Urban energy planning procedure for sustainable development in the built environment: A review of available spatial approaches

Journal of Cleaner Production

Volumn 165, Issue , 2017, Pages 811-827

  Torabi Moghadam, Sara ^a   Delmastro, Chiara ^a   Corgnati, Stefano Paolo ^a   Lombardi, Patrizia ^a  

^a POLITECNICO DI TORINO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Built environment; Energy modelling; Spatial decision support system; Urban and regional integrated energy planning

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS; ENERGY UTILIZATION; PLANNING;

BUILT ENVIRONMENT; ENERGY MODELLING; INTEGRATED ENERGY PLANNING; INTEGRATED FRAMEWORKS; SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS; SUSTAINABLE PLANNING; THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK; URBAN ENERGY PLANNING;

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 85028335311     PISSN: 09596526     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.142     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Al-kheder, S., Haddad, N., Fakhoury, L., Baqaen, S., A GIS analysis of the impact of modern practices and polices on the urban heritage of Irbid, Jordan. Cities 26 (2009), 81–92.
2. Albeverio, S., Andrey, D., Giordano, P., Vancheri, A., The Dynamics of Complex Urban Systems. 2008, Accademia di Architettura.
3. Andrienko, G.L., Andrienko, N.V., Interactive maps for visual data exploration. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 13 (1999), 355–374.
4. Arciniegas, G., Janssen, R., Omtzigt, N., Map-based multicriteria analysis to support interactive land use allocation. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 25 (2011), 1931–1947.
5. Asano, H., Bando, S., Load fluctuation analysis of commercial and residential customers for operation planning of a hybrid photovoltaic and cogeneration system. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006, 1–6.
6. Ascione, F., De Masi, R.F., de Rossi, F., Fistola, R., Sasso, M., Vanoli, G.P., Analysis and diagnosis of the energy performance of buildings and districts: methodology, validation and development of Urban Energy Maps. Cities 35 (2013), 270–283.
7. Aydinalp-Koksal, M., Ugursal, V.I., Comparison of neural network, conditional demand analysis, and engineering approaches for modelling end-use energy consumption in the residential sector. Appl. Energy 85 (2008), 271–296.
8. Aydinalp, M., Ugursal, V.I., Fung, A.S., Modelling of the space and domestic. Appl. Energy 79 (2004), 159–178.
9. Aydinalp, M., Ugursal, V.I., Fung, A.S., Modelling of the appliance, lighting, and space- cooling energy consumptions in the residential sector using neural networks. Appl. Energy 71 (2002), 87–110.
10. Bahramara, S., Moghaddam, M.P., Haghifam, M.R., Optimal planning of hybrid renewable energy systems using HOMER: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 62 (2016), 609–620.
11. Ballarini, I., Corgnati, S.P., Corrado, V., Use of reference buildings to assess the energy saving potentials of the residential building stock: the experience of TABULA project. Energy Policy 68 (2014), 273–284.
12. Banister, D., Stead, D., Impact of information and communications technology on transport. Transp. Rev. 24 (2004), 611–632.
13. Barbano, G., Mitter, P., Zukowska, E.A., FASUDIR IDST Baseline. 2015.
14. Bautista, S., A sustainable scenario for Venezuelan power generation sector in 2050 and its costs. Energy Policy 44 (2012), 331–340.
15. Bhattacharyya, S.C., Timilsina, G.R., A review of energy system models. Int. J. Energy Sect. Manag. 4 (2010), 494–518.
16. Börjeson, L., Höjer, M., Dreborg, K.-H., Ekvall, T., Finnveden, G., Scenario types and techniques: towards a user's guide. Futures 38 (2006), 723–739.
17. Bottero, M., Ferretti, V., Figueira, J.R., Greco, S., Roy, B., Dealing with a multiple criteria environmental problem with interaction effects between criteria through an extension of the Electre III method. Eur. J. Operat. Res. 245 (2015), 837–850.
18. Brandon, P., Lombardi, P., Shen, G., Future Challenge in Sustainable Urban Development. 2016, Wiley, London.
19. Brandon, P.S., Lombardi, P., Evaluating sustainable development in the built environment. second ed., 2011, A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication.
20. Brownsword, R.A., Fleming, P.D., Powell, J.C., Pearsall, N., Sustainable cities - modelling urban energy supply and demand. Appl. Energy 82 (2005), 167–180.
