanding of Nurses Leaving Nursing Practice in China. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
63. Zhu J.H., Rodgers S. & Melia K.M. (2014) The impact of safety and quality of health care on Chinese nursing career decision making. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(42), 3–432.