Discrimination and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

Volumn 87, Issue 6, 2017, Pages 636-645

  Williams, Monnica T ^a   Taylor, Robert Joseph ^b   Mouzon, Dawne M ^c   Oshin, Linda A ^d   Himle, Joseph A ^e   Chatters, Linda M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

African Americans; Discrimination; Microaggressions; Obsessive compulsive disorder; Symptom dimensions

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGE; ARTICLE; COMPULSION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; GENDER; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBSESSION; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; RACISM; SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION; STEREOTYPY; STRESS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; WEIGHT; ETHNOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85027561513     PISSN: 00029432     EISSN: 19390025     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/ort0000285     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. American Psychological Association. (2016). Stress in America: The impact of discrimination: Stress in America Survey. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/ 2015/impact-of-discrimination.pdf
2. Ayalon, L., & Alvidrez, J. (2007). The experience of Black consumers in the mental health system-Identifying barriers to and facilitators of mental health treatment using the consumers' perspective. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 28, 1323-1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 01612840701651454
3. Ayalon, L., & Gum, A. M. (2011). The relationships between major lifetime discrimination, everyday discrimination, and mental health in three racial and ethnic groups of older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 15, 587-594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.543664
4. Banks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., & Spencer, M. (2006). An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Mental Health Journal, 42, 555-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-006-9052-9
5. Berger, M., & Sarnyai, Z. (2015). "More than skin deep": Stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 18, 1-10. http://dx .doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2014.989204
6. Chae, D. H., Lincoln, K. D., & Jackson, J. S. (2011). Discrimination, attribution, and racial group identification: Implications for psychological distress among Black Americans in the National Survey of American Life (2001-2003). American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81, 498- 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01122.x
7. Chou, T., Asnaani, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Perception of racial discrimination and psychopathology across three U.S. ethnic minority groups. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 74-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025432
8. Clark, T. T., Salas-Wright, C. P., Vaughn, M. G., & Whitfield, K. E. (2015). Everyday discrimination and mood and substance use disorders: A latent profile analysis with African Americans and Caribbean Blacks. Addictive Behaviors, 40, 119-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.08.006
9. Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2016). Intersectionality in quantitative psychological research: I. Theoretical and epistemological issues. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40, 155-170.
10. Hearld, K. R., Budhwani, H., & Chavez-Yenter, D. (2015). Panic attacks in minority Americans: The effects of alcohol abuse, tobacco smoking, and discrimination. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 106-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.041
11. Hicken, M. T., Lee, H., Ailshire, J., Burgard, S. A., & Williams, D. R. (2013). "Every shut eye, ain't sleep": The role of racism-related vigilance in racial/ethnic disparities in sleep difficulty. Race and Social Problems, 5, 100-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12552-013-9095-9
12. Hicken, M. T., Lee, H., & Hing, A. K. (2017). The weight of racism: Vigilance and racial inequalities in weight-related measures. Social Science & Medicine. Advance online publication.
13. Hilbe, J. M. (2011). Negative binomial regression. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511973420
14. Himle, J. A., Baser, R. E., Taylor, R. J., Campbell, R. D., & Jackson, J. S. (2009). Anxiety disorders among African Americans, blacks of Caribbean descent, and non-Hispanic whites in the United States. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 578-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.002
15. Himle, J. A., Muroff, J. R., Taylor, R. J., Baser, R. E., Abelson, J. M., Hanna, G. L. Jackson, J. S. (2008). Obsessive-compulsive disorder among African Americans and blacks of Caribbean descent: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 993-1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20434
16. Himmelstein, M. S., Young, D. M., Sanchez, D. T., & Jackson, J. S. (2015). Vigilance in the discrimination-stress model for Black Americans. Psychology & Health, 30, 253-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.966104
17. Hoggard, L. S., Byrd, C. M., & Sellers, R. M. (2015). The lagged effects of racial discrimination on depressive symptomology and interactions with racial identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 216-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000069
18. Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013).Applied logistic regression (Vol. 398). New York: Wiley. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118548387
19. Hudson, D. L., Puterman, E., Bibbins-Domingo, K., Matthews, K. A., & Adler, N. E. (2013). Race, life course socioeconomic position, racial discrimination, depressive symptoms and self-rated health. Social Science & Medicine, 97, 7-14.