21. Bugs, G., Granell, C., Fonts, O., Huerta, J., Painho, M., An assessment of Public Participation GIS and Web 2.0 technologies in urban planning practice in Canela, Brazil. Cities 27 (2010), 172–181.
22. Caputo, P., Costa, G., Ferrari, S., A supporting method for defining energy strategies in the building sector at urban scale. Energy Policy 55 (2013), 261–270.
23. Caputo, P., Costa, G., Zanotto, V., A methodology for defining electricity demand in energy simulations referred to the Italian context. Energies 6 (2013), 6274–6292.
24. Chakhar, S., Martel, J.-M., Enhancing geographical information systems capabilities with multi-criteria evaluation functions. J. Geogr. Inf. Decis. Anal. 7 (2003), 47–71.
25. Chalal, M.L., Benachir, M., White, M., Shrahily, R., Energy planning and forecasting approaches for supporting physical improvement strategies in the building sector: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 64 (2016), 761–776.
26. Charlton, M., Ellis, S., GIS in planning. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 34 (1991), 20–26.
27. Cheng, V., Steemers, K., Modelling domestic energy consumption at district scale: a tool to support national and local energy policies. Environ. Model. Softw. 26 (2011), 1186–1198.
28. Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B.V., Leahy, M., A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems. Appl. Energy 87 (2010), 1059–1082.
29. Corgnati, S.P., Fabrizio, E., Filippi, M., Monetti, V., Reference buildings for cost optimal analysis: method of definition and application. Appl. Energy 102 (2013), 983–993.
30. Cosmi, C., Dvarionenė, J., Marques, I., Di Leo, S., Gecevičius, G., Gurauskienė, I., Mendes, G., Selada, C., A holistic approach to sustainable energy development at regional level: the RENERGY self-assessment methodology. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 49 (2015), 693–707.
31. Costa, G., A Methodology for Assessing Energy Performance of a Large Scale Building Stock. Milano. 2012.
32. Dall'O, G., Galante, A., Torri, M., A methodology for the energy performance classification of residential building stock on an urban scale. Energy Build. 48 (2012), 211–219.
33. Dascalaki, E.G., Droutsa, K., Gaglia, A.G., Kontoyiannidis, S., Balaras, C.A., Data collection and Analysis of the building stock and its energy performance-An example for Hellenic buildings. Energy Build. 42 (2010), 1231–1237.
34. Delmastro, C., Mutani, G., Corgnati, S.P., A supporting method for selecting cost-optimal energy retrofit policies for residential buildings at the urban scale. Energy Policy 99 (2016), 42–56.
35. Dreborg, K.H., Essence of backcasting. Futures 28 (1996), 813–828.
36. Edwards, J.L., Marnay, C., Bartholomew, E., Ouaglal, B., Siddiq, A.S., Lacommare, K.S.H., Assessment of μGrid Distributed Energy Resource Potential Using DER-CAM and GIS. 2002, LBNL.
37. Fabbri, K., Zuppiroli, M., Ambrogio, K., Heritage buildings and energy performance: mapping with GIS tools. Energy Build. 48 (2012), 137–145.
38. Farzaneh, H., Doll, C.N.H., Puppim De Oliveira, J.A., An integrated supply-demand model for the optimization of energy flow in the urban system. J. Clean. Prod. 114 (2016), 269–285.
39. Favretto, A., Nuovi strumenti per l'analisi geografica. I GIS - Favretto Andrea - Libro - Pàtron - Geografia Dello Sviluppo Territoriale - IBS. Bolgna, 2000.
40. Fleiter, T., Worrell, E., Eichhammer, W., Barriers to energy efficiency in industrial bottom-up energy demand models - a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15 (2011), 3099–3111.
41. Fracastoro, G.V., Serraino, M., A methodology for assessing the energy performance of large scale building stocks and possible applications. Energy Build. 43 (2011), 844–852.
42. Girardin, L., Marechal, F., Dubuis, M., Calame-Darbellay, N., Favrat, D., EnerGis: a geographical information based system for the evaluation of integrated energy conversion systems in urban areas. Energy 35 (2010), 830–840.
43. Greening, L.A., Bernow, S., Design of coordinated energy and environmental policies: use of multi-criteria decision-making. Energy Policy 32 (2004), 721–735.
44. Grubler, A., Bai, X., Buettner, T., Dhakal, S., Fisk, D.J., Ichinose, T., Urban Energy Systems. Global Energy Assessment (GEA) toward a Sustainable Future. 2012, 1307–1400.
