Income Inequality and the Differential Effect of Adverse Childhood Experiences in US Children

Academic Pediatrics

Volumn 17, Issue 7, 2017, Pages S70-S78

  Halfon, Neal ^a,b,c   Larson, Kandyce ^d   Son, John ^a,b   Lu, Michael ^e   Bethell, Christina ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS   (United States)

^e HEALTH RESOURCES AND SERVICES ADMINISTRATION   (United States)

^f JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

adverse childhood experiences; child health; childhood trauma; income inequality

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ADOLESCENT; ASTHMA; CHILD; CHILDHOOD INJURY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIVORCE; FEMALE; HIGHEST INCOME GROUP; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; HUMAN; INFANT; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE INCOME GROUP; NEWBORN; NORMAL HUMAN; NOTE; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PROBLEM BEHAVIOR; RACISM; UNITED STATES; CHILD HEALTH; CHILD OF IMPAIRED PARENTS; DRUG DEPENDENCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INCOME; LIFE EVENT; MENTAL DISEASE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROTECTION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH; CHILD OF IMPAIRED PARENTS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIVORCE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCOME; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PREVALENCE; PROTECTIVE FACTORS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85028602941     PISSN: 18762859     EISSN: 18762867     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2016.11.007     Document Type: Note

References (54)

1. Felitti, V.J., Anda, R.F., Nordenberg, D., et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med 14 (1998), 245–258.
2. Dube, S.R., Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., et al. Childhood abuse, household dysfunction and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. JAMA 286 (2001), 3089–3096.
3. Dube, S.R., Felitti, V.J., Dong, M., et al. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900. Prev Med 37 (2003), 268–277.
4. Anda, R.F., Brown, D.W., Dube, S.R., et al. Adverse childhood experiences and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. Am J Prev Med 34 (2008), 396–403.
5. Ford, E.S., Anda, R.F., Edwards, V.J., et al. Adverse childhood experiences and smoking status in five states. Prev Med 53 (2011), 188–193.
6. Sameroff, A., Seifer, R., Zax, M., et al. Early indicators of developmental risk: Rochester Longitudinal Study. Schizophr Bull 13 (1987), 383–394.
7. Liaw, F., Brooks-Gunn, J., Cumulative familial risks and low-birthweight children's cognitive and behavioral development. J Clin Child Psychol 23 (1994), 360–372.
8. Gutman, L.M., Sameroff, A.J., Cole, R., Academic growth curve trajectories from 1st grade to 12th grade: effects of multiple social risk factors and preschool child factors. Dev Psychol 39 (2003), 777–790.
9. Evans, G.W., English, K., The environment of poverty: multiple stressor exposure, psychophysiological stress, and socioemotional health. Child Dev 73 (2002), 1238–1248.
10. Evans, G.W., A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children. Dev Psychol 39 (2003), 924–933.
11. Stevens, G.D., Gradients in the health status and developmental risks of young children: the combined influences of multiple social risk factors. Matern Child Health J 10 (2006), 187–199.
12. Seeman, T.E., McEwen, B.S., Rowe, J.W., et al. Allostatic load as a marker of cumulative biological risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (2001), 4770–4775.
13. Evans, G.W., Kim, P., Childhood poverty and health: cumulative risk exposure and stress dysregulation. Psychol Sci 18 (2007), 953–957.
14. McEwen, B.S., Bowles, N.P., Gray, J.D., et al. Mechanisms of stress in the brain. Nat Neurosci 18 (2015), 1353–1363.
15. Halfon, N., Larson, K., Lu, M., et al. Lifecourse health development: past, present and future. Matern Child Health J 18 (2014), 344–365.
16. Campbell, F., Conti, G., Heckman, J.J., et al. Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health. Science 343 (2014), 1478–1485.
17. Bethell, C.D., Newacheck, P., Hawes, E., et al. Adverse childhood experiences: assessing the impact on health and school engagement and the mitigating role of resilience. Health Aff (Millwood) 33 (2014), 2106–2115.
18. Jimenez, M.E., Wade, R., Lin, Y., et al. Adverse experiences in early childhood and kindergarten outcomes. Pediatrics 137 (2016), 1–9.
19. Guinosso, S.A., Johnson, S.B., Riley, A.W., Multiple adverse experiences and child cognitive development. Pediatr Res 79 (2016), 220–226.
20. Marmot, M., Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet 365 (2005), 1099–1104.
21. Starfield, B., Robertson, J., Riley, A.W., Social class gradients and health in childhood. Ambul Pediatr 2 (2002), 238–246.
22. Larson, K., Halfon, N., Family Income Gradients in the Health and Health Care Access of US Children. Matern Child Health J 14 (2010), 332–342.
23. WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health, 2008, World Health Organization, Geneva.
24. RWJF Commission to Build a Healthier America. Time to Act: Investing in the Health of Our Children and Communities. 2014, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ.
25. Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI). Overview of adverse child and family experiences among US children. Available at: http://www.childhealthdata.org/docs/drc/aces-data-brief_version-1-0.pdf?Status=Master. Published 2013. Accessed March 15, 2016.
26. Data Resource Center for Child & Adolescent Health. Frequently asked questions about the NSCH. Available at: http://childhealthdata.org/learn/NSCH/FAQ. Accessed March 10, 2016.
27. Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI). National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). 2011-2012 NSCH: Child Health Indicator and Subgroups SAS Codebook, Version 1.0. Available at: http://childhealthdata.org/docs/nsch-docs/sas-codebook_-2011-2012-nsch-v1_05-10-13.pdf. Published May 2013. Accessed March 15, 2016.
28. Bethell, C.D., Newacheck, P.W., Fine, A., et al. Optimizing health and health care systems for children with special health care needs using the life course perspective. Matern Child Health J 18 (2014), 467–477.
29. Sacks V, Murphey D, Moore K. Child trends. Research brief. Adverse childhood experiences: national and state-level prevalence. Available at: http://www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Brief-adverse-childhood-experiences_FINAL.pdf. Published July 2014. Accessed March 24, 2016.
30. Bethell, C.D., Gombojav, N., Solloway, M., et al. Adverse childhood experiences, resilience and mindfulness-based approaches: common denominator issues for children with emotional, mental or behavioral health problems. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 25 (2016), 139–156.
31. Western, B., Bloome, D., Sosnaud, B., et al. Economic insecurity and social stratification. Annu Rev Sociol 38 (2012), 341–359.
32. Sullivan, J.X., Turner, L., Danziger, S., The relationship between income and material hardship. J Policy Anal Manage 27 (2008), 63–81.
33. Marmot, M.G., Understanding social inequalities in health. Perspect Biol Med 46:suppl 3 (2003), S9–S23.
34. Bharmal, N., Derose, K.P., Felician, M., et al. Understanding the Upstream Social Determinants of Health. 2015, RAND Social Determinants of Health Interest Group, RAND Health, Santa Monica, CA.
35. Larson, K., Russ, S.A., Nelson, B.B., et al. Cognitive ability at kindergarten entry and socioeconomic status. Pediatrics 135 (2015), e440–e448.
36. Pillas, D., Marmot, M., Naicker, K., et al. Social inequalities in early childhood health and development: a European-wide systematic review. Pediatr Res 76 (2014), 418–424.
37. Chen, E., Martin, A.D., Matthews, K.A., Socioeconomic status and health: do gradients differ within childhood and adolescence?. Soc Sci Med 62 (2006), 2161–2170.
38. Wilkinson, R.G., Pickett, K.E., Income inequality and socioeconomic gradients in mortality. Am J Public Health 98 (2008), 699–704.
39. Feinberg, M.E., Jones, D.E., Roettger, M.E., et al. Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial of family foundations: effects on children's emotional, behavioral, and school adjustment. J Fam Psychol, 28, 2014, 821.
40. Feinberg, M.E., Jones, D.E., Roettger, M.E., et al. Preventive effects on birth outcomes: buffering impact of maternal stress, depression, and anxiety. Matern Child Health J 20 (2016), 56–65.
41. Oral, R., Ramirez, M., Coohey, C., et al. Adverse childhood experiences and trauma informed care: the future of health care. Pediatr Res 79 (2016), 227–233.
42. Nicholas, E.A., Everychild Bright Beginnings Initiative: Transforming Care to Prevent and Address Toxic Stress and Trauma in Young Children and Families. 2015 AAP National Conference and Exhibition. 2015, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL.
43. Kerker, B.D., Zhang, J., Nadeem, E., et al. Adverse childhood experiences and mental health, chronic medical conditions, and development in young children. Acad Pediatr 15 (2015), 510–517.
44. Szilagyi, M., Kerker, B.D., Storfer-Isser, A., et al. Factors associated with whether pediatricians inquire about parents' adverse childhood experiences. Acad Pediatr 16 (2016), 668–675.
45. Kerker, B.D., Storfer-Isser, A., Szilagyi, M., et al. Do pediatricians ask about adverse childhood experiences in pediatric primary care?. Acad Pediatr 16 (2016), 154–160.
46. Garner, A.S., Forkey, H., Szilagyi, M., Translating developmental science to address childhood adversity. Acad Pediatr 15 (2015), 493–502.
47. Forstadt, L., Cooper, S., Andrews, S.M., Changing medicine and building community: Maine's adverse childhood experiences momentum. Perm J, 19, 2015, 92.
48. Boyce, T., Sokolowski, M.B., Robinson, G.E., Toward a new biology of social adversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:suppl 2 (2012), 17143–17148.
49. Hanson, M.A., Gluckman, P.D., Early developmental conditioning of later health and disease: physiology or pathophysiology?. Physiol Rev 94 (2014), 1027–1076.
50. Hertzman, C., The Biological embedding of early experience and its effects on health in adulthood. Ann N Y Acad Sci 896 (1999), 85–95.
51. Cronholm, P.F., Forke, C.M., Wade, R., et al. Adverse childhood experiences: expanding the concept of adversity. Am J Prev Med 49 (2015), 354–361.
52. Finkelhor, D., Shattuck, A., Turner, H., et al. Improving the adverse childhood experiences study scale. JAMA Pediatr 167 (2013), 70–75.
53. Danese, A., McEwen, B.S., Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiol Behav 102 (2012), 29–39.
54. Szilagyi, M., Halfon, N., Pediatric adverse childhood experiences: implications for life course health trajectories. Acad Pediatr 15 (2015), 467–468.