20. Hunte, H. E. R., & Barry, A. E. (2012). Perceived discrimination and DSM-IV-based alcohol and illicit drug use disorders. American Journal of Public Health, 102, e111-e117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300780
21. Hurley, R. A., Saxena, S., Rauch, S. L., Hoehn-Saric, R., & Taber, K. H. (2002). Predicting treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 14, 249- 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/jnp.14.3.249
22. Jackson, J. S., Torres, M., Caldwell, C. H., Neighbors, H. W., Nesse, R. M., Taylor, R. J. Williams, D. R. (2004). The National Survey of American Life: A study of racial, ethnic and cultural influences on mental disorders and mental health. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13, 196-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mpr.177
23. Katerberg, H., Delucchi, K. L., Stewart, S. E., Lochner, C., Denys, D. A., Stack, D. E. Cath, D. C. (2010). Symptom dimensions in OCD: Item-level factor analysis and heritability estimates. Behavior Genetics, 40, 505-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-010-9339-z
24. Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Mroczek, D., Ustun, B., & Wittchen, H. (1989). The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form (CIDI-SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 7, 171-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mpr.47
25. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
26. Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 208-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2676349
27. Kessler, R. C., & Ustün, T. B. (2004). The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13, 93-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mpr.168
28. King, K. R. (2005). Why is discrimination stressful? The mediating role of cognitive appraisal. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 202-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.11.3.202
29. Levine, D. S., Himle, J. A., Abelson, J. M., Matusko, N., Dhawan, N., & Taylor, R. J. (2014). Discrimination and social anxiety disorder among African-Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202, 224-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000099
30. Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015). Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: Scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 407-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728
31. Luo, Y., Xu, J., Granberg, E., & Wentworth, W. M. (2012). A longitudinal study of social status, perceived discrimination, and physical and emotional health among older adults. Research on Aging, 34, 275-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027511426151
32. Marshall, G. L., & Rue, T. C. (2012). Perceived discrimination and social networks among older African Americans and Caribbean blacks. Family & Community Health, 35, 300-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FCH.0b013e318266660f
33. Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W. (2007). Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 201-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev .psych.57.102904.190212
34. Mouzon, D. M., Taylor, R. J., Keith, V. M., Nicklett, E. J., & Chatters, L. M. (2017). Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32, 175-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4454
35. Mouzon, D. M., Taylor, R. J., Woodward, A., & Chatters, L. M. (2017). Everyday Racial Discrimination, Everyday Non-racial Discrimination, and Physical Health Among African Americans. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 26, 68-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 15313204.2016.1187103
36. Oh, H., Yang, L. H., Anglin, D. M., & DeVylder, J. E. (2014). Perceived discrimination and psychotic experiences across multiple ethnic groups in the United States. Schizophrenia Research, 157, 259-265. http://dx .doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.036
37. Olatunji, B. O., Tomarken, A., & Zhao, M. (2014). Effects of exposure to stereotype cues on contamination aversion and avoidance in African Americans. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33, 229-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.3.229
38. Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 241-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136956
39. Pearlin, L. I. (1999). Stress and mental health: A conceptual overview. In A. V. Horwitz & T. L. Scheid (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (pp. 161-175). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
40. Sawyer, P. J., Major, B., Casad, B. J., Townsend, S. S. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1020-1026. http:// dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620
41. Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 921-948. http://dx .doi.org/10.1037/a0035754
42. Smith, W. A., Allen, W. R., & Danley, L. L. (2007). Assume the position. you fit the description: Psychosocial experiences and racial battle fatigue among African American male college students. American Behavioral Scientist, 51, 551-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0002764207307742
43. Soto, J. A., Dawson-Andoh, N. A., & BeLue, R. (2011). The relationship between perceived discrimination and Generalized Anxiety Disorder among African Americans, Afro Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic Whites. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 258-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j .janxdis.2010.09.011
44. Sternthal, M. J., Slopen, N., & Williams, D. R. (2011). Racial disparities in health: How much does stress really matter? Du Bois Review, 8, 95-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X11000087
45. Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
46. Thoits, P. A. (2013). Self, identity, stress, and mental health. In C. S. Aneshensel, J. C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 357-337). New York, NY: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_18
47. Thomas, A. J., Witherspoon, K. M., & Speight, S. L. (2008). Gendered racism, psychological distress, and coping styles of African American women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 307-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.307
48. Turner, E. A., Cheng, H., Llamas, J. D., Tran, A. G. T. T., Hill, K. X., Fretts, J. M., & Mercado, A. (2016). Factors impacting the current trends in the use of outpatient psychiatric treatment among diverse ethnic groups. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 12, 199-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15734005126661602162345
49. Turner, R. J. (2012). Understanding health disparities: The relevance of the stress process model. Society and Mental Health, 3, 170-186.