45. Harrestrup, M., Svendsen, S., Heat planning for fossil-fuel-free district heating areas with extensive end-use heat savings: a case study of the Copenhagen district heating area in Denmark. Energy Policy 68 (2014), 294–305.
46. Heaps, Long-range energy alternatives planning (LEAP) system. 2016, Stockholm Environment Institute, Somerville, MA, USA.
47. Herbst, A., Toro, F., Reitze, F., Jochem, E., Introduction to energy systems modelling. Swiss J. Econ. Statistics 148 (2012), 111–135.
48. Hitchcock, G., An integrated framework for energy use and behaviour in the domestic sector. Energy Build. 20 (1993), 151–157.
49. Hofman, K., Li, X., Canada's energy perspectives and policies for sustainable development. Appl. Energy 86 (2009), 407–415.
50. Hourcade, J.C., Jaccard, M.K., Bataille, C., Ghersi, F., Hybrid modelling: new answers to old challenges. The Energy Journal,. Int. Assoc. Energy Econ. 2:S (2006), 1–12.
51. Howard, B., Parshall, L., Thompson, J., Hammer, S., Dickinson, J., Modi, V., Spatial distribution of urban building energy consumption by end use. Energy Build. 45 (2012), 141–151.
52. Howells, M., Rogner, H., Strachan, N., Heaps, C., Huntington, H., Kypreos, S., Hughes, A., Silveira, S., DeCarolis, J., Bazillian, M., Roehrl, A., OSeMOSYS: the open source energy modelling system. An introduction to its ethos, structure and development. Energy Policy 39 (2011), 5850–5870.
53. Huang, J.P., Poh, K.L., Ang, B.W., Decision analysis in energy and environmental modelling. Energy 20 (1995), 843–855.
54. Huang, Z., Yu, H., Approach for integrated optimization of community heating system at urban detailed planning stage. Energy Build. 77 (2014), 103–111.
55. Iddrisu, I., Bhattacharyya, S.C., Sustainable Energy Development Index: a multi-dimensional indicator for measuring sustainable energy development. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 50 (2015), 513–530.
56. IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives (Executive Summary). IEA 371, 2016, 10.1787/energy_tech-2014-en.
57. InSmart, 2015. http://www.insmartenergy.com/(accessed 15.June.2017).
58. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook. 2008, IEA, Paris, France.
59. Jaccard, M., Sustainable Fossil Fuels: the Unusual Suspect in the Quest for Clean and Enduring Energy. 2005.
60. Jankowski, P., Andrienko, N., Andrienko, G., Map-centered exploratory approach to multiple criteria spatial decision making. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci., 2001, 2001, 2.
61. Jennings, M., Munuera, L., McInerney, Minka, Energy modelling to support local authorities in the transition towards greater energy efficiency of building stock: a case study in North London. ECEEE Summer Study Proc. 44 (2013), 943–948.
62. Jones, P.J., Lannon, S., Williams, J., Modelling building energy use at urban scale. Seventh International IBPSA Conference, 2001, 175–180.
63. Kadian, R., Dahiya, R.P., Garg, H.P., Energy-related emissions and mitigation opportunities from the household sector in Delhi. Energy Policy 35 (2007), 6195–6211.
64. Kavgic, M., Mavrogianni, A., Mumovic, D., Summerfield, A., Stevanovic, Z., Djurovic-petrovic, M., A review of bottom-up building stock models for energy consumption in the residential sector. Build. Environ. 45 (2010), 1683–1697.
65. Keirstead, J., Jennings, M., Sivakumar, A., A review of urban energy system models: approaches, challenges and opportunities. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 16 (2012), 3847–3866.
66. Kelly, S., Do Homes that Are More Energy Efficient Consume Less Energy?: a Structural Equation Model for England's Residential Sector. 2011.
67. Krarti, M., Kreider, J., Cohen, D., Curtiss, P., Estimation of energy saving for building retrofits using neural networks. J. Sol. energ Eng. 120 (1998), 211–216.
68. Kwartler, M., Bernard, R.N., CommunityViz: an Integrated Planning Support System. Planning Support Systems Integrating Geographic Information Systems Models and Visualization Tools. 2001.
69. Laaribi, A., Chevallier, J.J., Martel, J.M., A spatial decision aid: a multicriterion evaluation approach. Computers. Environ. Urban Syst. 20 (1996), 351–366.
70. Lenzen, M., Wier, M., Cohen, C., Hayami, H., Pachauri, S., Schaeffer, R., A comparative multivariate analysis of household energy. Energy 31 (2006), 181–207.
