Risk factors and outcomes associated with severe Clostridium difficile infection in children

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 134-138

  Kim, Jason ^a   Shaklee, Julia F ^a   Smathers, Sarah ^a   Prasad, Priya ^a   Asti, Lindsey ^a   Zoltanski, Joan ^b   Dul, Michael ^c   Nerandzic, Michelle ^c   Coffin, Susan E ^a,d   Toltzis, Philip ^b   Zaoutis, Theoklis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c LOUIS STOKES CLEVELAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile; Epidemiology; Pediatric infections

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; CHILD; CLINICAL INDICATOR; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAPSE; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL CHILD; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 85027930306     PISSN: 08913668     EISSN: 15320987     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3182352e2c     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Dubberke ER, Gerding DN, Classen D, et al. Strategies to prevent Clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:S81-S92.
2. Elliott B, Chang BJ, Golledge CL, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Intern Med J. 2007;37:561-568.
3. McFarland LV. Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;5:40-48.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for community-associated Clostridium difficile - Connecticut, 2006. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57:340-343.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk - four states, 2005. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:1201-1205.
6. DuPont HL, Garey K, Caeiro JP, et al. New advances in Clostridium difficile infection: changing epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:500-507.
7. McDonald LC, Killgore G, Thompson A, et al. An epidemic, toxin genevariant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2433-2441. (Pubitemid 41770164)
8. Pepin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ. 2004;171:466-472. (Pubitemid 39179608)
9. Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2442-2449. (Pubitemid 41770165)
10. Kim J, Smathers SA, Prasad P, et al. Epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among inpatients at children's hospitals in the Unites States, 2001-2006. Pediatrics. 2008;122:1266-1270.
11. Klein EJ, Boster DR, Stapp JR, et al. Diarrhea etiology in a children's hospital emergency department: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:807-813. (Pubitemid 44435504)
12. Benson L, Song X, Campos J, et al. Changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:1233-1235. (Pubitemid 47596560)
13. Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF, Kollef MH. Increase in Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations among infants in the United States, 2000-2005. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:1111-1112.
14. Zilberberg, Shane AL. Clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized children, United States, 1997-2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:604-609.
15. Nylund CM, Goudie A, Garza JM, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165:451-457.
16. Pokorn M, Radsel A, Cizman M, et al. Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:944-946.
17. Angel CA, Green J, Swischuk L, et al. Severe ciprofloxacin-associated pseudomembranous colitis in an eight-year-old child. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:1590-1592. (Pubitemid 39349753)
18. Toltzis P, Kim J, Dul M, et al. Presence of the epidemic North American Pulsed Field type 1 Clostridium difficile strain in hospitalized children. J Pediatr. 2009;154:607- 608.
19. Owens RC Jr, Donskey CJ, Gaynes RP, et al. Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:S19-S31. (Pubitemid 351323662)
20. Aseeri M, Schroeder T, Kramer J, et al. Gastric acid suppression by proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:2308-2313.
21. Cunningham R, Dial S. Is over-use of proton pump inhibitors fuelling the current epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea? J Hosp Infect. 2008;70:1-6.
22. Jump RL, Pultz MJ, Donskey CJ. Vegetative Clostridium difficile survives in room air on moist surfaces and in gastric contents with reduced acidity: a potential mechanism to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;88:2883-2887. (Pubitemid 47206226)
23. Yearsley KA, Gilby LJ, Ramadas AV, et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy is a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:613-619. (Pubitemid 44127842)
24. Wilcox MH, Mooney L, Bendall R, Settle, et al. A case-control study of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62:388-396. (Pubitemid 351984787)
25. Rexach CE, Tang-Feldman YJ, Cantrell MC, et al. Epidemiologic surveillance of Clostridium difficile diarrhea in a freestanding pediatric hospital and a pediatric hospital at a university medical center. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;56:109-114. (Pubitemid 44486623)
26. Sandora TJ, Fung M, Flaherty K, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:580-584.
27. Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, et al. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:302-307. (Pubitemid 47101025)
28. McMillin DE, Muldrow LL, Laggette SJ. Simultaneous detection of toxin A and toxin B genetic determinants of Clostridium difficile using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Can J Microbiol. 1992;38(1):81-83.
29. Goncalves C, Decre D, Barbut F, et al. Prevalence and characterization of a binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:1933-1939. (Pubitemid 38637804)
30. Stubbs S, Rupnik M, Gibert M, et al. Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000;186:307-312. (Pubitemid 30232760)
31. Bidet P, Lalande V, Salauze B, et al. Comparison of PCR-ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2484-2487. (Pubitemid 30487377)
32. Toltzis P, Nerandzic M, Saade E, et al. High proportion of false positive C. difficile (CD) ELISA toxin assays in pediatric patients. Poster presentation, March 19, 2010, Atlanta, GA, The Fifth Decennial International Conference on Healthcare Associated Infections.
33. Freeman J, Bauer MP, Baines SD, et al. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23:529-549.
34. Gifford AH, Kirkland KB. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea on an adult hematology-oncology ward. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;25:751-755. (Pubitemid 44786650)
35. Tai E, Richardson LC, Townsend J, et al. Clostridium difficle infection among children with cancer. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:610-612.
36. Cloud J, Noddin L, Pressman A, et al. Clostridium difficile strain NAP- 1 is not associated with severe disease in a nonepidemic setting. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:868-873.
37. Garey KW, Sethi S, Yadav Y, et al. Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect. 2008;70:298-304.
38. Planche T, Aghaizu A, Holliman R, et al. Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:777-784.
39. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:431-455.