50. Wheaton, M. G., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2013). Differences in obsessive-compulsive symptoms and obsessive beliefs: A comparison between African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino Americans, and European Americans. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42, 9-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2012.701663
51. Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2013). Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. American Behavioral Scientist, 57, 1152-1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764213487340
52. Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 335-351. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1177/135910539700200305
53. Williams, M. T., Brown, T., & Sawyer, B. (2017). Psychiatric comorbidity and hoarding symptoms in African Americans with obsessivecompulsive disorder. The Journal of Black Psychology, 43, 259-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798416639438
54. Williams, M. T., Debreaux, M., & Jahn, M. (2016). African Americans with obsessive-compulsive disorder: An update. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 12, 109-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573400512666160602124146
55. Williams, M. T., Domanico, J., Marques, L., Leblanc, N. J., & Turkheimer, E. (2012). Barriers to treatment among African Americans with obsessive- compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 555- 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.009
56. Williams, M. T., Elstein, J., Buckner, E., Abelson, J., & Himle, J. (2012). Symptom Dimensions in two samples of African Americans with obsessive- compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1, 145-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.03.004
57. Williams, M. T., & Jahn, M. E. (2017). Obsessive- compulsive disorder in African American children and adolescents: Risks, resiliency, and barriers to treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87, 291-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ort0000188
58. Williams, M. T., Mugno, B., Franklin, M., & Faber, S. (2013). Symptom dimensions in obsessive- compulsive disorder: Phenomenology and treatment outcomes with exposure and ritual prevention. Psychopathology, 46, 365-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000348582
59. Williams, M. T., & Turkheimer, E. (2007). Identification and explanation of racial differences on contamination measures. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 3041-3050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.013
60. Williams, M. T., Turkheimer, E., Magee, E., & Guterbock, T. (2008). The effects of race and racial priming on self-report of contamination anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 746-757. http://dx.doi .org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.009
61. Williams, M. T., Turkheimer, E., Schmidt, K. M., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2005). Ethnic identification biases responses to the Padua Inventory for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Assessment, 12, 174-185. http://dx.doi .org/10.1177/1073191105275620
62. Williams, M. T., Wetterneck, C., & Sawyer, B. (2015). Assessment of obsessive- compulsive disorder in African Americans. In L. T. Benuto & B. D. Leany (Eds.), Guide to psychological assessment with African Americans. New York, NY: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1- 4939-1004-5_10
63. Woodward, A. T. (2011). Discrimination and help-seeking: Use of professional services and informal support among African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic Whites with a mental disorder. Race and Social Problems, 3, 146-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12552-011- 9049-z
64. Woodward, A. T., Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2010). Differences in professional and informal help seeking among older African Americans, Black Caribbeans and Non- Hispanic Whites. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 1, 124-139