71. Lewis, C., Linear Programming: Theory and Application. 2008, Whitman College.
72. Li, Z., Quan, S.J., Yang, P.P.J., Energy performance simulation for planning a low carbon neighborhood urban district: a case study in the city of Macau. Habitat Int. 53 (2016), 206–214.
73. Lieske, S.N., Hamerlinck, J.D., Integrating planning support systems and multicriteria evaluation for energy facility site suitability evaluation. URISA J. 26 (2013), 13–24.
74. Linnenluecke, M.K., Verreynne, M.-L., de Villiers Scheepers, M.J., Venter, C., A review of collaborative planning approaches for transformative change towards a sustainable future. J. Clean. Prod. 142 (2016), 1–13.
75. Løken, E., Use of multicriteria decision analysis methods for energy planning problems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 11 (2007), 1584–1595.
76. Lombardi, P., Acquaviva, A., Macii, E., Osello, A., Patti, E., Sonetti, G., Web and cloud management for building energy reduction: toward a smart district information modelling. Sun, Z., (eds.) Demand-driven Web Services: Theory, Technologies, and Applications, 2014, IGI Global, Pennsylvania, USA, 340–355.
77. Lombardi, P., Ferretti, V., New spatial urban decision support systems for sustainable urban and regional development. Smart Sustain. Built Environ. 4 (2015), 45–66.
78. Lombardi, P., Abastante, F., Torabi Moghadam, S., Toniolo, J., Multicriteria spatial decision support systems for future urban energy retrofitting scenarios. Sustainability, 9, 2017, 1252.
79. Loulou, R., Remne, U., Kanudia, A., Lehtila, A., GoldsteinG, Documentation for the TIMES Model. 2005.
80. Lund, H., Renewable energy strategies for sustainable development. Energy 32 (2007), 912–919.
81. Ma, T., Ostergaard, P.A., Lund, H., Yang, H., Lu, L., An energy system model for Hong Kong in 2020. Energy 68 (2014), 301–310.
82. MacGregor, W.A., Hamdullahpur, F., Ugursal, V.I., Space heating using small-scale fluidized beds: a technoeconomic evaluation. Int. J. Energy Res. 17 (1993), 445–466.
83. Malczewski, J., GIS - based multicriteria decision analysis: a survey of the literature. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. 20 (2006), 703–726.
84. Marien, M., Futures studies in the 21st century: a reality-based view. Futures 34 (2002), 261–281.
85. Martinez Soto, A., Jentsch, M.F., Comparison of prediction models for determining energy demand in the residential sector of a country. Energy Build. 128 (2016), 38–55.
86. Mastrucci, A., Baume, O., Stazi, F., Salvucci, S., Leopold, U., Bianche, V.B., A GIS-based Approach to Estimate Energy Savings and Indoor Thermal Comfort for Urban Housing Stock Retrofitting. 2013, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Resource Centre For Environmental Technologies.
87. Mattinen, M.K., Heljo, J., Vihola, J., Kurvinen, A., Lehtoranta, S., Nissinen, A., Modelling and visualization of residential sector energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. J. Clean. Prod. 81 (2014), 70–80.
88. McHarg, I., Design with Nature. 1969, Published for the American Museum of Natural History [by] the Natural History Press, Garden City N.Y.
89. Melia, A., Nolan, E., Kerrigan, R., INDICATE: towards the development of a virtual city model using a 3D model of Dundalk city. Proc. Int., 2015, 925–930.
90. Mendes, G., Ioakimidis, C., Ferrão, P., On the planning and analysis of Integrated Community Energy Systems: a review and survey of available tools. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15 (2011), 4836–4854.
91. Mingers, J., Brocklesby, J., Multimethodology: towards theory and practice for mixing methodologies. Int. J. Manag. Sci. 25 (1997), 489–509.
92. Miola, A., Backcasting Approach for Sustainable Mobility, Communities. 2008.
93. Mirakyan, A., De Guio, R., Integrated energy planning in cities and territories: a review of methods and tools. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 22 (2013), 289–297.
94. Mirakyan, A., Lelait, L., Khomenko, N., Kaikov, I., Methodological Framework for the Analysis and Development of a Sustainable, Integrated, Regional Energy Plan – a French Region Case Study. 2009.
95. Mistry, J., Tschirhart, C., Verwer, C., Glastra, R., Davis, O., Jafferally, D., Haynes, L., Benjamin, R., Albert, G., Xavier, R., Bovolo, I., Berardi, A., Our common future? Cross-scalar scenario analysis for social-ecological sustainability of the Guiana Shield, South America. Environ. Sci. Policy 44 (2014), 126–148.
96. Moll, H.C., Noorman, K.J., Kok, R., Engstr, R., Throne-holst, H., Clark, C., Pursuing more sustainable consumption by analyzing household metabolism in european countries and cities. J. Ind. Ecol. 9 (2005), 259–275.
97. Mutani, G., Vicentini, G., Tecnica con software geografico libero. 2013, Il caso studio di Torino Tecnica.
98. Mutani, G., Pairona, M., Un modello per valutare il consumo energetico per la climatizzazione invernale degli edifici residenziali. 2014, il caso studio di Torino.
99. Nakata, T., Silva, D., Rodionov, M., Application of energy system models for designing a low-carbon society. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 37 (2011), 462–502.
100. Nojedehi, P., Heidari, M., Ataei, A., Nedaei, M., Kurdestani, E., Environmental assessment of energy production from landfill gas plants by using Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) and IPCC methane estimation methods: a case study of Tehran. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess 16 (2016), 33–42.
101. Novak, E., Snyder, K., Newman, D., Chula Vista Research Project: Integrating Energy Analysis and Planning at the Neighborhood Scale. The Future of Cities and Regions. 2012, Springer, 245–260.
102. NREL, 2016. NREL [WWW Document]. URL http://www.nrel.gov/.
103. Oladokun, M.G., Odesola, I.A., Gulf Organisation for Research and Development Household energy consumption and carbon emissions for sustainable cities – a critical review of modelling approaches. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 4 (2015), 231–247.
104. Österbring, M., Mata, É., Thuvander, L., Mangold, M., Johnsson, F., Wallbaum, H., A differentiated description of building-stocks for a georeferenced urban bottom-up building-stock model. Energy Build. 120 (2016), 78–84.
105. Østergaard, P.A., Wind power integration in Aalborg Municipality using compression heat pumps and geothermal absorption heat pumps. Energy 49 (2013), 502–508.
106. Østergaard, P.A.Ø., Reviewing EnergyPLAN simulations and performance indicator applications in EnergyPLAN simulations. Appl. Energy 154 (2015), 921–933.
107. Pelzer, P., Arciniegas, G., Geertman, S., Lenferink, S., Planning support systems and task-technology fit: a comparative case study. Appl. Spatial Anal. Policy 8 (2015), 155–175.
108. Pensa, S., Masala, E., InViTo: an interactive visualisation tool to support spatial decision processes. Technologies for Urban and Spatial Planning, 2014, 19.
109. Pohekar, S.D., Ramachandran, M., Application of multi-criteria decision making to sustainable energy planning - a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 8 (2004), 365–381.
110. Prasara-A, J., Gheewala, S.H., Sustainable utilization of rice husk ash from power plants: a review. J. Clean. Prod., 2016, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.042 (in press).
111. Puerto, P., Pernet, M., Capezzali, M., Towards Pre-dimensioning of Natural Gas Networks on a Web-platform. 2015, 0–15.
112. Rad, F.D., Application of Local Energy Indicators in Municipal Energy Planning: a New Approach towards Sustainability. 2010, 48–59.
113. Rager, J., Rebeix, D., Marechal, F., Cherix, G., Capezzali, M., Maréchal, F., Rager, J., MEU: an urban energy management tool for communities and multi-energy utilities. Cisbat 2013 (2013), 897–902.
114. Robinson, D., Haldi, F., Kämpf, J.H., Leroux, P., Perez, D., Rasheed, A., Wilke, U., CITYSIM: comprehensive micro-simulation of resource flows for sustainable urban planning. International IBPSA Conference, 2009, 1083–1090.
115. Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M., Anastasi, C., Greeuw, S., Mellors, J., Peters, S., Rothman, D., Rijkens, N., Visions for a sustainable europe. Futures 32 (2000), 809–831.
116. Saaty, T.L., The Analytic Hierarchy Process. New York. 1980.
117. Saidur, R., Masjuki, H.H., Jamaluddin, M.Y., An application of energy and exergy analysis in residential sector of Malaysia. Energy Policy 35 (2007), 1050–1063.
118. Sharifi, M.A., Rodriguez, E., Design and development of a planning support system for policy formulation in water resources rehabilitation: the case of Alcazar De San Juan District in Aquifer 23, La Mancha, Spain. J. Hydroinformatics 4 (2002), 157–176.
119. Shimoda, Y., Fujii, T., Morikawa, T., Mizuno, M., Residential end-use energy simulation at city scale. Build. Envirn. 39 (2004), 959–967.
120. Siddiqui, A.S., Marnay, C., Hamachi, K.S., Rubio, F.J., Customer Adoption of Small-scale On-site Power Generation. 2001, LBNL.
121. Simon, H.A., Models of Discovery: and Other Topics in the Methods of Science. 1977.
122. Simon, H.A., The New Science of Management Decision. 1977, Prentice Hall PTR.
123. Simon, H.A., n. The New Science of Management Decisio, 1960, Evanston; Harper and Row, New York.
124. Steidle, T., Schlenzig, C., Cuomo, V., Macchiato, M., Lavagno, E., Rydèn, B., Willemsen, S., Grevers, W., Advanced Local Energy Planning, a Guidebook, Communities. 2000.
125. Swan, L.G., Ugursal, V.I., Modelling of end-use energy consumption in the residential sector: a review of modelling techniques. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 13 (2009), 1819–1835.
126. Theodoridou, I., Papadopoulos, A.M., Hegger, M., Statistical analysis of the Greek residential building stock. Energy Build. 43 (2011), 2422–2428.
127. Timmerman, J., Vandevelde, L., Van Eetvelde, G., Towards low carbon business park energy systems: classification of techno-economic energy models. Energy 75 (2014), 68–80.
128. Torabi Moghadam, S., Mutani, G., Lombardi, P., GIS-based energy consumption model at the urban scale for the building stock. Bertoldi, P., (eds.) JRC Conference and Workshop Reports, 2016, European Union, Luxembourg, 56–63.
129. Tornberg, J., Thuvander, L., A GIS energy model for the building stock of Goteborg. 2005 Esri International User Conference, 2005.
130. Unander, F., EttestØl, I., Ting, M., Schipper, L., Residential energy use: an international perspective on long-term trends in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Energy Policy 32 (2004), 1395–1404.
131. Vaillancourt, K., Labriet, M., Loulou, R., Waaub, J., The role of nuclear energy in long-term climate scenarios: an analysis with the World-TIMES model. Les. Cah. Du. GERAD G., 29, 2007.
132. Vringer, K., Blok, K., The direct and indirect energy requirements of households in The Netherlands. Energy Policy 23 (1995), 893–910.
133. Waddell, P., UrbanSim: modelling urban development for land use, transportation, and environmental planning. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 68 (2007), 297–314.
134. Walter, T., Sohn, M., A Regression-based approach to estimating retrofit savings using the Building Performance Database. Appl. Energy 179 (2016), 996–1005.
135. Wan, K.S.Y., Yik, F.H.W., Representative building design and internal load patterns for modelling energy use in residential buildings in Hong Kong. Appl. Energy 77 (2004), 69–85.
136. Wang, J.J., Jing, Y.Y., Zhang, C.F., Zhao, J.H., Review on multi-criteria decision analysis aid in sustainable energy decision-making. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 13 (2009), 2263–2278.
137. Wang, J.J., Jing, Y.Y., Zhang, C.F., Zhao, J.H., Review on multi-criteria decision analysis aid in sustainable energy decision-making. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 13 (2009), 2263–2278.
138. Welsch, M., Howells, M., Bazilian, M., DeCarolis, J.F., Hermann, S., Rogner, H.H., Modelling elements of smart grids - enhancing the OSeMOSYS (open source energy modelling system) code. Energy, 46, 2012, 3z37e350.
139. Winkler, H., Borchers, M., Hughes, A., Visagie, E., Heinrich, G., Policies and scenarios for Cape Town ’ s energy future: options for sustainable city energy development. J. Energy South. Afr. 17 (2006), 28–41.
140. Yamaguchi, Y., Shimoda, Y., Mizuno, M., Proposal of a modelling approach considering urban form for evaluation of city level energy management. Energy Build. 39 (2007), 580–592.
141. Yeo, I., Yoon, S., Yee, J., Development of an urban energy demand forecasting system to support environmentally friendly urban planning. Appl. Energy 110 (2013), 304–317.
142. Yu, B., Zhang, J., Fujiwara, A., Representing in-home and out-of-home energy consumption behavior in Beijing. Energy Policy 39 (2011), 4168–4177.
143. Zhang, Q., Residential energy consumption in China and its comparison with Japan, Canada, and USA. Energy Build. 36 (2004), 1217–1225.
144. Zhou, P., Ang, B.W., Poh, K.L., Decision analysis in energy and environmental modelling: an update. Energy 31 (2006), 2604–2621.